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| Swedish famine of 1867–1869 | |
|---|---|
| Country | Sweden |
| Period | 1867–1869 |
| Total deaths | 100,000[1] |
| Causes | cold weather, drought |
TheFamine of 1867–1869 was the lastfamine inSweden, and (together with theFinnish famine of 1866–1868) the last major famine inNorthern Europe.[2][3]
In Sweden, the year 1867 was known asStorsvagåret ('The Year of Great Weakness') and, inTornedalen, asLavåret ('TheLichen Year') because of thebark bread made of lichen.[4] It contributed to the great rush ofSwedish emigration to the United States.[4]
During the 1860s, Sweden had suffered poor harvests on several occasions. The spring and summer of 1867 were much colder than usual all over Sweden.[4] InBurträsk, for example, it was not possible to start sowing beforeMidsummer:snow was still left in June. The late spring was followed by a very short summer and an early autumn. This caused not just bad harvests, but also made it difficult to feed the cattle. The consequence was risingfood prices.[4]This caused famine in some counties in northern Sweden, includingVästerbotten County.[5] Because early ice and snow disturbed communications, it was hard to transport and distribute emergency food supplies to the starving areas.[4]A widespread drought occurred in 1868, which caused a failed harvest and starving animals. Thus, the famine continued.
In the autumn of 1867, the government of Sweden granted emergency loans to the Northern counties, and the county governors were given permission and encouraged to establish emergency committees (Swedish:undsättningskomitté) to collect the funds needed from volunteers and philanthropists.[4] Furthermore, two central emergency committees were created by the government: one located in the capital of Stockholm and the second in Gothenburg. The press published appeals for funds to help the needed, and charity concerts, charity plays and other similar events were hosted to collect money to pay for emergency help to the victims of the famine.[4]Funds from outside Sweden were also contributed both from Europe and America: in fact, the foreign contributions were reportedly about as large as those from inside the country. Among the contributors from outside Sweden wasJenny Lind, with a sum of 500kronor, andJohn Ericsson with a sum of 20,000 kronor (equivalent to 1,020,000 kronor in 2009).[4]
The help from the emergency committees was distributed by the local city councils.[4] Formally, thePoor Care Regulation of 1847, which was in effect at this time, was quite liberal, and would provide help for all who needed it. In reality, however, the emergency help was severely restricted by regulations imposed by the authorities and the elite in opposition to the law, which had come to be regarded as too liberal (it was in fact to be replaced soon after by the strictPoor Care Regulation of 1871).
The terms to receive help was not merely starvation: a starvation victim would have to be willing to work to receive help, otherwise they would not be given help. An exception was made for people who were physically unable to work, such as invalids and the elderly, but the regulations stipulated that only 10 percent of the emergency help was allowed to be spent on "charity", while the rest was only to be distributed to people willing to work in exchange.[4] Therefore, work such as road construction and home production of various form of handicraft objects were organized to give people in need of the emergency help an opportunity to work for it. In practice, these work tasks were meant as a symbolic demonstration that the government would only help those willing to work and be productive.[4]
The local city councils were criticized for enforcing the principle of help in exchange for work so far that the most needing were left without help. An example of this abuse occurred in the parish ofGrundsunda kommun inÅngermanland, where no one who could not offerSurety was given help.[4] The local governor,Per Grundström, described in the distribution of help in the press: "A great mass of beggars and paupers could not be given anything.Torp-dwellers and other undesirables were in fact left without much at all."[4] The authorities recommended that the starving people should eatBark bread made oflichen rather than expect great amounts offlour in relief help. Some of the local emergency committees, such as the one inHärnösand, mixed the flour with lichen and had it baked to bread before distributing it.[4] This bread, however, caused chest pains and, in children, vomiting.[4]
The authorities were exposed to harsh criticism from the press because of how ineffectively the relief funds from the emergency committees were distributed, and on which terms. Notably the paperFäderneslandet voiced its anger at the fact that those most in need of help were left without because of the unwillingness of the authorities to compromise the principle of help in exchange for work, a regulation the paper described as "quasi philosophical thoughts about the value of work".[4]
There was widespread criticism focused on the belief that the famine in Sweden was caused by unjust distribution.[4] This is supported by the fact that the year of 1867 was in fact a successful year for the Swedishcereal exports: the largest of the farms and estates in Sweden exported their harvests, mostlyoats, toGreat Britain, where it was used for horse drawnbuses in London.[4]
There was also a fact that authorities had elected to impose a more strict interpretation than thePoor Care Regulation of 1847 would have allowed, thus making the famine worse than it needed to be. The 1847 law was replaced but a few years after the famine by the very strictPoor Care Regulation of 1871, which followed the strict practice of distribution made by the elite during the famine.
The great famine of 1867–68, and the distrust and discontent over the way the authorities handled the relief help to the needy, is estimated to have contributed greatly toSwedish emigration to the United States, which skyrocketed around this time.
