Svenska Akademien | |
 | |
 Headquarters | |
| Formation | 20 March 1786; 239 years ago (20 March 1786) |
|---|---|
| Type | Royal academy |
| Headquarters | Stock Exchange Building, Stockholm |
| Membership | 18 members |
Permanent secretary | Mats Malm |
| Website | svenskaakademien.se |
TheSwedish Academy (Swedish:Svenska Akademien), founded in 1786 by KingGustav III, is one of theRoyal Academies of Sweden. Its 18 members, who are elected for life, comprise the highestSwedish language authority. Outside Scandinavia, it is best known as the body that chooses the laureates for the annualNobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donorAlfred Nobel.
The Swedish Academy was founded in 1786 by KingGustav III. Modelled after theAcadémie française, it has 18 members. It is said that Gustaf III originally intended there to be twenty members, half the number of those in the French Academy, but eventually decided on eighteen because the Swedish expressionDe Aderton – 'The Eighteen' – had such a fine solemn ring.[1] The academy's motto is "Talent and Taste" ("Snille och Smak" in Swedish). The academy's primary purpose is to further the "purity, strength, and sublimity of theSwedish language" ("Svenska Språkets renhet, styrka och höghet") (Walshe, 1965).
The academy'sstatutes was drawn up by Gustav III himself. The specified tasks for the Academy included to compile adictionary of the Swedish language and arrange annual competions in oratory and poetry on given themes. Moreover, Gustav instructed that the Academy would hold an annual grand ceremony on 20 December, and that amedal would be struck every year to commemorate a prominent Swede.[2]
In the wake of Gustav's death in 1792 the standings of the academy deteriorated, but the institution nevertheless managed to maintain its position as the nations highest authority in literary and linguistic matters.[2]
After having flourished in the mid-19th century, by the end of the century the academy, fiercly negative to new literary movements, had detoriated and was not looked upon favourably.[2]
After some initial hesitation, by the turn of the 20th century the academy accepted the task of awarding theNobel Prize in Literature, and soon after a modernisation of the academy began with several new school writers and its first female member,Selma Lagerlöf, elected.[2]
The building now known as theStockholm Stock Exchange Building was built for the bourgeoisie. The bottom floor was used as a trading exchange (this later became the stock exchange), and the upper floor was used for balls, New Year's Eve parties, etc. When the academy was founded, the ballroom was the biggest room in Stockholm that could be heated and thus used in the winter, so the King asked if he could borrow it.
The academy has had its annual meeting there every year since, attended by members of the Swedish royal family.[3] However, it was not until 1914 that the academy gained permanent use of the upper floor as their own. It is here that the academy meets and, among other business, announces the names of Nobel Prize laureates. This task arguably makes the academy one of the world's most influential literary bodies.
The Swedish King is the only person who, apart from the members, has the right to attend the meetings of the academy. On 3 March 2022 the Swedish King attended a weekly academy meeting, the first time a Swedish king has done so in over 200 years.[4][5]
Members are elected by a secret ballot in the Academy and before the result is made public it must be submitted to the Academy's Patron, theKing of Sweden, for his approval. Members of the Academy include writers, linguists, literary scholars, historians and a prominent jurist. Initially writers were in the minority in the Academy, but during the twentieth century the number of writers grew to represent more than half of The Eighteen. The Swedish Academy has a long history of being a heavily male-dominated institution, but the Academy has recently moved towards better equality. Since 20 December 2019 one third of the chairs belong to female Academy members.[6]
Prior to 2018 it was not possible for members of the academy to resign; membership was for life, although the academy could decide to exclude members. This happened twice toGustaf Mauritz Armfelt, who was excluded in 1794, re-elected in 1805 and excluded again in 1811. In 1989, membersKerstin Ekman andLars Gyllensten chose to stop participating in the meetings of the academy, over its refusal to express support forSalman Rushdie whenAyatollah Khomeini condemned him to death forThe Satanic Verses,[7] shortly after a third member,Werner Aspenström, also stopped participating in the meetings for unspecified reasons. In 2005,Knut Ahnlund made the same decision, as a protest against the choice ofElfriede Jelinek as Nobel laureate for 2004, calling her work "unenjoyable, violent pornography", and stating that awarding her the prize had "caused irreparable harm to the value of the award for the foreseeable future".[8][9][10] On 25 November 2017,Lotta Lotass said in an interview that she had not participated in the meetings of the academy for more than two years and did not consider herself a member any more.[11]
Dag Hammarskjöld's former farm atBackåkra, close toYstad in southern Sweden, was bought in 1957 as a summer residence by Hammarskjöld, then Secretary-General of the United Nations (1953–1961). The south wing of the farm is reserved as a summer retreat for the 18 members of the Swedish Academy, of which Hammarskjöld was a member.
On 11 April 2019, the academy published itsfinancial statements for the first time in its history.[12] According to it, the academy owned financial assets worth 1.58 billionSwedish kronor at the end of 2018 (equal to $170M, €150M, or £130M).
In the wake of the Academy's founder KingGustav III's death in 1792, the standing of the Swedish Academy deteriorated. In 1794, memberGustav Mauritz Armfelt was excluded from the Academy after being sentenced fortreason for a conspiracy against the Swedish government,[13] and in 1795 the Academy was suspended altogether for two years on political grounds.[14] Armfelt was eventually reinstated in the Academy in 1805, but after being forced to exile in Russia following thecoup of 1809, he was again excluded from the Academy in 1811.[13]
In 1881, memberHenning Hamilton was excluded from the Academy after being found guilty ofembezzlement through falsifying a relative's signature.[15]
Following the Academy meeting on 23 February 1989, membersKerstin Ekman andLars Gyllensten resigned from their seats in protest to the Academy's refusal to condemn Iran's death decree against writerSalman Rushdie for his novelThe Satanic Verses, which was considered blasphemous by Moslems.[7] "I am so disappointed and sad that the Academy couldn't choose sides for or against Rushdie," Ekman said. "The academy should have supported Rushdie, it is a question of freedom of speech." Gyllensten said: "Death threats and oppression from Iranian fundamentalists are violations of everything the Academy stands for."[7] Shortly after, a third member,Werner Aspenström, also left his seat. Aspenström did not reveal his reasons for resigning but indicated support for a stronger statement by the Academy on the Rushdie case.[16] At the time it was not possible for a member to formally resign and be replaced, as they were elected for life, so the number of Academy members were reduced following the controversy.[7]
The Academy's decision to stay with its traditional policy not to make any political statements in an effort to avoid any accusations of a politicization of theNobel Prize in Literature was heavily criticized by various commentators in the Swedish press.[7]
In March 2016, the Swedish Academy condemned the death warrant against Salman Rushdie.[17]
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In April 2018, three Swedish Academy members (Klas Östergren,Kjell Espmark, andPeter Englund) resigned in response to a sexual-misconduct investigation involving authorJean-Claude Arnault, who is married to the memberKatarina Frostenson.[18] Arnault was accused of sexual assault and harassment by at least 18 women. He and his wife were also accused of leaking the names of prize recipients on at least seven occasions so friends could profit from online bets.[19][18] He denied all accusations, although he was later convicted of rape and sentenced to two years and six months in prison.[20][21][22]Sara Danius, the permanent secretary, hired a law firm to investigate if Frostenson had violated the Academy's regulations by leaking any confidential information and whether Arnault had any influence on the Academy, but no legal action was taken. The investigation caused a division among the members of the Academy. Following a vote to stop Frostenson's membership, the three members resigned in protest over the decisions made by the Academy.[18][23] Two former permanent secretaries,Sture Allén andHorace Engdahl, called Danius a weak leader.[18]
On 10 April, Danius was requested to resign from her position by the Academy, bringing the number of empty seats to four.[24] Although the Academy voted against removing Katarina Frostenson from the committee,[25] she voluntarily agreed to withdraw from participating in the academy, bringing the total of withdrawals to five. Because two other seats were still vacant from theRushdie affair, this left only 11 active members. On 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the selection of that years Nobel prize laureate would be postponed until 2019, when two laureates would be chosen. It was still technically possible to choose a 2018 laureate, as only eight active members are required to choose a recipient. However, there were concerns that the academy was not in any condition to credibly present the award.[26][27][28][29]
The scandal was widely seen as damaging to the credibility of the prize and its authority.[18] As noted byAndrew Brown inThe Guardian in a lengthy deconstruction of the scandal:
The scandal has elements of a tragedy, in which people who set out to serve literature and culture discovered they were only pandering to writers and the people who hang around with them. The pursuit of excellence in art was entangled with the pursuit of social prestige. The academy behaved as if the meals in its clubhouse were as much an accomplishment as the work that got people elected there.[30]
KingCarl XVI Gustaf of Sweden said a reform of the rules may be evaluated, including the introduction of the right to resign in respect of the current lifelong membership of the committee.[31] On 5 March 2019, it was announced that the Nobel Prize in Literature would once again be awarded, and laureates for both 2018 and 2019 would be announced together. The decision came after several changes were made to the structure of the Swedish Academy as well as to the Nobel Committee members selection, to "[restore] trust in the Academy as a prize-awarding institution".[32] On 19 November, the Swedish Academy added five temporary external members to help its five-strong Nobel Committee in their deliberations for the 2019 and 2020 awards: author and literary translator Gun-Britt Sundstrom; publisher Henrik Petersen; and literary critics Mikaela Blomqvist, Rebecka Karde and Kristoffer Leandoer.[33] Just after two weeks, two of the newly added external members, Sundstrom and Leandoer, left the committee, with the latter saying the work to reform the scandal-hit Swedish Academy was taking too long. "I leave my job in the Nobel Committee because I have neither the patience nor the time to wait for the result of the work to change that has been started," Leandoer said.[34]
In pursuance of its goals of maintaining and strengthening the Swedish language, the Academy publishes threedictionaries.[35] The first is a one-volumespelling dictionary calledSvenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL), which is in its 14th edition. The second is a multi-volume dictionary (38 volumes so far), edited on principles similar to those of theOxford English Dictionary, entitledSvenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB), the first volume of which was published in 1893 and the last one in 2023.[36] The third is a two-volume dictionary edited at Gothenburg University and titledSvensk ordbok utgiven av Svenska Akademien ('Swedish dictionary published by the Swedish Academy'); it covers modern Swedish and includes pronunciations, etymologies etc, as well as definitions and some examples. In addition to printed publications, all three dictionaries are also available to access free of charge online at svenska.se.
In addition to the dictionaries the Academy has also published a four-volume grammar of the Swedish language (Svenska Akademiens grammatik, SAG) aimed at researchers, linguists and university students among others, as well as a single-volume counterpart for those requiring something less comprehensive (Svenska Akademiens språklära, SAS).
The Swedish Academy annually awards nearly 50 different prizes and scholarships, most of them for domestic Swedish authors. Common to all is that they are awarded without competition and without application.
Since 1901, the Swedish Academy has annually decided who will be the laureate for theNobel Prize in Literature, awarded in memory of the donorAlfred Nobel. It is awarded at a ceremony on 10 December with the laureate receiving a medal, a diploma and, as of 2024, 11 million Swedish crowns.[37]
Swedish: Stora Priset, literally the Great Prize, was instituted by KingGustav III. The prize, which consists of a single gold medal, is the most prestigious award that can be awarded by the Swedish Academy. It has been awarded to, among others,Selma Lagerlöf (1904 and 1909),Herbert Tingsten (1966),Astrid Lindgren (1971),Evert Taube (1972) andTove Jansson (1994).
TheDobloug Prize, one of the Academy's largest prizes at $40,000, is a literature prize awarded for Swedish and Norwegian fiction.[38][39] It was first awarded in 1951 toArnulf Øverland andEyvind Johnson. Since 1985, two authors from each country are awarded.[40]
TheSwedish Academy Nordic Prize was established at the Swedish Academy's 200th jubilee in 1986 and with a prize sum of 400 000 Swedish crowns is the largest prize the Academy awards after the Nobel Prize in Literature. Among others, it has been awarded toWilliam Heinesen (1987),Tomas Tranströmer (1991),Inger Christensen (1992),Klaus Rifbjerg (1999),Lars Norén (2003),Jon Fosse (2007),Per Olov Enquist (2010),Kjell Askildsen (2011),Sofi Oksanen (2013),Dag Solstad (2017) andKarl Ove Knausgård (2019).[41]
Other prizes the Swedish Academy awards includeBellmanpriset, established in 1920 in memory ofCarl Michael Bellman and awarded to "a truly outstanding Swedish poet", Kungliga priset (The Royal Prize) established in 1835 by the Swedish kingKarl XIV Johan awarded to significant achievements in the Academy's fields of operation, and a number of other prizes and scholarships awarded to authors, scholars, teachers and librarians.[42]
The current members of the Swedish Academy listed by seat number:
| Seat | Picture | Member | Born | Age | Elected | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | | Eric M. Runesson | 1960 | 65 | 2018 | |
| 2. |  | Bo Ralph | 1945 | 80 | 1999 | |
| 3. |  | David Håkansson | 1978 | 46 | 2023 | |
| 4. |  | Anders Olsson | 1949 | 76 | 2008 | Permanent secretary 1 June 2018 – 1 June 2019[43] |
| 5. |  | Ingrid Carlberg | 1961 | 63 | 2020 | |
| 6. |  | Tomas Riad | 1959 | 66 | 2011 | |
| 7. |  | Åsa Wikforss | 1961 | 64 | 2019 | |
| 8. | .jpg) | Jesper Svenbro | 1944 | 81 | 2006 | |
| 9. |  | Ellen Mattson | 1962 | 63 | 2019 | |
| 10. |  | Peter Englund | 1957 | 68 | 2002 | Permanent secretary 2009–2015. |
| 11. |  | Mats Malm | 1964 | 61 | 2018 | Permanent secretary |
| 12. |  | Per Wästberg | 1933 | 92 | 1997 | |
| 13. |  | Anne Swärd | 1969 | 56 | 2019 | |
| 14. |  | Steve Sem-Sandberg | 1958 | 67 | 2020 | |
| 15. |  | Jila Mossaed | 1948 | 77 | 2018 | |
| 16. |  | Anna-Karin Palm | 1961 | 64 | 2023 | |
| 17. |  | Horace Engdahl | 1948 | 76 | 1997 | Permanent secretary 1999–2009 |
| 18. | Vacant |
| Order | Seat | Picture | Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy | Born | Years | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | 11. |  | Nils von Rosenstein | 1752 | 1786–1824 | |
| 2. | 13. |  | Frans Michael Franzén | 1772 | 1824–1834 | |
| 3. | 12. |  | Bernhard von Beskow | 1796 | 1834–1868 | |
| 4. | 5. |  | Johan Erik Rydqvist | 1800 | 1868–1869 | pro tempore |
| 5. | 15. |  | Ludvig Manderström | 1806 | 1869–1872 | |
| 6. | 12. |  | Carl Gustaf Strandberg | 1825 | 1872–1874 | pro tempore |
| 7. | 9. |  | Henning Hamilton | 1814 | 1874–1881 | |
| 8. | 11. |  | Bror Emil Hildebrand | 1806 | 1881–1883 | pro tempore |
| 9. | 8. |  | Carl David af Wirsén | 1842 | 1883–1912 | pro tempore in 1883–84 |
| 10. | 6. |  | Hans Hildebrand | 1842 | 1912–1913 | pro tempore |
| 11. | 11. |  | Erik Axel Karlfeldt | 1864 | 1913–1931 | |
| 12. | 14. |  | Per Hallström | 1866 | 1931–1941 | |
| 13. | 13. |  | Anders Österling | 1884 | 1941–1964 | |
| 14. | 7. |  | Karl Ragnar Gierow | 1904 | 1964–1977 | |
| 15. | 14. |  | Lars Gyllensten | 1921 | 1977–1986 | |
| 16. | 3. | .jpg) | Sture Allén | 1928 | 1986–1999 | |
| 17. | 17. |  | Horace Engdahl | 1948 | 1999–2009 | |
| 18. | 10. | | Peter Englund | 1957 | 2009–2015 | |
| 19. | 7. |  | Sara Danius | 1962 | 2015–2018 | |
| 20. | 4. | | Anders Olsson | 1949 | 2018–2019 | pro tempore April–June 2018[44][43] |
| 21. | 11. | | Mats Malm | 1964 | 2019– |
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
"[T]o work for the 'purity, vigour and majesty' of the Swedish language" | ||
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