Synchronized skating

Team Paradise at the 2015 Grand Prix
Highestgoverning body	International Skating Union
Nicknames	"precision skating", "synchro"
First Performed	1956; 69 years ago (1956)
Characteristics
Team members	between 8 and 20figure skaters including 4 alternates maximum 16 compete on the ice at once
Mixed-sex	Mixed
Type	Discipline offigure skating Team sport Winter sport
Equipment	Figure skates
Venue	Ice rink Figure skating rink
Presence
Olympic	No[1]
Paralympic	No
World Games	No

Synchronized skating, often calledsynchro, is anice skating sport where between 8 and 20 skaters perform together as a team. They move as a flowing unit at high speed over the ice, while performing elements and footwork.

This complex sport originated in 1956 and was initially called "precision skating" due to its emphasis on the maintenance of intricate and precise formations and the requirement of precise timing from all members of the group. Synchronized skating is now well-established as an organized sport in several European countries with several of them having produced teams who frequently win championships at the international level. As of 2022, there are more than 600 synchro teams in United States alone.^[2]

Synchronized skating currently uses a judging format similar to singles, pairs and ice dancing. The discipline is primarily judged on skating skills, transitions, performance, composition, interpretation and difficulty of elements.^[3]

A synchronized skatingfree skate program consists of elements that are executed in various shapes and formations both connected and disconnected, such as blocks, triangles, circles, lines, or wheels, done while intersecting, traveling across the ice, and rotating.^[4] Teams are required to perform turns and step sequences, ranging in difficulty with each level.

There are many different levels including Aspire 1-4, Pre-Preliminary, Preliminary, Pre-juvenile, Open juvenile, Intermediate, Novice, Junior, Senior, and Adult.^[5] In the highest-ranking levels, Junior and Senior division teams are required to perform ashort program in addition to the free skate. The short program is more technical in nature, whereas the free skating program is longer and provides an opportunity to showcase expression, emotion and interpretation.^[2]

Junior level teams compete in theJunior World Synchronized Skating Championships. At the senior level, teams compete at theWorld Synchronized Skating Championship.^[2] All member nations of the ISU are allocated one entry for each level, countries that placed in the top five of the previous championship are awarded two team entries.^[6]

The required elements must be performed in specific ways, as described by published communications by the ISU, unless otherwise specified. The ISU publishes violations and their points values yearly. Situations warranting deductions in synchronized skating include elements where one-quarter of the team or more fails to execute a maneuver in congruence with the majority of the team, falls, interruptions, illegal maneuvers (such as cartwheels), and violations of the rules concerning time, music, and clothing.

In 1956, the first synchronized skating team was formed by Dr. Richard Porter.^[7] The 'Hockettes' skated out ofAnn Arbor, Michigan and entertained spectators during intermissions of theUniversity of Michigan Wolverines hockey team. In the early days, precision skating (as it was then called) resembled adrill team routine, or a precision dance company such asThe Rockettes.^{[citation needed]} In 1974, the ISU published the first judges' handbook for synchronized skating.^[8]

During the 1970s, the interest for this new sport grew and developed. Teams developed more creative and innovative routines incorporating stronger basic skating skills, new maneuvers and more sophisticated transitions with greater speed, style and agility. Due to the increased interest in the sport in North America, the first official international competition was held between Canadian and American teams in Michigan in March 1976. With the internationalization of the sport, it has evolved, with increasing emphasis on speed and skating skills, and "highlight" elements such as jumps, spirals, spins, and lifts that originally were not permitted in competition.

Competition programs include a variety of elements utilizing various shapes or formations. Scoring of each element is determined by their base value (BV) and grade of execution (GOE), together this determines the teams technical element score (TES). In competition the technical panel identifies elements as each element is performed, elements are then assigned a level of difficulty ranging from B (basic) to Level 4 (most difficult).^[9] Element shapes are a set of distinct configurations that are easily identifiable, these shapes are used as the basis of most synchronized skating elements.

Certain elements are composed of specific distinctive shapes or formations, occasionally transitioning from one shape to a different shape for a higher level of difficulty.

Identifiable by skaters lined up in at least three separate lines forming apolygonal shape, characterized as block, pyramid or diamond shapes in straight even spaced lines. The shapes can be closed or open formation, with open formations maintaining distinct empty space in the middle of the formation.

Characterized by rotating around a common center with even distance from the midpoint and spacing from teammates, circles can be connected or disconnected. different circle configurations include multiple circles, circle within a circle, and interlocking. To increase the level of difficulty a circle can include changes of place, or configuration, step sequences, weaving, interlocking, and changes of rotational direction.

Lines are integral to many elements and transitions as they demonstrate the team's collective skating skills and serve as building blocks for both blocks and wheel formations. Lines can be connected and disconnected.

A wheel is characterized by every skater rotating around a common center point in connected lines. Different formations that teams can form including a two to five spoke or a parallel wheel. Each spoke (line) of the wheel should be straight and the team should be leaning into the center of the wheel. The difficulty of the wheel can be increased by adding footwork, changing the rotational direction of the wheel, configuration of the wheel.

Programs incorporate a set number of specific elements that is announced at the beginning of each season.^[4] Currently junior and senior teams both complete 5 elements in theshort program, in thefree skate junior teams attempt 8 elements, and senior teams attempt 10.

Done in ether a circle/wheel formation, or a line/block formation, this element should be used to emphasize the music or theme of the program with no requirements for steps or changes of place.

Selected each season, the creative element is intended to be a unique interpretation of the other defined elements or formations (e.g.: creative wheel, creative lift)

Incorporating all members of the team, skaters form different groups with each lifted skater supported by two or more teammates at any height. Group lifts can be classified as being ether gliding or rotational, with rotational lifts starting gliding then having the supporting skaters switch between forwards and backwards gliding to rotate the lifted skater.

An intersection, is when the skaters proceed towards each other in lines and intersect. The intersection can consist of two to four lines, with three and four line intersections forming a triangle or box shape before and after intersecting. The entry to the intersection can be made more difficult by executing various free skating or pair movements while forming the lines, or intersecting from an angle or a whip. The moment when the lines intersect is known as the point of intersection, here skaters do rotational turns or free skating movements to increase the level of difficulty.

Consisting of at least two separate element formations occurring simultaneously and interacting with each other. Some examples would be a circle within a wheel or line intersecting a block.

This element is a sequence of movements that must include free skating moves such as spirals, biellmanns, or 180's. The team can be split into units to execute additional features for levels of difficulty, such as ducking under each other's legs, changing edge, or transitioning from one position to another.

Done in a block formation, the skaters are disconnected but maintain even spacing while executing step sequences and changes of configuration.

Incorporating all members of the team, skaters are paired to execute pairs moves, free skating moves, and or step sequences.

Done in block, or line formations, programs can include both pivoting and linear elements though they would be done in separate shapes. Pivoting elements rotate around a common center point and must remain connected for the majority of the element while maintaining shape and even spacing. Linear elements need to progress across the ice, and can utilize changes of placement and configuration.

Characterized by all members of the team, in ether a solo orpairs spin. Positioned on the ice in any identifiable shape, with all skaters maintaining the same spin position simultaneously, and moving from one position to another as a team.

Done in circle, or wheel formation, rotation is necessary in both elements. Programs can include both traveling and rotating elements though they would be done in separate shapes, if a program only includes one element both wheel and circle formations can be used as a change of formation for difficulty. Traveling elements are characterized by ice coverage during the element with the circle or wheel required to continually move a certain distance along a set path while rotating. Rotating elements remain stationary. Both elements can utilize changes of position, rotation, and configuration for higher levels of difficulty.

Highlighting thetwizzle turn, the team executes two to three twizzles, this element can be done in any identifiable formation. The skaters must execute their twizzles while maintaining the chosen shape or transitioning from one configuration to another, and rotating simultaneously. For added levels of difficulty teams can attempt the aforementioned change of place or configuration, different rotational directions for each twizzle, and certain difficult arm and free leg positions.^[10]

There are international synchronized skating competitions at the Senior, Junior, and Novice levels (with Senior being the most elite). TheInternational Skating Union held the first officialWorld Synchronized Skating Championships (WSSC) in 2000 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. The top Junior teams from around the world competed from 2001 to 2012 at theISU Junior World Challenge Cup (JWCC), held in a different location every year. The JWCC were accompanied in 2013 by theISU World Junior Synchronized Skating Championships, to be held biannually in odd-numbered years with the JWCC in even-numbered years.^[11] Other long-running, major international events attracting elite teams at different levels include theFrench Cup,Spring Cup,Neuchâtel Trophy,Cup of Berlin,Zagreb Snowflakes Trophy,Leon Lurje Trophy andPrague Cup.

TheISU World Synchronized Skating Championships (WSSC) are theworld championships for synchronized skating. Held since 2000, the WSSC is an annual international event organized by theInternational Skating Union. The top positions have been dominated byFinland, with three different World Champions (Marigold IceUnity,Rockettes andTeam Unique) and 19 medals, andSweden with the team (Team Surprise) with most World titles and medals for a single team (12 medals). Other major countries include Canada with five gold, four silvers and six bronzes (forNEXXICE,Les Suprêmes and the now-discontinuedBlack Ice), as well as the United States with two silvers and five bronzes (forMiami University andHaydenettes).

Year	Location	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Source
2025	Helsinki, Finland	Rockettes	Team Unique	Haydenettes
2024	Zagreb, Croatia	Les Suprêmes	Haydenettes	Rockettes
2023	Lake Placid, USA	Les Suprêmes	Rockettes	Team Unique	[12]
2022	Hamilton, Canada	Les Suprêmes	Marigold IceUnity	Rockettes	[13]
2021	Hamilton, Canada	Event cancelled
2020	Lake Placid, USA	Event cancelled			[14]
2019	Helsinki, Finland	Team Paradise	Marigold IceUnity	Rockettes	[15]
2018	Stockholm, Sweden	Marigold IceUnity	Team Surprise	Team Paradise	[16]
2017	Colorado Springs, USA	Team Paradise	Marigold IceUnity	NEXXICE	[17]
2016	Budapest, Hungary	Team Paradise	Rockettes	Haydenettes	[18]
2015	Hamilton, Canada	NEXXICE	Marigold IceUnity	Team Paradise	[19]
2014	Courmayeur, Italy	Marigold IceUnity	NEXXICE	Rockettes	[20]
2013	Boston, USA	Team Unique	NEXXICE	Haydenettes	[21]
2012	Gothenburg, Sweden	Team Surprise	NEXXICE	Haydenettes	[22]
2011	Helsinki, Finland	Rockettes	Marigold IceUnity	Haydenettes	[23]
2010	Colorado Springs, USA	Rockettes	Marigold IceUnity	Haydenettes	[24]
2009	Zagreb, Croatia	NEXXICE	Team Unique	Team Surprise	[25]
2008	Budapest, Hungary	Rockettes	Team Surprise	NEXXICE	[26]
2007	London, Canada	Team Surprise	Miami University	NEXXICE	[27]
2006	Prague, Czech Republic	Marigold IceUnity	Team Surprise	Rockettes	[28]
2005	Gothenburg, Sweden	Team Surprise	Rockettes	Marigold IceUnity	[29]
2004	Zagreb, Croatia	Marigold IceUnity	Team Surprise	Rockettes	[30]
2003	Ottawa, Canada	Team Surprise	Marigold IceUnity	Les Suprêmes
2002	Rouen, France	Marigold IceUnity	Team Surprise	black ice
2001	Helsinki, Finland	Team Surprise	Rockettes	black ice	[31]
2000	Minneapolis, USA	Team Surprise	black ice	Marigold IceUnity	[32]

Year	Location	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Source
2024	Neuchatel, Switzerland	Les Suprêmes	Team Fintastic	Skyliners
2023	Angers, France	Team Fintastic	NEXXICE	Skyliners
2022	Innsbruck, Austria	Team Fintastic	Skyliners	Teams Elite	[33]
2021	Lyon, France	Event Cancelled
2020	Nottingham, United Kingdom	Team Fintastic	Team Junost	Team Crystal Ice	[34]
2019	Neuchatel, Switzerland	Team Junost	Team Crystal Ice	Team Skyliners	[35]
2018	Zagreb, Croatia	Team Junost	Team Skyliners	Team Crystal Ice	[36]
2017	Mississauga, Canada	Team Junost	Team Fintastic	Musketeers	[37]
2015	Zagreb, Croatia	Musketeers	Team Fintastic	Les Suprêmes	[38]
2013	Helsinki, Finland	Musketeers	Team Fintastic	Spartak-Junost	[39]

The Junior World Challenge Cup was held bi-annually starting in 2013 alternating with the newly introduced World Junior Championships until being discontinued after the2015-16 season.

Year	Location	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Source(s)
2016	Zagreb, Croatia	Les Suprêmes	Team Fintastic	Team Junost	[40]
2014	Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Team Fintastic	Les Suprêmes	Musketeers	[41]
2012	Gothenburg, Sweden	Team Fintastic	Musketeers	Les Suprêmes	[42]
2011	Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Team Fintastic	Musketeers	Team Braemar	[43]
2010	Gothenburg, Sweden	Team Fintastic	NEXXICE	Musketeers	[43][44]
2009	Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Team Fintastic	NEXXICE	Musketeers	[43]
2008	Rouen, France	Team Fintastic	Gold Ice	Musketeers	[43]
2007	Nottingham, Great Britain	Team Fintastic	Les Suprêmes	Chicago Jazz	[45]
2006	Helsinki, Finland	Musketeers	Team Fintastic	Chicago Jazz	[43]
2005	Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Musketeers	Team Mystique	Gold Ice	[43]
2004	Milan, Italy	Musketeers	Team Mystique	Gold Ice	[43]
2003	Kungsbacka, Sweden	Musketeers	Burlington Ice Image	Les Suprêmes	[43]
2002	Zagreb, Croatia	Ice Image	Spartak-Leader	Musketeers	[43]
2001	Neuchâtel, Switzerland	Team Fintastic	Les Suprêmes	Superettes	[43]

The Finnish member of ISU, the Finnish Figure Skating Association, holds the Finnish Synchronized Skating Championships at the Novice, Junior and Senior levels. Also, it holds two Finnish Championships Qualifiers before the nationals. Since the late 1990s, the senior-level battle for the qualifier wins and Finnish Championship—and the ensuingISU World Synchronized Skating Championships (WSSC) entries—has mainly been fought between three teams from Helsinki,Marigold IceUnity,Rockettes andTeam Unique, while a fourth and sometimes a fifth Senior team has competed along in the intervening years.

Throughout the years, the Finnish senior teams qualifying for theWorld Championships have been selected based on their performance at the two qualifiers and the national championships. In the season 2012–13, the teams were selected as follows: the Finnish Champion qualified automatically as Team Finland 1 for the WSSC. Team Finland 2 at the WSSC was the team which earned the fewest points from the first qualifier, the second qualifier and the Finnish Championships. The points equaled the sum of the positions at the three competitions with growing coefficients: the coefficient was 0,3 for the first competition result, 0,5 for the second and 1 for the last.^[55]

In theUnited States, there are several other recognized age and skill levels. Sanctioned by theUS Figure Skating Association, the divisions include Aspire 1-4, Pre-Juvenile, Preliminary, Open Juvenile, Open Collegiate, Open Adult, and Open Masters (the non-qualifying divisions/ the divisions that do not go to Nationals) and Juvenile, Intermediate, Novice, Junior, Senior, Collegiate, Adult, and Masters (qualifying levels).

ISI (Ice Skating Institute) is another governing body which focuses on a more recreational form of competition and does not have the same divisions as those of the USFSA. Teams can compete in the Tot Jr. Youth, Youth Sr. Youth, Teen, Collegiate, Adult, or Master age groups, in any of five categories: Formation, Advanced Formation, Skating, Open Skating, and Dance.^[56]

While most skaters participating in synchronized skating are female, the rules allow mixed-gender teams.

The Senior team level consists of 16 skaters. Skaters must be at least 15 years old and have passed the Novice Moves in the Field test.

The Collegiate team level consists of teams with 12-20Figure skaters who must be enrolled in a college or degree program as full-time students. Skaters must also have passed the Juvenile Moves in the Field test. It is a Varsity Sport at colleges such asMiami University andAdrian College. Many more have developed club-level collegiate teams without varsity status such as the team at TheUniversity of Delaware and theUniversity of Michigan. TheMiami University Synchronized Skating Team has been a trailblazer in collegiate synchronized skating, fielding the first completely funded varsity synchronized skating program in the United States, as well as working towards gaining "Synchro"NCAA status in the United States.

TheCanadian Synchronized Skating Championships were annual synchronized skating events, sanctioned by theSkate Canada, held to determine the national champions ofCanada. They were first held in 1983. Since 2000, it is during these events that the senior teams can qualify for theISU World Synchronized Skating Championships. Since 2023, the Junior and Senior level teams are competing in the combined synchronized andfigure skating championships, held as a single event known as theCanadian National Skating Championships.

Although not currently anOlympic sport,^[1] it has already been reviewed for Olympic eligibility.^{[citation needed]} In 2007 synchronized skating was selected to be part of theUniversiade orWorld University Games as a demonstration sport. Teams from several countries competed inTurin, Italy with Sweden, Finland, and Russia coming out on top.^[73]

"Why Not Synchro" is an ongoing campaign on social media through the hashtag #whynotsynchro and #whynotsynchro2018 onFacebook,Twitter, andInstagram. This was popularized at the Mozart Cup, held in Austria in January 2014. During the medal ceremonies, teams gathered on the ice and created the shape of theOlympic rings. This image was then shared over social media as skaters petitioned to raise awareness of the sport. A petition to theInternational Olympic Committee was posted onchange.org calling for 15,000 signatures and asking the IOC "Synchronized Figure Skating: Make it an Olympic Event." The petition states "The time has come to add this incredible event to the pinnacle of the sport of figure skating."^[73]

Due to the abrupt appearance ofCOVID-19, the 2019–2020 season was cut short to ensure safety of all teams. Elite US teams like theHaydenettes,Skyliners andMiami university were not able to compete internationally due to travel restrictions set in place in late March and early April.^[74] TheUS Figure Skating Association is responsible for the health and well-being of the athletes and members.^[75]

The competitive levels of synchronized skating, like those in other disciplines ofFigure skating, are now judged using theISU Judging System that was introduced in 2004. Each element is assigned a difficulty level by the technical panel made up of a technical specialist, assistant technical specialist and a technical controller. Each level of difficulty for a particular element corresponds to a pre-determined base value. The base value is the number of points that are awarded for an executed element before the grade of execution or any deductions are applied.^[76] Judges assign a grade of execution from -3 to +3 to each of the elements. Each grade of execution, or GOE, corresponds to a point value. For each element, the highest and lowest GOE values are dropped and the rest are averaged then added to the base value. The sum of all the scores of the elements comprises the Technical Elements score.

The judges will award points on a scale from 0.25 to 10 (in increments of 0.25) for three program components to grade overall presentation. As with Grade of Execution (GOEs), the highest and lowest scores for each component are thrown out, and the remaining scores are averaged. The final program components scores are then multiplied by a set factor to ensure the technical score and program components score are balanced.^[77]

The five program components are:

• Skating Skills - The ability of the skater to execute the skating repertoire of steps, turns and skating movements with blade and body control.
• Performance - The demonstration of engagement, commitment and involvement based on an understanding of the music and composition.
• Composition - The intentional, developed and/or original arrangement of the repertoire and all types of movements into a meaningful whole according to the principles of proportion, unity, space, pattern, and musical structure.

Each element of the program is assigned a base value, which gives skaters credit for every element they perform. Some elements, such as spins and step sequences, have levels of difficulty on which the base values are established. Judges grade the quality of each element using a grade of execution score within a range of −5 to +5, which is added to or deducted from the base value. GOEs are proportional to the base value of each element. The highest and lowest scores for each element are thrown out, and the remaining scores are averaged to determine the final GOE for each element. The GOE is then added to or subtracted from the base value for each element, and the sum of the scores for all elements forms the technical score.^[77]

The technical score is added to the program components score to determine the segment score (short program/rhythm dance or free skate/dance). The scores for each segment are then added together to determine the competition score. The skater with the highest competition score is declared the winner. In the event of a tie, the team with the highest free program score wins the competition. The IJS is used at events in the national qualifying structure including the U.S. Championships as well as many local competitions at the juvenile through senior levels, including Excel.^[77]

In the United States, the introductory levels of Aspire 1-4, Open Juvenile, Open Collegiate, Open Adult, and Open Masters are still judged under the 6.0 judging system. These levels can compete at the regional level but cannot qualify for the national championships. The basic principle of the 6.0 system is a "majority" system. Each event is judged by an odd number of judges, and the winner of the event is the team placed highest by a majority of these judges.^[77]

The IJS is based on cumulative points rather than the 6.0 standard of marks and placement. The IJS focuses on the skaters and not the judges. Judges do not have to use their memory to compare all aspects of every skater and figure out where to place them, but simply evaluate the qualities of each performance.^[77]

Rank	Team	Score	Event	Source
1	Team Surprise	87.84	2004Neuchâtel Trophy	[78]
2	Rockettes	83.46	2010Cup of Berlin	[79]
3	Team Unique	82.36	2009Worlds	[80]
4	NEXXICE	80.12	2009Worlds	[80]
5	Marigold IceUnity	78.68	2009Worlds	[80]

Rank	Team	Score	Event	Source
1	Team Surprise	159.60	2004Neuchâtel Trophy	[81]
2	Marigold IceUnity	147.31	2014Worlds	[82]
3	NEXXICE	146.03	2014Worlds	[82]
4	Paradise	145.84	2014Zagreb Snowflakes Trophy	[83]
5	Rockettes	145.68	2014Worlds	[82]

Rank	Team	Score	Event	Source
1	Team Surprise	247.44	2004Neuchâtel Trophy	[84]
2	Rockettes	223.90	2010Worlds	[85]
3	NEXXICE	223.58	2009Worlds	[86]
4	Marigold IceUnity	223.45	2014Worlds	[87]
5	Paradise	220.54	2014Zagreb Snowflakes Trophy	[88]

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