In the original version of the tale, Todd is a barber who kills his victims by pulling a lever as they sit in his barber chair. His victims fall backward through a revolving trap door into the basement of his shop, generally causing them to break their necks or skulls. In case they are alive, Todd goes to the basement and "polishes them off" (slitting their throats with hisstraight razor). In some adaptations, the murdering process is reversed, with Todd slitting his customers' throats before dispatching them into the basement through the revolving trap door. After Todd has robbed his dead victims of their goods,Mrs. Lovett, his partner in crime (in some later versions, his friend and/or lover), assists him in disposing of the bodies by baking their flesh intomeat pies and selling them to the unsuspecting customers of her pie shop. Todd's barber shop is situated at 186Fleet Street,London, next toSt. Dunstan's church, and is connected to Mrs. Lovett's pie shop in nearby Bell Yard by means of an underground passage. In most versions of the story, he and Mrs. Lovett hire an unwitting orphan boy,Tobias Ragg, to serve the pies to customers.
Sweeney Todd first appeared in a story titledThe String of Pearls: A Romance. Thispenny dreadful was published in 18 weekly parts, inEdward Lloyd's magazineThe People's Periodical and Family Library, issues 7–24, published 21 November 1846 to 20 March 1847. It was probably written byJames Malcolm Rymer, thoughThomas Peckett Prest has also been credited with it; possibly each worked on the serial from part to part. Other attributions include Edward P. Hingston, George Macfarren, and Albert Richard Smith.[7][8] During February/March 1847, before the serial was even completed,George Dibdin Pitt adaptedThe String of Pearls as a melodrama for theBritannia Theatre inHoxton, east London. It was in this alternative version of the tale, rather than the original, that Todd acquired his catchphrase: "I'll polish him off".[7]
Lloyd published another, lengthier, penny part serial during 1847–1848, with 92 episodes. It was then published in book form in 1850 asThe String of Pearls, subtitled "The Barber of Fleet Street. A Domestic Romance". This expanded version of the story was 732 pages long.[7] Aplagiarised version of this book appeared in the United States c. 1852–1853 asSweeney Todd: or the Ruffian Barber. A Tale of Terror of the Seas and the Mysteries of the City by "Captain Merry" (a pseudonym used by American author Harry Hazel, 1814–1889).[7]
In 1865, the French novelistPaul H.C. Féval (1816–1887), famous as a writer of horror and crime novels and short stories, referred to what he termed "L'Affaire de la Rue des Marmousets" in the introductory chapter to his bookLa Vampire.[9]
In 1875, Frederick Hazleton's c. 1865 dramatic adaptationSweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (see below) was published as volume 102 ofLacy's Acting Edition of Plays.[7]
A scholarly, annotated edition of the original 1846–1847 serial was published in volume form in 2007 by theOxford University Press with the title ofSweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, edited by Robert Mack.
The original story of Sweeney Todd is from an older legend that may contain motifs from even earlier stories. Possibly the oldest reference to the story in its present form is found in the journal of the Swedish traveller Pehr Lindeström. In his diary, dating from the middle of the 17th century, the story is set in Calais, which is also where the author heard the story. The story includes all the details of the legend, except for the name of the character.[10][11] Another version relates to a supposed 1800 narrative of events in therue de la Harpe, Paris, which appeared in an English version inTell-Tale Magazine (London) under the title "A Terrific Story of the Rue de la Harpe".
InCharles Dickens'Pickwick Papers (1836–1837), the servantSam Weller says that a pieman used cats "for beefsteak, veal, and kidney, 'cording to the demand", and recommends that people should buy pies only "when you know the lady as made it, and is quite sure it ain't kitten."[12] Dickens then developed this inMartin Chuzzlewit (1843–1844), published two years before the appearance of Sweeney Todd inThe String of Pearls (1846–1847), with a character named Tom Pinch who is grateful that his own "evil genius did not lead him into the dens of any of those preparers of cannibalic pastry, who are represented in many country legends as doing a lively retail business in the metropolis".[13]
Claims that Sweeney Todd was a real person were first made in the introduction to the 1850 (expanded) edition ofThe String of Pearls and have persisted to the present.[7] In two books,[2][3]Peter Haining argued that Sweeney Todd was a historical person who committed his crimes around 1800. Nevertheless, other researchers who have tried to verify his citations do not find anything in these sources to verify Haining's claims.[4][5][6]
The String of Pearls (1847), a melodrama byGeorge Dibdin Pitt that opened at Hoxton's Britannia Theatre and billed as "founded on fact". It was something of a success, and the story spread by word of mouth and acquired legendary characteristics. Various versions of the tale were staples of the British theatre for the rest of the century. The play was produced on Broadway during 1924 at theFrazee Theatre, featuring Robert Vivian as Sweeney Todd andRafaela Ottiano as Mrs. Lovett.[15]
Sweeney Todd, the Barber of Fleet Street: or the String of Pearls (c. 1865), a dramatic adaptation written by Frederick Hazleton which premiered at the Old Bower Saloon, Stangate Street,Lambeth.[7]
Sweeney Todd (1962), a four-act melodrama adapted fromThe String of Pearls by Brian J Burton who also composed new songs and lyrics. It was first performed at theCrescent Theatre,[16] Birmingham.
Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (1973), a play by the British playwrightChristopher Bond. This version of the story was the first to give Todd a slightly more sympathetic motive: he is Benjamin Barker, a barber convicted wrongfully who after 15 years in an Australianpenal colony escapes and returns to London using the new name Sweeney Todd, only to find thatJudge Turpin, who is responsible for his conviction, has raped his young wife Lucy and adopted Todd's daughter Johanna. He at first plans to kill Turpin, but when his prey escapes, he swears vengeance on humanity in general and begins to slash his customers' throats. He goes into business withMrs. Lovett, his former landlady, who bakes his victims' flesh into pies. At the end of the play, he finally gets his revenge by killing Turpin, but then unknowingly kills his own wife, who Mrs. Lovett had misled him into believing had died. After learning the truth, he kills Mrs. Lovett, but is in turn killed by Mrs. Lovett's assistant and surrogate sonTobias Ragg, who slits Todd's throat with his own razor.
Sweeney Todd (1926), the first movie version of the story, a 15-minute British silent movie featuring G.A. Baughan in the title role, directed by George Dewhurst. The movie is nowlost.[17]
Sweeney Todd (1928), a British silent movie featuringMoore Marriott as Sweeney Todd and Iris Darbyshire as Amelia Lovett. This is the earliest surviving movie adaptation.
"Sweeney Todd, The Barber", a song which assumes its audience knows the stage version and claims that such a character existed in real life.Stanley Holloway, who recorded it in 1956, attributed it toR. P. Weston, a songwriter active from 1906 to 1934.
TODD. Act 1. Feast of Blood (TODD. Акт 1. Праздник крови 2011) andTODD. Act 2. At the Edge (TODD. Акт 2. На краю 2012), two albums byKorol' i Shut, a horror punk band fromSaint Petersburg.
"Demon Sweeney Todd," a song by British heavy metal bandSaxon on their 2009 studio albumInto the Labyrinth.
"Bleeders", a song from American hard rock bandBlack Veil Brides is about the titular character and has a music video with lead singerAndy Biersack portraying the character.
In 1932,Tod Slaughter recorded onRegal Zonophone Records an abridged version of the Sweeney Todd story based on his famous stage performance; this version was re-released during 2013 digitally along with a similarly abridged recorded version for Regal Zonophone of his stage performance inMaria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn.[18]
"The Strange Case of the Demon Barber" (January 8, 1946), an adaptation of the Sweeney Todd story featured in an episode of the radio dramaThe New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. In this interpretation, an actor playing the character on stage begins to believe he is committing similar murders while sleepwalking, whileSherlock Holmes andDr. Watson uncover evidence that may prove his sanity.
In 1994, the 1993 National Theatre production was adapted and recorded for radio and broadcast onBBC Radio 2 withDenis Quilley as Todd andJulia McKenzie as Mrs. Lovett.
The second episode of the BBC Radio comedy series1835, entitled "Haircut, Sir?" (broadcast in 2004) portrayed aristocrat Viscount Belport and his servant Ned (Jason Done) joining Sir Robert Peel's police force and encountering demon barber Sweeney Todd on their first case.
Sweeney Todd and the String of Pearls: An Audio Melodrama in Three Despicable Acts (2007), an audio play byYuri Rasovsky, won three 2008Audie Awards for best audio drama, best original work, and achievement in production.
"Sweeney Todd" (1970), an episode of theITV seriesMystery and Imagination featuringFreddie Jones as Sweeney Todd andHeather Canning as Nellie Lovett. In this adaptation, written by Vincent Tilsey and directed by Reginald Collin, the title character is portrayed as insane rather than evil. Lewis Fiander played Mark Ingesterie withMel Martin as the heroine Charlotte and Len Jones as Tobias.
Sweeney Todd (1973), an hour-long TV production by theCBC Television seriesThe Purple Playhouse withBarry Morse as Todd. This was again Pitt's version of the play.
Teeny Todd: The Demon Barber of Quarter Street was a musical comedy skit performed onThe Two Ronnies withRonnie Corbett as the pint-sized half-brother of Sweeney Todd andRonnie Barker as Mrs. Lovett. They revive the arrangement that Lovett had with Todd, and nearly get away with it until some clumsiness on Teeny's part reveals to a room full of police the chute down to the kitchen.
Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street in Concert (2001), a filmed concert version of Sondheim's musical, featuringGeorge Hearn as Sweeney Todd/Benjamin Barker,Patti LuPone as Mrs. Lovett,Timothy Nolen as Judge Turpin, andNeil Patrick Harris as Tobias. A new version of this production was broadcast in September 2014, this time withBryn Terfel as Todd,Emma Thompson as Mrs. Lovett, andPhilip Quast as Judge Turpin.
Sweeney Todd (2006), aBBC television drama version with a screenplay written by Joshua St Johnston and featuringRay Winstone in the title role andEssie Davis as Mrs. Lovett. In this version, Todd's murderous ways are the result of physical (possibly sexual) cruelty and assault while imprisoned as a child inNewgate Gaol for a crime committed by his father who had escaped; at the movie's conclusion, while in a cell in Newgate and shaving himself on the morning of his execution, he deliberately slashes his own throat rather than be hanged.
"Oh My, Meat Pie" (2008), an episode of theCooking Channel seriesGood Eats, which inserts the inventor ofshepherd's pie into the world ofSweeney Todd in a historical recounting of the original recipe of the dish.[20]
"Andy's Play" (2010), the 129th episode ofThe Office series, with Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) singing and acting in a production ofSweeney Todd. It was broadcast originally byNBC on October 7, 2010.
"The Horror of Dolores Roach" (2023), a television adaptation of the 2015 one-woman off-Broadway production "Empanada Loca." The off-Broadway show and the television adaptation are both inspired by the legend of Sweeney Todd, focusing on the titular character of Dolores going down a similar path.[21]
The character of Sweeney Todd is presented as a villain inMarc Andreyko'sManhunter series, wherein he appears as a ghost whichpossesses men (causing them to resemble him) and murders women. A supporting character,Obsidian, is shown to be a fan of Sondheim's musical.[22]
Neil Gaiman andMichael Zulli were to have created a Sweeney Todd adaptation for Taboo, published by Steve Bissette and Tundra, but only completed a prologue.[23]
Classical Comics, a UK publisher creating graphic novel adaptations of classical literature, has produced a full colour, 176-page paperback,Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2010),[24] with script adaptation by Sean M. Wilson, linework by Declan Shalvey; colouring by Jason Cardy & Kat Nicholson, and lettering by Jim Campbell.
^abHaining, Peter (1979).The Mystery and Horrible Murders of Sweeney Todd, The Demon Barber of Fleet Street. London, England: The Book Service Ltd.ISBN0-584-10425-1.
^abHaining, Peter (1993).Sweeney Todd: The real story of the Demon Barber of Fleet Street. London, England: Boxtree.ISBN1-85283-442-0.
