Terminology

Studies

Properties

Agreement with the semantic role of the subject

S‹um›ulat ya=ng poesiainglalaki king pisara.

‹AV›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL blackboard

"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."

* Sumulat yang lalakiingpoesia king pisara.

Intended: "The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The poem will write a boy on the blackboard.")

* Sumulat yang poesiaingpisara king lalaki.

Intended: "The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The blackboard will write a poem on the boy.")

B‹um›ilí ng manggá sa palengkeanglalaki.

‹ASP.AV›buy IND mango OBL market DIR man

"The man bought a mango at the market."

* Bumilí ng lalaki sa palengkeangmanggá.

Intended: "The man bought a mango at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The mango bought a man at the market.")

* Bumilí ng manggá sa lalakiangpalengke.

Intended: "The man bought a mango at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The market bought a mango from the man.")

I-sulat n=e ning lalakiingpoesia king pisara.

PV-will.write 3SG.ERG=3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL blackboard

"The poem will be written by the boy on the blackboard."

*Isulat ne ning poesiainglalaki king pisara.

Intended: "The poem will be written by the boy on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The boy will be written by the poem on the blackboard.")

*Isulat ne ning lalakiingpisara king poesia.

Intended: "The poem will be written by the boy on the blackboard."
(Grammatical for: "The blackboard will be written by the boy on the poem.")

B‹in›ilí-∅ ng lalaki sa palengkeangmanggá.

‹ASP›buy-PV IND man OBL market DIR mango

"The mango was bought by the man at the market."

* Binilí-∅ ng manggá sa palengkeanglalaki.

Intended: "The mango was bought by the man at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The man was bought by the mango at the market.")

* Binilí-∅ ng lalaki sa manggáangpalengke.

Intended: "The mango was bought by the man at the market."
(Grammatical for: "The market was bought by the man at the mango.")

Pi-sulat-an n=e=ng poesia ning lalakiingpisara.

LV-will.write-LV 3SG.ERG=3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard

"The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."

*Pisulatan neng poesia ning pisarainglalaki.

Intended: "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
(Grammatical for: "The boy will be written a poem on by the blackboard.")

*Pisulatan neng pisara ning lalakiingpoesia.

Intended: "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy."
(Grammatical for: "The poem will be written a blackboard on by the boy.")

B‹in›ilh-án ng lalaki ng manggáangpalengke.

‹ASP›buy-LV IND man IND mango DIR market

"The market was bought a mango at by the man."

* Binilhán ng palengke ng manggáanglalaki.

Intended: "The market was bought a mango at by the man."
(Grammatical for: "The man was bought a mango from by the market.")

* Binilhán ng lalaki ng palengkeangmanggá.

Intended: "The market was bought a mango at by the man."
(Grammatical for: "The mango was bought a market at by the man.")

Types of semantic roles

Promotion direct to subject

{}AGENT {}THEME {}GOAL {} {}

Nagpadaláangmama ng pera sa anák niyá.

M-n-pag-padalá {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

AV-ASP-¿?-send DIR man IND money OBL child 3SG.GEN

"The man sent money to his child."

{}AGENT {}THEME {}GOAL {} {}

P‹in›adalh-án ng mama ng peraanganákniyá.

‹ASP›send-LV IND man IND money DIR child 3SG.GEN

"His_i child was sent money by the man_i."

{} {}AGENT {}THEME {}GOAL {} {}

* Nagpadalhánangmama ng pera ng anák niyá.

{}M-n-pag-padalh-án {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

{} AV-ASP-¿?-send-LV DIR man IND money IND child 3SG.GEN

Intended: "The man sent his child money."

AGENT {}THEMEGOAL {}

Ayah mengirim uang kepada saya.

{}meN-kirim {} {} {}

father {ACTIVE VOICE}-send money to 1SG

"Father sent money to me."

GOAL {}THEMEAGENT {}

Sayadi-kirim-i uang oleh Ayah.

1SG {PASSIVE VOICE}-send-APPLICATIVE money by father

"I was sent money by Father."

AGENT {}GOALTHEME

Ayah mengirimi saya uang.

{}meN-kirim-i {} {}

father {ACTIVE VOICE}-send-APPLICATIVE 1SG money

"Father sent me money."

Proto-Austronesian examples

* K‹um›aen SemayCau.

{} ‹AV›eat rice man

"The man is eating some rice."

* Kaen-en nu CauSemay.

{} eat-PV ERG man rice

"A/the man is eating the rice." (or "The rice is being eaten by a/the man.")

* Kaen-an nu Cau SemayRumaq.

{} eat-LV ERG man rice house

"The man is eating rice in the house." (or "The house is being eaten rice in by the man.")

*Si-kaen nu Cau Semaylima-ni-á.

{} IV-eat ERG man rice hand-GEN-3SG

"The man is eating rice with his hand." (or "His_i hand is being eaten rice with by the man_i.")

Formosan examples

Amis

Mi-ʔaɬupkukapah tu vavuy.

AV-hunt DIR {young man} ACC pig

"A young man hunts a pig."

Ma-ʔaɬup nu kapahkuvavuy.

PV-hunt ERG {young man} DIR pig

"A young man hunts a pig." (or "A pig is hunted by a young man.)

Pi-ʔaɬup-an nu kapahkuralutuk tu vavuy.

LV-hunt-LV ERG {young man} that.DIR mountain ACC pig

"A young man hunts a pig on that mountain." (or "That mountain is hunted a pig on by a young man.")

Sa-pi-ʔaɬup nu kapahkuʔiluc tu vavuy.

IV-hunt ERG {young man} DIR spear ACC pig

"A young man hunts a pig with a spear." (or "A spear is hunted a pig with by a young man.")

Atayal

Mayrinax

M-aras cuʔ qusiaʔkuʔmakurakis.

AV-fetch ACC water DIR girl

"The girl fetches water."

Ras-un nkuʔ makurakiskuʔqusiaʔ.

fetch-PV ERG girl DIR water

"The girl fetches water." (or "Water is fetched by the girl.")

Ras-an nkuʔ makurakis cuʔ qusiaʔkuʔβintaŋkahani.

fetch-LV ERG girl ACC water DIR {water bucket} LIG this

"The girl fetches water in this water bucket." (or "This water bucket is fetched water in by the girl.")

Si-ʔaras nkuʔ makurakis cuʔ qusiaʔkuʔmamaliku=niaʔ.

CV-fetch ERG girl ACC water DIR husband=3SG.GEN

"The girl fetches water for her husband." (or "Her husband_i is fetched water for by the girl_i.")

Si-ʔaras nkuʔ makurakis cuʔ qusiaʔkuʔβintaŋkahani.

CV-fetch ERG girl ACC water DIR {water bucket} LIG this

"The girl fetches water with this water bucket." (or "This water bucket is fetched water with by the girl.")

Squliq

M-aniq qulihqu’Tali’.

AV-eat fish DIR Tali

"Tali eats fish."

Niq-un na’ Tali’qu’qulihqasa.

eat-PV ERG Tali DIR fish that

"Tali eats that fish." (or "That fish is eaten by Tali.")

Niq-an na’ Tali’ qulihqu’ngasalqasa.

eat-LV ERG Tali fish DIR house that

"Tali eats fish in that house." (or "That house is eaten fish in by Tali.")

S-qaniq na’ Tali’ qulihqu’Sayun.

CV-eat ERG Tali fish DIR Sayun

"Tali eats fish for Sayun." (or "Sayun is eaten fish for by Tali.")

S-qaniq na’ Tali’ qulihqu’qway.

CV-eat ERG Tali fish DIR chopsticks

"Tali eats fish with chopsticks." (or "Chopsticks are eaten fish with by Tali.")

Hla’alua

Hli-um-u=cu=aku hlavate usua.

ASP-AV-eat=ASP=1SG.DIR guava two

"I have eaten two guavas."

Hli-paipekel-a=cu a Elekeatangusuhlu=na.

ASP-mould-PV=ASP DET Eleke DET rice.cake=DEF

"Eleke has moulded the rice cake." (or "The rice cake has been moulded by Eleke.")

Hli-aala-ana ’Angai vutukuhluahluuhlungu=na.

ASP-take-CV ’Angai fish DET stream=DEF

"’Angai has caught fish in the stream." (or "The stream has been caught fish in by ’Angai.")

Hli-aala-ana=kuavahlituku-isaama’a.

ASP-take-CV=1SG.ERG DET money-3 father

"I have taken father's money." (or "Father's money has been taken by me.")

Kanakanavu

K‹um›aʉn (sua)ŋiau tapianaŋai.

‹AV›eat DIR cat bird

"A cat ate a bird."

Cʉʔʉr-ai maanu iisi (sua)tacauiisa.

see-PV child this DIR dog that

"This child saw that dog." (or "That dog was seen by this child.")

Riucuucu-an Mu'u (sua)PaicU.

kiss-LV Mu'u DIR PaicU

"Mu'u kissed PaicU." (or "PaicU was kissed by Mu'u.")

Si-puʔa maanu-maku ʔʉnaisuavantukuiisi.

IV-buy child-1SG.GEN land DIR money this

"My child bought land with this money." (or "This money was bought land with by my child.")

Kavalan

Q‹em›al tu rasungyasunis.

‹AV›dig ACC well DIR child

"The child dug a well."

Qal-an na sunisyarasung.

dig-PV ERG child DIR well

"The child dug the well." (or The well was dug by the child.")

Ti-tangan=ku tu inebyasuqsuq.

CV-open=1SG.ERG ACC door DIR key

"I opened the door with the key." (or "The key was opened the door with by me.")

Ti-sammay na tama=kuyatina=ku.

CV-cook ERG father=1SG.GEN DIR mother-1SG.GEN

"My father cooked for my mother." (or "My mother was cooked for by my father.")

Paiwan

Q‹m›ałupatsautsau tua vavuy i (tua) gadu tua vuluq.

‹AV›hunt DIR man OBL pig PREP (OBL) mountain OBL spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear."

Qałup-en nua tsautsauavavuy i (tua) gadu tua vuluq.

hunt-PV ERG man DIR pig PREP (OBL) mountain OBL spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear." (or "The pigs are hunted by the man in the mountains with a spear.")

Qałup-an nua tsautsau tua vavuyagadu tua vuluq.

hunt-LV ERG man OBL pig DIR mountain OBL spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear." (or "The mountains are hunted the pigs in by the man with a spear.")

Si-qałup nua tsautsau tua vavuy i (tua) gaduavuluq.

IV-hunt ERG man OBL pig PREP (OBL) mountain DIR spear

"The man hunts the pigs in the mountains with a spear." (or "The spear is hunted the pigs with by the man in the mountains.")

Pazeh

Mu-ngazip yakukiwazu.

AV-bite 1SG DIR dog

"The dog bit me."

Ngazib-en wazu liakirakihan.

bite-PV dog ASP DIR child

"A dog bit the child." (or The child was bitten by a dog.")

Pu-batu’-an liakibabawdaran.

pave-stone-LV ASP DIR above road

"The road surface was paved with stones."

Saa-talek alawkibulayan.

IV-cook fish DIR pan

"The pan was cooked fish with."

Puyuma

Tr‹em›akaw dra paisuiIsaw.

‹AT.RL›steal ACC money DIR Isaw

"Isaw stole money."

Tu=trakaw-awnapaisu kan Isaw.

3.ERG=steal-PT.RL DIR money ERG Isaw

"Isaw stole the money." (or "The money was stolen by Isaw.")

Tu=trakaw-ay=ku dra paisu kan Isaw.

3.ERG=steal-LT.RL=1SG.DIR ACC money ERG Isaw

"Isaw stole money from me." (or "I was stolen money from by Isaw.")

Tu=trakaw-anayitinataw dra paisu.

3.ERG=steal-CT.RL DIR his.mother ACC money

"He stole money for his mother." (or "His_i mother was stolen money for by him_i.")

Ku=dirus-anaynaenay kan Aliwaki.

1SG.ERG=wash-CT.RL DIR water ACC Aliwaki

"I washed Aliwaki with water." (or "The water was washed Aliwaki with by me.")

Seediq

Tgdaya

S‹em›ebuc ricahkaPawan.

‹AV›hit plum DIR Pawan

"Pawan is hitting plums."

Sebet-un na Pawankaricah.

hit-PV ERG Pawan DIR plum

"Pawan is hitting the plum." (or "The plum is being hit by Pawan.")

Sebet-an na Pawan ricahkapeepah.

hit-LV ERG Pawan plum DIR farm.field

"Pawan is hitting plums in the farm field." (or "The farm field is being hit plums in by Pawan.")

Se-sebuc na Pawan ricahkabutakan.

IV-hit ERG Pawan plum DIR stick

"Pawan is hitting plums with the stick." (or "The stick is being hit plums with by Pawan.")

Truku

K‹em›erut babuykaMasaw.

‹AV›cut pig DIR Masaw

"Masaw slaughters a/the pig."

Keret-an Masawkababuy.

cut-GV Masaw DIR pig

"Masaw slaughters the pig." (or "The pig is slaughtered by Masaw.")

Keret-an laqi sagaskaketi’inuhni’i.

cut-GV child watermelon DIR board this

"The child cuts watermelon on this board." (or "This board is cut watermelon on by the child.")

Se-kerut babuy Masawkabaki.

CV-cut pig Masaw DIR old.man

"Masaw slaughters a/the pig for the old man." (or "The old man is slaughtered a/the pig for by Masaw.")

Se-kerut babuy Masawkaputing.

CV-cut pig Masaw DIR knife

"Masaw slaughters a/the pig with the knife." (or "The knife is slaughtered a/the pig with by Masaw.")

Tsou

Mi-’omo-si to peisu ne Nookay.

AUX.AV-1SG.DIR AV-put OBL money OBL Nookay

"I deposit money in Nookay."

Os-’o si-a to panka’opeisu.

AUX.NAV-1SG.ERG put-PV OBL table DIR money

"I put the money on the/a table." (or "The money was put on the/a table by me.")

Os-’o si-i to chumu’okopu.

AUX.NAV-1SG.ERG put-LV OBL water DIR cup

"I put water into the cup." (or "The cup was put water into by me.")

Os-’o si-i-neni to ocha’oPasuya.

AUX.NAV-1SG.ERG put-LV-BV OBL tea DIR Pasuya

"I served tea for Pasuya." (or "Pasuya was served tea for by me.")

Batanic examples

Ivatan

Mangamoqmoqotao so motdeh no boday do vahay.

m-pang-qamoqmo {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

AV-¿?-frighten DIR man ACC child IND snake OBL house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house."

Qamoqmo-hen no taoqomotdeh no boday do vahay.

frighten-PV IND man DIR child IND snake OBL house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house." (or "A child is being frightened with a snake in the house by the man.")

Pangamoqmoan no tao so motdeh no bodayqovahay.

pang-qamoqmo-an {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

¿?-frighten-LV IND man ACC child IND snake DIR house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house." (or "The house is being frightened a child in with a snake by the man.")

Qipangamoqmo no tao so motdehqoboday do vahay.

qi-pang-qamoqmo {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

CV-¿?-frighten IND man ACC child DIR snake OBL house

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house." (or "The snake is being frightened a child with in the house by the man.")

Qipangamoqmo no tao so motdeh no boday do vahayqokayvan-a.

qi-pang-qamoqmo {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

CV-¿?-frighten IND man ACC child IND snake OBL house DIR friend-3SG.GEN

"The man is frightening a child with a snake in the house for his friend." (or "His_i friend is being frightened a child for with a snake in the house by the man_i.")

Yami

K‹om›an so wakaysiSalang.

‹AV›eat OBL {sweet potato} DIR Salang

"Salang ate a sweet potato."

Kan-en na ni Salangowakay.

eat-PV 3SG.ERG ERG Salang DIR {sweet potato}

"Salang ate the sweet potato." (or "The sweet potato was eaten by Salang.")

Ni-akan-an naomogisori ni Salang.

ASP-eat-LV 3SG.ERG DIR rice that ERG Salang

"Salang ate from some of that rice." (or "Some of that rice was eaten from by Salang.")

I-akan na ni Salangoamongya.

IV-eat 3SG.ERG ERG Salang DIR fish this

"Salang ate (a meal) with this fish." (or "This fish was eaten (a meal) with by Salang.")

Philippine examples

Blaan

Cebuano

Mo-lutòsiMaria ug kalamáy para kang Pedro.

AV-cook DIR Maria ACC type.of.dessert for OBL Pedro

"Maria will cookkalamáy for Pedro."

Luto-on sa babayeangbugás sa lata.

cook-PV ERG woman DIR rice OBL can

"The woman will cook the rice in the can."
(or "The rice will be cooked by the woman in the can.")

Luto-an sa babayeanglata ug bugás.

cook-CV ERG woman DIR can ACC rice

"The woman will cook rice in the can."
(or "The can will be cooked rice in by the woman.")

Luto-an ni MariasiPedro ug kalamáy.

cook-CV ERG Maria DIR Pedro ACC type.of.dessert

"Maria will cook Pedrokalamáy."
(or "Pedro will be cookedkalamáy for by Maria.")

Sulat-án ni IndaysiPerla ug sulat.

write-CV ERG Inday DIR Perla ACC letter

"Inday will write Perla a letter."
(or "Perla will be written a letter to by Inday.")

I-sulát ni Lindaanglapis ug sulat.

IV-write ERG Linda DIR pencil ACC letter

"Linda will write a letter with the pencil."
(or "The pencil will be written a letter with by Linda.")

Kalagan

K‹um›amangaku sa tubig na lata kan Ma’ adti balkon na lunis.

‹AV›get 1SG.DIR OBL water PREP can for Dad on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."

Kamang-in kuyatubig na lata kan Ma’ adti balkon na lunis.

get-PV 1SG.ERG DIR water PREP can for Dad on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "The water will be gotten by me with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday.")

Pag-kamang kuyalata sa tubig kan Ma’ adti balkon na lunis.

IV-get 1SG.ERG DIR can OBL water for Dad on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "The can will be gotten the water with by me for Dad on the porch on Monday.")

Kamang-an kuyaMa’ sa tubig na lata adti balkon na lunis.

get-CV 1SG.ERG DIR Dad OBL water PREP can on porch PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "Dad will be gotten the water for by me with the can on the porch on Monday.")

Kamang-an kuyabalkon sa tubig na lata kan Ma’ na lunis.

get-CV 1SG.ERG DIR porch OBL water PREP can for Dad PREP Monday

"I will get the water with the can for Dad on the porch on Monday."
(or "The porch will be gotten the water from by me with the can for Dad on Monday.")

Kapampangan

S‹um›ulat yang poesiainglalaki gamit pen king papil.

{}ya=ng {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

‹AV›will.write 3SG.DIR=ACC poem DIR boy OBL pen OBL paper

"The boy will write a poem with a pen on the paper."

I-sulat ne ning lalakiingpoesia king mestra.

{} na+ya {} {} {} {} {} {}

PV-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR poem OBL teacher.F

"The boy will write the poem to the teacher."
(or "The poem will be written by boy to the teacher.")

Sulat-anan ne ning lalakiingmestro.

{} na+ya {} {} {} {}

will.write-GV 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR ERG boy DIR teacher.M

"The boy will write to the teacher."
(or "The teacher will be written to by the boy.")

Pi-sulat-an neng poesia ning lalakiingblackboard.

{} na+ya=ng {} {} {} {} {}

LV-will.write-LV 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR blackboard

"The boy will write a poem on the blackboard."
(or "The blackboard will be written a poem on by the boy.")

Panyulat neng poesia ning lalakiingpen.

paN-sulat na+ya=ng {} {} {} {} {}

CV-will.write 3SG.ERG+3SG.DIR=ACC poem ERG boy DIR pen

"The boy will write a poem with the pen."
(or "The pen will be written a poem with by the boy.")

Pamasa nong libru ning babairenganak.

paN-basa na+la=ng {} {} {} {} {}

CV-will.read 3SG.ERG+3PL.DIR=ACC book ERG woman PL.DIR child

"The woman will read a book for the children."
(or "The children will be read a book for by the woman.")

Limos Kalinga

NandalussiMalia=t danat palatu.

n-man-dalus {} {} {} {}

ASP-AV-wash DIR Malia=OBL PL plate

"Malia washed some plates."

Binayumdinpagoy.

b‹in›ayu-∅=m {} {}

‹ASP›pound-PV=2SG.ERG DIR rice

"You pounded the rice."
(or "The rice was pounded by you.")

D‹in›alus-an ud Maliadanatpalatu.

‹ASP›wash-LV ERG Malia DIR.PL plate

"Malia washed the plates."
(or "The plates were washed by Malia.")

I-n-dalus-an ud Maliasiina=na=t nat palatu.

BV-ASP-wash-BV ERG Malia DIR mother=3SG.GEN=OBL SG plate

"Malia washed a plate for her mother."
(or "Her_i mother was washed a plate for by Malia_i.")

I-n-dalus ud Malianatsabun sinat palatu.

IV-ASP-wash ERG Malia DIR soap OBL.SG plate

"Malia washed a plate with the soap."
(or "The soap was washed a plate with by Malia.")

Maranao

S‹om›ombali’somama’ sa karabao ko maior.

‹AV›butcher DIR man OBL water.buffalo PREP mayor

"The man will butcher water buffalo for the mayor."

Sombali’-in o mama’sokarabao.

butcher-PV ERG man DIR water.buffalo

"The man will butcher the water buffalo."
(or "The water buffalo will be butchered by the man.")

Sombali’-an o mama’somaior sa karabao.

butcher-CV ERG man DIR mayor OBL water.buffalo

"The man will butcher water buffalo for the mayor."
(or "The mayor will be butchered water buffalo for by the man.")

Koaq-an o mama’ sa bolongsotinda.

get-CV ERG man OBL medicine DIR store

"The man will get the medicine at/from the store."
(or "The store will be gotten medicine at/from by the man.")

I-sombali’ o mama’sogelat ko karabao.

butcher-IV ERG man DIR knife PREP water.buffalo

"The man will butcher the water buffalo with the knife."
(or "The knife will be butchered the water buffalo with by the man.")

Palawan

‹Mog›lamuʔlibunin ot lugow kot mosakit sot apuy.

‹ASP.AV›cook woman that.DIR IND congee for {sick person} on fire

"The woman will cook congee on the fire for the sick person."

La~lamuʔ-on ot libunlugowin kot mosakit sot apuy.

ASP~cook-PV IND woman congee that.DIR for {sick person} on fire

"The woman will cook the congee on the fire for the sick person."
(or "The congee will be cooked on the fire for the sick person by the woman.")

I-la~lamuʔ ot libun lugow kot mosakitapuyin.

IV-ASP~cook IND woman congee for {sick person} fire that.DIR

"The woman will cook congee with the fire for the sick person."
(or "The fire will be cooked congee with for the sick person by the woman.")

La~lamuʔ-an ot libun ot lugow sot apuymosakitin.

ASP~cook-CV IND woman IND congee on fire {sick person} that.DIR

"The woman will cook congee on the fire for the sick person."
(or "The sick person will be cooked congee for on the fire by the woman.")

La~lamuʔ-an ot libun ot lugow kot mosakitapuyin.

ASP~cook-CV IND woman IND congee for {sick person} fire that.DIR

"The woman will cook congee on the fire for the sick person."
(or "The fire will be cooked congee on for the sick person by the woman.")

Subanen

S‹um›aluyogpolopanad nog kolatas.

‹ASP.AV›buy DIR teacher IND paper

"A teacher will buy some paper."

Soluy-on nog polopanadogkolatas.

buy-ASP.PV IND teacher DIR paper

"A teacher will buy some paper."
(or "Some paper will be bought by a teacher.")

Soluy-an nog polopanadogbata′ nog kolatas.

buy-ASP.CV IND teacher DIR child IND paper

"A teacher will buy some paper for a child."
(or "A child will be bought some paper for by a teacher.")

Tagalog

B‹um›ili ng mangga sa palengke para sa ale sa pamamagitan ng peraangmama.

‹ASP.AV›buy IND mango OBL market for OBL woman OBL means IND money DIR man

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."

B‹in›ili-∅ ng mama sa palengke para sa ale sa pamamagitan ng peraangmangga.

‹ASP›buy-PV IND man OBL market for OBL woman OBL means IND money DIR mango

"The man bought the mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The mango was bought by the man at the market for the woman by means of money.")

B‹in›ilh-an ng mama ng mangga para sa ale sa pamamagitan ng peraangpalengke.

‹ASP›buy-LV IND man IND mango for OBL woman OBL means IND money DIR market

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "At the market was bought a mango by the man for the woman by means of money.")

B‹in›ilh-an ng mama ng mangga sa palengke sa pamamagitan ng peraangale.

‹ASP›buy-LV IND man IND mango OBL market OBL means IND money DIR woman

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The woman was bought a mango for by the man at the market by means of money.")

I-b‹in›ili ng mama ng mangga sa palengke sa pamamagitan ng peraangale.

BV-‹ASP›buy IND man IND mango OBL market OBL means IND money DIR woman

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The woman was bought a mango for by the man at the market by means of money.")

Ipinambili ng mama ng mangga sa palengke para sa aleangpera.

Ip‹in›aN-bili {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {} {}

‹ASP›IV-buy IND man IND mango OBL market for OBL woman DIR money

"The man bought a mango at the market for the woman by means of money."
(or "The money was bought a mango with by the man at the market for the woman.")

Ik‹in›a-iyak ng bataangpag-kagatsakaniyanglanggam.

‹ASP›RV-cry IND child DIR NMLZ-bite OBL 3SG.OBL IND ant

"The child cried because an/the ant bit him."
(or "An/the ant's biting of him was cried about by the child.")

‹Um›iyakangbata dahil k‹in›agat-∅siya ng langgam.

‹ASP.AV›cry DIR child because ‹ASP›bite-PV 3SG.DIR IND ant

"The child cried because an/the ant bit him."
(or "The child cried because he was bitten by an/the ant.")

Tondano

Situama k‹um›eoŋ roda wo n-tali waki pasar.

AN.SG man ‹AV›will.pull cart with INAN-rope to market

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."

Roda keoŋ-ən ni tuama wo n-tali waki pasar.

cart will.pull-PV ERG.AN.SG man with INAN-rope to market

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."
(or "The cart will be pulled with rope to the market by the man.")

Pasar keoŋ-an ni tuama roda wo n-tali.

market will.pull-LV ERG.AN.SG man cart with INAN-rope

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."
(or "The market will be pulled the cart to with the rope by the man.")

Talii-keoŋ ni tuama roda waki pasar.

rope CV-will.pull ERG.AN.SG man cart to market

"The man will pull the cart with the rope to the market."
(or "The rope will be pulled the cart with to the market by the man.")

Seokiʔi-lutuʔ ni mama seraʔ

AN.PL child CV-will.cook ERG.AN.SG mother fish

"Mother will cook fish for the children."
(or "The children will be cooked fish for by mother.")

Ləloŋkotani-wareŋ ni tuama waki wale.

ladder CV-will.return ERG.AN.SG man to house

"The man will return the ladder to the house."
(or "The ladder will be returned by the man to the house.")

North Bornean examples

Bonggi

Sia imagi louk nyu.

{} in-N-bagi {} {}

3SG.DIR RL-AV-divide fish 2PL.GEN

"He divided your fish."

Louknyu biagi nya.

{} {} b‹in›agi-∅ {}

fish 2PL.GEN ‹RL›divide-PV 3SG.ERG

"He divided your fish." (or "Your fish was divided by him.")

Badiʔku pimagi nya louk nyu.

{} {}p‹in›əN-bagi {} {} {}

machete 1SG.GEN ‹RL›IV-divide 3SG.ERG fish 2PL.GEN

"He divided your fish with my machete." (or "My machete was divided your fish with by him.")

Ou bigiadn nya louk nyu.

{} b‹in›agi-adn {} {} {}

1SG.DIR ‹RL›divide-CV 3SG.ERG fish 2PL.GEN

"He divided your fish for me." (or "I was divided your fish for by him.")

Ou biniriadn nya siidn.

{} b‹in›ori-adn {} {}

1SG.DIR ‹RL›give-CV 3SG.ERG money

"He gave money to me." (or "I was given money to by him.")

Kadazan Dusun

Mog-ovitiama’ di tanak do buuk.

AV-bring DIR father IND child ACC book

"Father is bringing the child a book."