| Sword | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofNormandy landings and theBattle for Caen | |||||||
 British infantry waiting to move off Queen Beach, SWORD Area, while under heavy enemy fire, on the morning of 6 June | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Germany | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 John CrockerThomas RennieLord Lovat | Wilhelm RichterEdgar Feuchtinger | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 28,845[1] 223 tanks[2] | 8 infantry companies (716th Infantry Division)[nb 1] 9,790 124–127 tanks[5][6] 40 assault guns[5] (21st Panzer Division)[nb 2] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 683 casualties[nb 3] | Unknown casualties 40[6]–54 tanks lost[nb 4] 6 bombers destroyed[13] | ||||||
Sword, commonly known asSword Beach, was thecode name given to one of the five main landing areas along the Normandy coast during the initial assault phase,Operation Neptune, ofOperation Overlord. The Allied invasion of German-occupied France commenced on 6 June 1944. Stretching 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) fromOuistreham toSaint-Aubin-sur-Mer, the beach proved to be the easternmost landing site of the invasion after the abortion of an attack on a sixth beach, code-named Band. Taking Sword was to be the responsibility of theBritish Army with sea transport, mine sweeping and a navalbombardment force provided by the BritishRoyal Navy as well as elements from thePolish,Norwegian and other Allied navies.
Among the five beaches of the operation, Sword is the nearest toCaen, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the goal of the 3rd Infantry Division. The landings were achieved with low Allied casualties but the advance from the beach was slowed by traffic congestion and resistance in defended areas behind the beach. Further progress towards Caen was halted by the only armoured counter-attack of the day, mounted by the21st Panzer Division.
Following theFall of France, British Prime MinisterWinston Churchill vowed to return to continental Europe and liberate the Nazi German-occupied nations.[14] The Western Allies agreed to open aSecond Front in northern Europe in 1942 to aid theSoviet Union. However, with resources for an invasion lacking, it was postponed[15] but planning was undertaken that in the event of the German position in western Europe becoming critically weakened or the Soviet Union's situation becoming dire, forces could be landed in France;Operation Sledgehammer. At the same time, planning was underway for a major landing in occupied France during 1943;Operation Roundup.[16] In August 1942, Canadian and British forces attempted an abortive landing—Operation Jubilee—at the Calais port-town ofDieppe; the landing was designed to test the feasibility of a cross-channel invasion. The attack was poorly planned and ended in disaster; 4,963 soldiers were killed, wounded or captured.[17] The decision to prosecute theBattle of the Atlantic to its closure, the lack of landing craft,[18]invading Sicily in July 1943, andItaly in September following the defeat of Axis forces in North Africa in May 1943[19] resulted in the postponement of any assault on northern Europe till 1944.[18]
Having succeeded in opening up an offensive front in southern Europe, gaining valuable experience in amphibious assaults and inland fighting, Allied planners returned to the plans to invade Northern France.[20] Now scheduled for 5 June 1944,[21] the beaches ofNormandy were selected as landing sites, with a zone of operations extending from theCotentin Peninsula toCaen.[22] Operation Overlord called for the BritishSecond Army to assault between theRiver Orne andPort en Bessin, capture the German-occupied city of Caen and form a front line fromCaumont-l'Éventé to the south-east of Caen, in order to acquire airfields and protect the left flank of theUnited States First Army while it capturedCherbourg.[23] Possession of Caen and its surroundings would give Second Army a suitable staging area for a push south to capture the city ofFalaise, which could then be used as a pivot for an advance onArgentan, theTouques River and then towards theSeine River.[24] Overlord would constitute the largest amphibious operation in military history.[22] After delays, due to both logistical difficulties and poor weather, the D-Day of Overlord was moved to 6 June 1944. Eisenhower andBernard Montgomery, commander of21st Army Group, aimed to capture Caen within the first day, and liberateParis within 90 days.[22]
The coastline of Normandy was divided into seventeen sectors, with codenames using aspelling alphabet—from Able, west ofOmaha, to Roger on the east flank of Sword. Eight further sectors were added when the invasion was extended to includeUtah on the Cotentin Peninsula. Sectors were further subdivided into beaches identified by the colours Green, Red, and White.[25]
The Anglo-Canadian assault landings on D-Day were to be carried out by theBritish Second Army, under Lieutenant GeneralMiles Dempsey. The Second Army'sI Corps, commanded by Lieutenant GeneralJohn Crocker, was assigned to take Sword. To Major General Tom Rennie's3rd Infantry Division fell the task of assaulting the beaches and seizing the main British objective on D-Day, the historic Norman city ofCaen.[26][27] Attached to the 3rd Infantry Division for the assault were the27th Independent Armoured Brigade, the1st Special Service Brigade (which also containedFree French Commandos),No. 41 (Royal Marine) Commando of the4th Special Service Brigade, Royal Marine armoured support, additional artillery and engineers, and elements of the79th Armoured Division.[28]6th Beach Group was deployed to assist the troops and landing craft landing on Sword and to develop the beach maintenance area.
The 3rd Infantry Division was ordered to advance on Caen, 7.5 miles (12.1 km) from Sword,[29] with the3rd Canadian Infantry Division advancing on its western flank to secureCarpiquet airfield, 11 miles (18 km) from Juno Beach, on the outskirts of the city.[27] The 3rd Infantry was also ordered to relieve the elements of the6th Airborne Division that had secured the bridges over the River Orne and Caen Canal duringOperation Tonga, secure the high ground north of Caen, and "if possible Caen itself".[30] The last point was further reinforced when I Corps' commander, General Crocker, instructed the division, prior to the invasion, that by nightfall the city must be either captured or "effectively masked" with troops based north-west of the city andBénouville.[31]
Sword stretched about 5 miles (8.0 km) fromSaint-Aubin-sur-Mer in the west to the mouth of the River Orne in the east. It was further sub-divided into four landing sectors; from west to east these sectors were 'Oboe' (from Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer toLuc-sur-Mer), 'Peter' (from Luc-sur-Mer toLion-sur-Mer), 'Queen' (from Lion-sur-Mer to La Brèche d'Hermanville), and finally 'Roger' (from La Brèche d'Hermanville toOuistreham). Each sector was also divided into multiple beaches.[32] The sector chosen for the assault was the 1.8 miles (2.9 km) wide 'White' and 'Red' beaches of 'Queen' sector, as shallow reefs blocked access to the other sectors.[33] Two infantry battalions supported byDD tanks would lead the assault followed up by the commandos and the rest of the division;[34] the landing was due to start at 07:25 hours.[35]
On 23 March 1942, Führer Directive Number 40 called for the official creation of theAtlantic Wall—a line of concrete gun emplacements, machine-gun nests, minefields and beach obstacles stretching along the French coast. Fortifications were initially concentrated around ports, but were extended into other areas beginning in late 1943.[36] While theGerman Army had seen its strength and morale heavily depleted by campaigns in Russia, North Africa and Italy, it remained a powerful fighting force.[37] Most of the German divisions along the French coast in late 1943, however, were either formations of new recruits or battered veteran units still resting and rebuilding after service on the Eastern Front; altogether some 856,000 soldiers were stationed in France, predominantly along the Channel coast.[37] They were supported by an additional 60,000Hilfswillige (Russian and Polish conscripts to the German army).[38]
Under the command ofField MarshalsErwin Rommel andGerd von Rundstedt, the defences of theAtlantic Wall were heavily upgraded; in the first six months of 1944, 1.2 million tons of steel and 17.3 million cubic yards of concrete were laid.[39] The coast of northern France was also studded with four million antitank and anti-personnel mines, and 500,000 beach obstacles.[39]
On and behind Sword, twenty strongpoints, including several artillery batteries, were constructed.[4] The coastline was littered with wooden stakes, mines,hedgehogs, andDragon's teeth, while along the top of the beach, the Germans had constructed a network of trenches, gun pits, mortar pits, and machine gun nests. Barbed wire surrounded these positions and lined the beach.[40][41] The beachfront itself, being generally flat and exposed, was guarded by a few scattered bunkers, with machine gun and sniper posts in some of the holiday homes and tourist facilities lining the shore. To reinforce the defences, six strongpoints had been constructed, each with at least eight5 cm Pak 38 50 mm anti-tank guns, four 75 mm guns, and one 88 mm gun. One of the strongpoints (codenamedCod by the British), faced directly on to Queen sector. Exits from the beaches had been blocked with various obstacles,[4][41] and behind the beaches, six artillery batteries had been positioned, three of which were based within three strongpoints; these latter batteries had four 100 mm guns and up to ten 155mm guns.[4] In addition, positioned east of the River Orne was theMerville Gun Battery, containing four Czechoslovakian 100 mm howitzers which were within range of Sword and the invasion fleet.[42][43] Between Cherbourg and theRiver Seine there were a total of 32 batteries capable of firing on to the five invasion beaches; half of them were positioned in casemates of 6-foot (1.8 m) reinforced concrete.[41]
Since the spring of 1942,Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter's 8,000-man strong716th Infantry Division had been positioned to defend theCalvados coast of Normandy.[44] In March 1942, the352nd Infantry Division assumed control of the western Calvados coast, leaving the 716th in position north of Caen covering an 8-mile (13 km) stretch of coastline. The division comprised four regular infantry battalions, twoOst battalions, and artillery units.[45] Four infantry companies were spread along Sword, with two positioned facing Queen sector—another four were positioned inland behind the beach.[4] Further inland,Generalleutnant'sEdgar Feuchtinger's 16,297 strong 21st Panzer Division had been positioned on both sides of the River Orne around Caen to provide an immediate counter-attack force should a landing take place.[46][47][48] In May 1944, twoPanzergrenadier battalions and an antitank battalion from the 21st Panzer Division were placed under Richter's command;[45] this deployment eliminated 21st Panzer as a mobile reserve.[48] One of these battalions, along with the division's anti-tank guns and several mobile 155 mm guns, was positioned on Périers Ridge, which rose to about 50 metres (160 ft) above sea level, 3 miles (4.8 km) south of Sword.[31][49][50]
3rd Division[51] – Major-General T. G. Rennie
8th Brigade (assault brigade)
Divisional Troops
Attached units and formations[51]
5th Assault Regiment, RE[53]
1st Special Service Brigade (landed on eastern extremity of Sword) – Brigadier Lord Lovat
4th Special Service Brigade (landed between Juno and Sword)
The assault on Sword began at about 03:00 with the aerial and naval bombardment of German coastal defences and artillery sites. The landing was to be concentrated on Queen Red and Queen White in front ofHermanville-sur-Mer, other approaches having proven impassable due to shoals. At 07:25, the first units set off for the beach. These were the amphibious DD tanks of the 13th/18th Hussars; they were followed closely by the 8th Infantry Brigade, and by Royal Engineers inAVREs and the various odd-looking, specialized vehicles that had been nicknamed 'Hobart's funnies'. The engineers set to work clearing mines and obstacles under a steady hail of small arms fire and artillery fire from Périers Ridge just south of Hermanville.[59][60] Resistance on the beach was initially fairly strong, with wrecked vehicles piling up and casualties mounting; however, with most of their armoured vehicles successfully landed, the British were able to quickly secure the immediate area. By 09:30 the engineers had cleared seven of the eight exits from the beach, allowing the inland advance to begin.[61]
British and French commandos encountered tough resistance in the seaside town ofOuistreham, on Sword's eastern extremity, but were able to clear it of enemy strongpoints. By 13:00, the 1st Special Service Brigade had reached the bridges on theRiver Orne and theCaen Canal, linking up with paratroops of the 6th Airborne Division, who were holding the bridges, after earlier disabling German gun batteries in a fierce night-time battle atMerville.[60]
On the western flank of Sword, commandos of the 4th Special Service Brigade advanced to secureLion-sur-Mer and meet Canadian forces atJuno Beach but encountered strong resistance and were pinned down by heavy fire for several hours. Around the main landing area, the men of the 3rd Infantry Division had secured Hermanville-sur-Mer by 10:00, but were finding tougher going as they slowly fought their way up Périers Ridge and moved inland. Congestion as more men, vehicles and equipment arrived on the beach further complicated matters. It was gradually becoming apparent that the British would not be able to meet the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, to protect the right flank in an immediate assault on Caen. Troops of the King's Shropshire Light Infantry continued down the Hermanville-Caen road, reachingBiéville-Beuville, close to Caen, but were supported by only a few self-propelled guns, their flanks exposed. During the afternoon, the 21st Panzer Division, based around Caen, launched the only major German counterattack of D-Day.[60][62]
The 21st Panzer Division, with its formidable inventory of some 127 Panzer IV tanks,[63] was intended for use as a rapid response force. However, on the morning of June 6, its commanderGeneralmajorEdgar Feuchtinger was in Paris, and Rommel was in Germany. The division was unable to finalize orders and preparations for a counterattack until late in the day. At about 17:00, two thrusts were launched, east and west of the River Orne. The eastern attack, carried out by II Battalion and supporting units, under MajorHans von Luck, was intended to destroy the 6th Airborne Division's Orne bridgehead but was soon stopped in its tracks by intense Allied air attacks and naval gunfire.[64] To the west, a larger armoured group initially fared somewhat better. Taking advantage of the gap between the Sword and Juno sectors, elements of the 192ndPanzergrenadier Regiment were able to reach the coast atLion-sur-Mer by 20:00. With few flak units and very little support from theLuftwaffe, they too suffered losses to Allied aircraft. When 250 gliders of the British6th Airlanding Brigade overflew their positions, on their way to reinforce the Orne bridgehead inOperation Mallard, the Germans, believing they were about to be cut off, retired.[60][65]
TheLuftwaffe was particularly weak in this sector but tried to support the attack with a few of the rare daylight appearances it made on D-Day.GeneralfeldmarschallHugo Sperrle, commandingLuftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3) was responsible for the air defence of Normandy and ordered all available forces to attack the beachhead.Junkers Ju 88s fromKampfgeschwader 54 (KG 54: Bomber Wing 54) attacked British positions withButterfly Bombs. III./KG 54 struckLion-sur-Mer while I./KG 54 bombed shipping at the mouth of theOrne.145 Wing intercepted and shot down five German aircraft.[66][67]
By the end of D-Day, 28,845 men of I Corps had come ashore across Sword. The British Official Historian,L. F. Ellis, wrote that "in spite of theAtlantic Wall over 156,000 men had been landed in France on the first day of the campaign."[1] British losses in the Sword area amounted to 683 men.[68] The British and Canadians were able to link up and resume the drive on Caen the following day, but three days into the invasion, the advance was halted.[69][70] On 7 June,Operation Perch, apincer attack by the51st (Highland) Infantry Division andXXX Corps was launched to encircle Caen from the east and west flanks.[71] The21st Panzer Division halted the 51st Division advance and the XXX Corps attack resulted in theBattle of Villers-Bocage and the withdrawal of the leading elements of the7th Armoured Division soon after.[72][73] The next offensive, codenamedOperation Epsom, was launched byVIII Corps on 26 June, to envelope Caen from the west.[74][75] German forces managed to contain the offensive but to do so, they were obliged to commit all their available strength.[76]
On 27 June, the 3rd Infantry Division and its supporting tanks launched OperationMitten. The objective was to seize two German-occupiedchâteaux, la Londe and le Landel. The initial evening assault was repulsed but the following morning, attacks gained the objectives and destroyed several German tanks. OperationMitten cost at least three British tanks and 268 men.[77][78][79] In 2003 Copp wrote that fighting for these châteaux made the area the "bloodiest square mile in Normandy".[79]Norman Scarfe wrote in 1947 that, had the operation gone more smoothly, further elements of the division and elements of the 3rd Canadian Division would have launched Operation Aberlour, an ambitious plan to capture several villages north of Caen but the attack was cancelled by Lieutenant-General John Crocker.[77][78] Several days later I Corps launched a new offensive, codenamedOperation Charnwood, to gain possession of Caen.[80] In a frontal assault, the northern half of the city was captured,[80] but German forces retained possession of the city south of the River Orne. The southern half of Caen was only captured 12 days later by Canadian infantry duringOperation Atlantic.[81][82]
49°18′23″N0°19′16″W / 49.30639°N 0.32111°W /49.30639; -0.32111
