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TheSwedish nobility (Swedish:Adeln, orRidderskapet och Adeln,lit."The Knights and the Nobility") has historically been a legally or socially privilegedclass inSweden, and part of the so-calledfrälse (a derivation fromOld Swedish meaningfree neck). The archaic term for nobility,frälse, also included the clergy, a classification defined bytax exemptions and representation in thediet (theRiksdag). Today the nobility does not maintain its former legal privileges although family names, titles and coats of arms are still protected. The Swedish nobility consists of both "introduced" and "unintroduced" nobility, where the latter has not been formally "introduced" at theHouse of Nobility (Riddarhuset). The House of Nobility still maintains a fee for male members over the age of 18 for upkeep on pertinent buildings in Stockholm.
Belonging to the nobility in present-day Sweden may still carry some informal social privileges, and be of certain social and historical significance particularly among some groups. Sweden has, however, long been a modern democratic society and meritocratic practices are supposed to govern all appointments to state offices by law. No special privileges, in taxation or otherwise, are therefore given to any Swedish citizen based on family origins, the exceptions being the monarch and other members of theroyal family.
In 1902,Sven Hedin became the last person, other than members of theroyal family, to be ennobled in Sweden. Since 1974, the monarch is only permitted[according to whom?] to confer titles of nobility on members of the royal family. As of 2004 there were about 619 existing noble families in Sweden, with about 28,000 members. They are classified as counts (46 families), barons (124 families) and untitled nobility (449 families).[1]
Until 2003 the nobility was regulated by a government statute, but in that year the statute was lifted so that governmental sanction and legal regulation of the nobility was discontinued. The House of Nobility is now a private institution, run as any private corporation under civil commercial law, and is owned by its members. Today, the only privilege of the nobility is the right to use a helm with an open visor in their coats of arms, this according to a 1762 royal act; commoners using open visors or "noblemen's shield" (Adelig Sköld) are subjected to a fine.[2] When an association calledOfrälse ochlöske mäns samfund för bruk af öppne hjälmar (Commoners' and vagabonds' society for the use of open visors) petitioned the Swedish government foramnesty (Swedish:abolition) in regards to violations of the 1762 act, the petition was not tried nor granted. TheSupreme Administrative Court of Sweden ruled, in 2013, that, since no one has the right to amnesty, the government's decision did not concern anyone's civil rights according to theEuropean Convention on Human Rights, and could thus not be examined by the court.[3][4]
Swedish nobility is organized into three classes according to a scheme introduced inriddarhusordningen (Standing orders of the House of Knights) 1626
The two last classes contains the so-calleduntitled nobility (Swedish:obetitlad adel). The division into classes has roots in theMiddle Ages when the nobilityfrälse was divided into lords in the Privy Council, knights and esquires.Until 1719 the three classes voted separately, but in theAge of Liberty all classes were voting together with one vote for each family head (Swedish:huvudman). This made the vast majority of the untitled nobility in power, for exampleofficers andcivil servants were represented.
In 1778Gustav III restored the classes and class voting and at the same time he reformed the Class of Knights. Originally this class only contained family descendants of Privy Councillors and was the smallest class of the three classes. But Gustav III also introduced in this class the 300 oldest families in the Class of Esquire and also the "commander families", who are of the descendants of commanders of theOrder of the North Star and theOrder of the Sword. No more commander families were introduced in the House of Knights after 1809, and thereafter also the class voting was abolished and the nobility was then voting as during the Age of Liberty.
ASwedish duke(hertig) has almost always been of royal status and counted as such. The exception inmedieval times wasBengt Algotsson. Two men were also created princes (furstar) in the 18th century:Fredrik Vilhelm von Hessenstein andWilhelm Malte zu Putbus but neither were introduced.
Following the elevation of a commoner into nobility by theSwedish monarch, the new nobleman had to seekintroduction in order to be a fully recognised member of theHouse of Nobility(Riddarhuset), a term that also refers to its function as a chamber in theRiksdag of the Estates, the Swedish Parliament. In 1866 the Nobility was formally separated from government and incorporated as a separate institution, governed by statutes handed down by the monarch (from 1975: the government). This last link to the government and state was abolished in 2003. The Palace of the Nobility served as official representation for the nobility and was regulated by theSwedish government, but this regulation ceased completely in 2003, as have the privileges. The membership roster is published every three years.
The institution of Swedish (and Finnish) nobility dates back to 1280, when it was stated by KingMagnus III in theDecree of Alsnö thatmagnates who could afford to contribute a mounted soldier to thecavalry were to be exempted from tax - at least from ordinary taxes - just as theclergy already had been. The archaic Swedish term for nobility,frälse, also included the clergy with respect to their exemption from tax. Generally, the nobility grew from wealthier or more powerful members of the peasantry, those who were capable of assigning work or wealth to provide the requisite cavalrymen. These became knights, councilors and castle commanders.
The background for this was that the old system of aleiðangr fleet and a king constantly on travel through the realm (between the estates ofUppsala öd) had by this time become outmoded. Thecrown's court and castles were now to be financed through taxes on land.
Soon it was agreed that the king should govern the realm in cooperation with aPrivy Council (or Royal Council), in which the bishops and the most distinguished magnates (i.e. the most prominent contributors to the army) participated. When critical decisions were necessary, the wholefrälse was summoned to thediets.
Swedish nobility had no hereditaryfiefs. In the case where a noble was granted a castle belonging to the crown, his heirs couldn't later claim their ancestors' civil or military rights. The lands of the magnates who constituted the medieval nobility were their own and not "on lease" from a feudal king. If they by their own means or exploitation of peasants built a castle and financed troops, then the castle was theirs, but the troops were expected to serve as a part of the army of the realm. In Sweden, there never existedserfdom. Hence, nobility was basically a class of well-off citizens, not owners of other human beings. In the Middle Ages and much of the modern age, nobles and other wealthy men were landowners, as well as lords ofpeasants and servants. Members of the nobility utilized their economic power and sometimes also other powers to have small-farm owners sell their lands to manor lords, so landowning centralized gradually more in the hands of the noble class.
For extended periods, the commander ofViborg at theNovgorod/Russian front did, in practice, function as amargrave, keeping all the crown's income from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border. But despite heavy German influence during the medieval period, the elaborateGerman system with titles such as Lantgraf, Reichsgraf, Burggraf and Pfalzgraf was never applied in Sweden.
Swedish ancient nobility (Swedish:uradel) is the term used for families whosede facto status asnobility was formalised by theOrdinance of Alsnö in 1280.
These noble families have no originalpatents of nobility, the first known being from 1360.[5] The somewhat loose cut-off date or rather rule of thumb for what constitutesancient Swedish nobility is therefore set to during mid 14th century but no later than 1400.
Some Swedish ancient families are still extant at theSwedish House of Nobility or theFinnish House of Nobility; some have been further elevated fromClass of Esquires toClass of Knights or to titled nobility (count orbaron). In 1778 all ancient noble families in the Class of Esquires were elevated to the Class of Knights.
Some ancient noble families:
At the coronation ofEric XIV in 1561, Swedish nobility became formally hereditary for the first time upon the creation of the higher titles ofCount(greve) andBaron(friherre). TheHouse of Knights was organized in 1626. The grounds for introduction into this chamber became either birth into an"ancient" noble family or ennoblement by the sovereign. Consequently,genealogy flourished.
The Lord High Chancellor,Axel Oxenstierna, was the architect of theInstrument of Government of 1634, which laid the foundation of modern Sweden. It guaranteed that all government appointments were to be filled by candidates from the nobility, a move which helped mobilize support for, rather than opposition to, a centralized national government.
Due to the many wars fought by Sweden, the crown needed some means of rewarding its officers, and since the royal coffers were not without end, ennoblement and grants of land were useful substitutes for cash payments. During the 17th century, the number of noble families grew by a factor of five. In less than a century, the nobility's share of Swedish land ownership rose from 16% to over 60%, which led to considerably lower tax revenue for the crown. The "Reduction" of 1655 and 1680, however, brought land back into the crown's possession.
Historically all members of a noble family were generally titled. If the family was of the rank of a Count or a Baron, all members received that title as well. However, following the newInstrument of Government from 1809, a change was made more in line with the British system so that, for later nobility, only the head of the family would hold the title (if there is one). There are a few families where these systems overlap such that the vast majority are nobles pre-1809 without title, while the heads of the families have been elevated to count or baron after 1809. The vast majority of noble families are still of the old kind where all members are regarded as nobles.
No hereditarytitle of nobility has been granted since 1902, when explorerSven Hedin was ennobled by the King (that honor was hereditary, but he left no heirs). Since 1975 the Swedish monarch and government no longer have the right to ennoble or to confer knighthoods and orders on Swedes. Titles are still given to members of theSwedish royal house where princes and princesses are made non-hereditary dukes or duchesses of selected provinces, but these are honorary titles within that house, not titles of nobility.
Unintroduced families could use their titles, if they had any, and noble elements and styles in their coats of arms. There has never been legislation in Sweden preventing anyone from purporting to belong to nobility. The recognition of such noble status in society was of a social, not a legal, nature, as has all Swedish nobility become since it was separated from the government more recently.
Sweden has had a significant number of unintroduced noble families (as of 2010 comprising 99 living families and around 450 individuals), several of which have been historically prominent. The families fall into four groups:
Three successive almanach series of unintroduced nobility have been published; the first in 1886,[6] the second in 1912,[7] and the third in 1935; it came out most recently in 2010.[8] An association of unintroduced nobility,Sveriges Ointroducerade Adels Förening, private club with no official standing, was founded in 1911. Several branches of theHouse of Bernadotte have chosen to become members of this association, as a result of members of the royal family being denied the use of Swedish titles upon marrying non-royals, but being granted foreign (Luxembourgish orBelgian) titles.Carl Johan Bernadotte was chairman of the association for many years.
According to theNordisk Familjebok:The first counts and barons, created in 1561 byEric XIV:
John III granted the first baronial titles accompanied by territorial grants (earlier titles elevated the family's hereditary estate to comital or baronial status):
Charles IX created only one:
(he made Svante Bielke and Nils Bielke barons without grant ofentailed lands)
Gustav II Adolf granted:
Christina granted:
Charles X Gustav granted:
Charles XI granted:
The followingtitled families of high nobility are included inKalender öfver i Sverige lefvande ointroducerad adel (1886–1899),Sveriges ointroducerade adels kalender (1912–1944), and/orKalender över Ointroducerad adels förening (1935–), which are directories of theliving (at the time of publication) unintroduced noble families resident in Sweden. Five of these families have titles as Princes, Dukes or Marquis, the others as Counts and Barons. Most unintroduced noble families, however, are untitled, similar to the introduced families. Some of these families, or their titled branches, have since become extinct.
Surnames in Sweden can be traced to the 15th century, when they were first used by the Gentry (Frälse), i.e., priests and nobles. The names of these were usually in Swedish, Latin, German or Greek. The adoption of Latin names was first used by theCatholic clergy in the 15th century. The given name was preceded byHerr (Sir), followed by a Latinized form of patronymic names.
Starting from the time of theReformation, a common naming practice among the clergy was to use theLatinized form of their birthplace (e.g.Laurentius Petri Gothus, fromÖstergötland). Later merchants and other social groups discarded the formerly used family names (such aspatronymic surnames). Instead they adopted high-sounding Latin surnames. Another subsequent practice was the use of theGreek language, with the ending of -ander (the Greek word forman). The use of surnames was still quite uncommon in the 17th century among the nobility and the educated class. Furthermore, the concept of hereditary surnames was also limited to a few families.
When a family was ennobled, it was usually given a name—just as with lordships of England and other Western European countries. This was a period which produced a myriad of two-word Swedish-language family names for the nobility (very favored prefixes wereAdler-, "eagle";Ehren-, "honor";Silfver-, "silver"; andGyllen-, "golden"). The regular difference with Britain was that it became the new surname of the whole house, and the old surname was dropped altogether.
The noble estates are not abolished inSweden, but their privileged position has been weakened step by step since 1680. The nobility's political privileges were practically abolished by the reformation of theRiksdag of the Estates in 1866, and the last rights of precedence to certain governmental offices were removed in the 1920s. By then the last tax exemption privileges had also been abolished. However, some minor privileges remained until 2003, including the right to be beheaded by sword, when the law granting these noble privileges was completely abolished and the government no longer has the right to call the heads of families to be assembled in session.
The prerogatives of nobility today are limited to protection of noble titles and certain elements and styles used in theircoats of arms (this according to a 1762 act): a helm with an open visor, acoronet showing rank, a medallion and the use of supporters. Modern Swedish law makes no distinctions on the basis of nobility.[citation needed]
Outside Sweden, SaintBridget (1303–1373) became known as thePrincess ofNericia,[10] which appears to have been a noble, rather than a royal title, since she was not the daughter of a king.
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