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| (in German) Bundesamt für Landestopografie (in French) Office fédéral de topographie (in Italian) Ufficio federale di topografia (in Romansh) Uffizi federal da topografia | |
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 Building inWabern. | |
| Agency overview | |
|---|---|
| Jurisdiction | Federal administration of Switzerland |
| Headquarters | Wabern |
| Minister responsible | |
| Parent agency | Federal Department of Defence, Civil Protection and Sports |
| Website | www.swisstopo.admin.ch |
Swisstopo is the official name for the SwissFederal Office of Topography,[a]Switzerland'snational mapping agency.
The current name was made official in 2002. It had been used as the domain name for the homepage of the institute,swisstopo.admin.ch, since 1997.[1]
The main class of products produced by Swisstopo are topographical maps on seven differentscales. Swiss maps have been praised for their accuracy and quality.[2]
The numbering system of Swiss regular maps (apart from composites) is directly based on the geographical situation. A map number is always one higher than the map number of the adjacent map to the west, and one lower than the adjacent map to the east. From north to south, the numbers differ by 20 for the scale 1:25.000, 10 for the scale 1:50.000 and 5 for the scale 1:100.000. However, as can be seen on theSeite nicht gefunden,[3] there are some exceptions to this rule: Switzerland is a little bit too large to be only 20 1:25.000 maps wide. Instead of choosing another system, the map to the east of1199 Scuol is called1199bis Piz Lad. The same is true for some maps at scale 1:50.000.
In 1809, the first topographical surveys ofSwitzerland took place on aconfederate, military level. They took place in the north-eastern area and were led byHans Conrad Finsler. Measurements in the alpine region started in 1825 with triangulations byAntoine-Joseph Buchwalder. This work would be finished in 1837 byJohannes Eschmann. At New Year 1838, the Topographical Bureau (Eidgenössisches Topographisches Bureau) was founded inCarouge,Geneve byGuillaume Henri Dufour. This bureau published its first map the same year, theCarte topographique du Canton de Genève. Topographic surveys also started in the alpine regions of Switzerland. These had their first results in 1845, a year later than planned, when a map scaled 1:100.000 was published. This was the start of what are termedDufourkarten (Dufour's Maps). The topographic survey finished in 1862. To honourDufour, the Swiss government decided to rename the highest peak on theDufourkarten fromHöchste Spitze toDufourspitze: it still carries that name today. In 1863, theSAC published a 1:50.000 map of the regionTödi, based on unpublished survey material. A year later, the last map of theDufourkarten was published, and the following year, Dufour retired andHermann Siegfried became Chief of the Topographical Bureau.
In 1865,Herman Siegfried becomes the Chief of the Topographical Bureau, and the bureau moves fromGeneva toBern. Over the next few years, a composite map is published ofTicino, soundings start to measure the depth of the major Swiss lakes, and a first map is published scaled 1:250.000. In 1868, a Federal Act is passed to enforce the continuation of the initial topographic surveys, as well as the publication of the results. This results in new topographical surveys in 1869 and the publication of the first 13Siegfriedkarten (1:25.000 and 1:50.000) in 1870. In 1878, a 1:1.000.000 map is published, and the next year, the height of thePierre du Niton is measured to be 376.86 metre. In 1880, Herman Siegfried is succeeded byJules Dumur.
In 1895, the Topographical surveys for theSiegfriedkarten are finished. As of 1901, 581 sheets of theSiegfriedkarten have been published, with only a few individual more maps to come (there would be 604 maps in 1926). On old maps of the modern series, a reference to those maps can still be found: until the 1970s, theSiegfriedkarte was the best scale available for some areas of Switzerland, and therefore used by climbers and otheralpinists. The printing of theSiegfriedkarten would continue until 1952.
In 1887, the first maps with relief shading are published. In 1889, a photographic studio is appended to the bureau. In the years after 1894, a wall-map for schools is published, in response to a request from the parliament to do so. In 1898, the soundings of the major Swiss lakes are finished. In 1901, the bureau is moved into an independent division within the military, and the nameEidgenössische Landestopographie becomes customary, a name still used by some people until today, and a name which can be found on some older maps.Hermann Kümmerly publishes a relief wall-map for schools in the same year. In 1908, map trials are started to serve as a replacement for theDufourkarten. Two years later, trials start to replace theSiegfriedkarten. Much of this military work would remain secret for many years. In 1913, 1922 and 1924, trials are done withaerial photogrammetry, first with balloons and later with aircraft, but only as of 1930 this is used for production of maps, and in 1940 terrestrial photogrammetry is abandoned.
On 21 June 1935, a Federal Act was passed on the production of the new National Map series, ranging in scale from 1:25.000 to 1:1.000.000. Because of the political situation in Europe, work was started on the 1:50.000 maps.[clarification needed] For this purpose, a 'M18d'Messerschmitt was bought for aerial photography, the first aircraft owned by theEidgenössischie Landestopographie. In 1938, the first 1:50.000 map was published:263 Wildstrubel. From 1939 to 1945, all sales were suspended because ofWorld War II. In 1939, theEidgenössische Landestopographie also procured its first vehicle.
The first 1:25:000 map,1145 Bielersee, was published in 1952. The last 1:25.000 map,1292 Maggia, was published in 1979. This marked the finish of the lowest-scale mapping of Switzerland. The first composite in this scale,2501 St. Gallen, was published in 1956.
The 1:50.000 series was completed in 1963 with285 Domodossola. With the publication of this map, theSiegfriedkarten have been entirely replaced. The first composite on this scale,5001 Gotthard, was published in 1954.
The 1:100.000 series started with41 Col du Pillon (1954), and finished with47 Monte Rosa in 1965. With this publication, theDufourkarten have been entirely replaced.
The 1:200.000 series started with No. 3 in 1971 and finished with No. 4 in 1976.
The maps on the scales 1:500.000 and 1:1.000.000 were respectively first published in 1965 and 1994. With the publication of the latter map, the work required by the Federal Act of 1935 was finally finished.
Since 1951, different sorts of leisure maps have been published by the Federal Office of Topography. See above for a list of those.
In 1958, thecoordinate system of the maps was changed. Before 1958, the centre of the coordinate system,Bern, had coordinates (0, 0). Subsequently, it has coordinates (600, 200). This was done so that any coordinate is either an x-coordinate or a y-coordinate: this prevents confusion about the order of the coordinates.
In 1968, the name officially becameEidgenössische Landestopographie instead ofAbteilung für Landestopographie, although this had been common practice for decades. The English name remained unchanged (Topographical Survey of Switzerland).
In 1979, theEidgenössische Landestopographie was renamed to the current nameBundesamt für Landestopographie. See above for the names in other languages. Since 2002, the international nameSwisstopo has been used. This name had already been used since the websitewww
Some maps produced by Swisstopo scarcely have any Switzerland on it. This is especially true for the scales 1:100.000 and 1:50.000. As can be seenhere, the map45 Haute Savoie only has a very little spot of Switzerland on it, in the extreme north-western corner. The same is true for the 1:50.000 map285 Domodossola. In both cases, no 1:25.000 maps have been published for the corresponding part of the 1:50.000 map: at the 1:25.000 scale, some maps are a tiny bit larger than others, to be able to get all of Switzerland onto a map without the need of maps with less than 0.1% domestic territory on it.
Initially, the plan was to be more generous also for 1:25.000 maps. Thirty-one maps were once planned, most of which did not have a single km^2 Switzerland on it, that were never published. Some of them (1158 Zeinisjoch) were up to ten kilometers away from the Swiss border. On old Swiss maps, one can still see theBlattübersicht were those are signified asplanned maps.
Some maps have been published in the past, but have been discontinued, also because they lack any part of Switzerland.1035 Friedrichshafen is an example of that. When one looks at the Mapsheet Index Northeast, there is no map to the east or to the north of1055 Romanshorn. However, when one then looks at the area of1055 Romanshorn, it can be seen that these maps do in fact exist, but do not have any Swiss land on the map.
