When NATO was founded in 1949,Sweden chose not to join. Instead, the country declared a security policy aiming for non-alignment in peace and neutrality in war.[7] Sweden maintained its policy of neutrality during theCold War.[2] FormerPrime Minister of SwedenCarl Bildt has noted that this policy was in response to fears that if Sweden were to join NATO theSoviet Union might respond by invading neighbouringFinland, with which Sweden had close relations.[8] While independent, Finland adopted a policy of neutrality on foreign affairs during the Cold War in deference to the neighbouringSoviet Union, which was commonly referred to asFinlandization.[9]
After the end of the Cold War, an active debate started in Sweden on the question of NATO membership.[10] Sweden joined NATO'sPartnership for Peace on 9 May 1994.[11]
1995–2022: Shift from non-alignment within the European Union
On 18 September 2007, Prime MinisterFredrik Reinfeldt stated that Swedish membership in NATO would require a "very wide" majority in Parliament, including theSocial Democrats, and coordination with Finland.[12]
Since the entry into force of theTreaty of Lisbon in 2009, the EU mutual solidarity clause has applied to Sweden along with all other EU member states, and states that all member states must help any other member state under attack:[13]
If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory, the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power, in accordance with Article 51 of the United Nations Charter. This shall not prejudice the specific character of the security and defence policy of certain Member States. [...]
NATO reported in 2015 that Russia simulated a nuclear attack on Sweden in 2013,[14] and Russian foreign ministerSergey Lavrov threatened in 2016 to "take necessary measures" to prevent Swedish NATO membership.[15] In September 2016 a Swedish government report found that escalating tensions in the Baltic would be a likely catalyst for Sweden joining NATO.[16]
Sweden has been an active participant in NATO-led missions in Bosnia (IFOR andSFOR), Kosovo (KFOR), Afghanistan (ISAF), and Libya (Operation Unified Protector).[17] However, ideological divides were visible in November 2006, when Sweden could either buy two new transport planes or join NATO's plane pool, and in December 2006, when Sweden rejected an invitation to join theNATO Response Force.[18][19] It later joined in 2013.[20]
Sweden increased cooperation with NATO by agreeing to a host country agreement (signed in 2014 and ratified in 2016), which allows NATO forces to conduct joint training exercises on Swedish soil and to be deployed in Sweden in response to threats to Sweden's national security.[21]
The Swedish left wing, including theSocial Democratic Party, theGreen Party and theLeft Party, along with the nationalistSweden Democrats, have historically favoured neutrality and non-alignment,[22][23] while the parties on the right wing have supported NATO membership, especially since the 2014Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation. The centre-rightModerate Party is the largest party by current parliamentary representation in favour of NATO membership, even making it their top election pledge in 2022,[24] and (like the centre-rightLiberal Party) has generally supported NATO membership since the end of theCold War.[25][26] The centristCentre Party was opposed to NATO membership until September 2015, when party leadership underAnnie Lööf announced that they would motion to change the party policy to push for Sweden to join NATO at their next party conference. The conservativeChristian Democrats, also previously opposed, likewise voted to support NATO membership at their October 2015 party meeting.[27] When the nationalistSweden Democrats adjusted their stance in December 2020 to allow for NATO membership if coordinated with neighbouringFinland and ratified in a referendum, a majority of the members of the SwedishRiksdag for the first time belonged to parties that were open to NATO membership,[28] and a motion to allow for future NATO membership passed the parliament that month by 204 votes to 145.[29]
Support for NATO membership rose between 2012 and 2015, when theSOM Institute showed it growing from 17% to 31%.[30] Events like theannexation of Crimea and reports ofRussian submarine activity in 2014, as well as a 2013 report that Sweden could hold out for only a week if attacked, were credited with that rise in support.[31][32] In October 2014, an opinion poll found for the first time more Swedes in favour of NATO membership (37%) than opposed (36%).[33]
Regular polling byIpsos documented a decline in Swedes' opposition to membership from 56% in April 2015 to 35% in December 2020, when there was a three-way split, with 33% for membership and 32% undecided. The decline largely corresponded to an increase in undecideds, as the proportion supporting NATO membership had stayed mostly steady since 2014.[34] A poll bySifo in June 2016 found more Swedes against NATO membership than in favour,[35] while a May 2017 poll byPew also showed 48% support, and in November 2020, they showed that 65% of Swedes viewed NATO positively, the highest per cent of any non-NATO member polled.[36][37]
In days following Russia's invasion of Ukraine (24–25 February 2022), a Novus poll conducted found 41% in favour of NATO membership and 35% opposed.[38] The first poll to register majority (51%) support for NATO membership came on 4 March 2022,[39] and support has grown substantially since then.
On 1 March 2024, in the wake of Hungary's approval in the National Assembly, the result of a new poll byVerian was released byTV4, showing a record high support for NATO among Swedes from the media outlet, with 66% in favour. A clear majority also among women now support NATO, after only being clear among men. When it comes to age groups, support is highest among 65 to 79 year olds, with 75%. Among parliament members, the Left Party is the only one where there's still a majority against membership. The Greens have turned in favour, with 50% supporting and only 22% opposing. The Moderate Party holds the strongest support. According to pollsterVerian, the increased support was due to the expected imminent membership.[40]
Many political positions on NATO membership were reviewed following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. According to news reports from early March 2022, Finland and Sweden had begun plans to apply forMajor non-NATO ally status with the United States.[45][46][47] The nationalist Sweden Democrats revised their stance in April 2022 and announced that they would support Swedish membership in NATO if Finland also joins.[48][49] Around the same time, the ruling Swedish Social Democratic Party announced that they would be conducting an internal dialogue on NATO membership, for a second time in six months. The first time, the party decided to oppose membership.[50] However, on 15 May 2022 they announced that they would now support an application to join the organisation.[51][52] Of their coalition partners, theGreen Party remained opposed,[53] while theLeft Party wanted to hold a referendum on the subject, somethingPrime MinisterMagdalena Andersson and the leading opposition Moderate party opposed.[54]
May – June 2022: Declaration of intent, application
Protest against NATO, Stockholm, Mynttorget, 21 May 2022Finnish and Swedish ambassadors submit their applications to join NATO to Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg on 18 May 2022.
Andersson announced that Sweden would apply for NATO membership on 16 May 2022, in coordination with neighboringFinland's application.[55] On 17 May 2022,Ann Linde, Sweden's foreign minister, signed Sweden's application to join NATO.[56][57] The following day, both countries' applications were formally submitted to NATO Secretary GeneralJens Stoltenberg.[58][59]
TheEuropean Union announced its support for Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.[60]Croatia's presidentZoran Milanović stated that his country should block ratification of Sweden's accession untilelectoral reform measures are implemented in neighbouringBosnia and Herzegovina, though the Foreign Minister expressed the government's support for any application.[61] On 28 April 2022, Croatian Foreign MinisterGordan Grlić-Radman announced that Croatia supports Finland and Sweden's applications for membership in NATO.[62] In May 2022, various governments (including those ofAlbania,[63]Portugal,[64] andBritain[65]) and their leaders (including the presidents ofFrance[66][67] and theUnited States)[68] announced support for both countries' applications.
The ratification process began with the invitation of Finland and Sweden to become members at the NATO summit in Madrid on 29 June 2022. Member negotiations were held on 4 July, and the accession protocols were signed in Brussels on 5 July. The same day,Canada was the first country to ratify both applications.[69] On 9 August 2022, U.S. PresidentJoe Biden signed and approved the decision for Finland and Sweden to apply for membership in NATO.[70] By October 2022, all NATO members except for Hungary and Turkey had completed the processes for ratifying Sweden's accession.[71]
PresidentBiden signing the Instruments of Ratification to approve Finland & Sweden's membership in NATO on 9 August 2022
US Secretary of StateAntony Blinken deposits the US Instruments of Ratification with the Depositary for the North Atlantic Treaty in August 2022.
With 269 yes to 37 no and 43 absent, theRiksdag adopted the motion for Sweden to join NATO.
On 22 March 2023, theSwedish parliament approved the country's accession to NATO by a vote of 269–37.[72]
NATO Secretary-GeneralJens Stoltenberg stated in March 2023 that it was "inconceivable" that NATO would not assist Sweden if the latter's security were threatened.[73]
On 4 April 2023, the formal ceremony for Finland's accession to NATO was immediately followed by Foreign Minister of FinlandPekka Haavisto submitting Finland's ratification of Sweden's accession to the organisation.[74]
Accession of Sweden to NATO
Protocol to the North Atlantic Treaty on the Accession of the Kingdom of Sweden French:Protocole au traité de l'Atlantique Nord sur l'Accession du Royaume de Suède Swedish:Protokoll till Nordatlantiska fördraget om Konungariket Sveriges anslutning
Entry into force of the accession treaty after ratification by all current NATO members. Membership of Sweden starts after deposit of its instrument of accession after the treaty has entered into force.
^"According to the Constitution, the government must normally receive the approval of the parliament for binding international commitments of great importance, but when the interest of Sweden so requires, the government need only consult with the Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs at the Royal Palace. On 16 May 2022, the government informed theking that it intends to apply for membership in NATO during a meeting of the Advisory Council."In favour:SAP,C,M,SD,KD, andL.Against:V andMP.
Prime MinisterUlf Kristersson handing the formal accession instrument to US Secretary of StateAntony Blinken to make Swedish membership in NATO official
On 15 May 2022, Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto and Swedish Foreign MinisterAnn Linde announced that they are ready to address Turkey's security concerns and have always condemned terrorism.[179][180] On 17 May 2022, German ChancellorOlaf Scholz called on Turkey to approve Finland and Sweden's NATO membership.[181] On 18 May 2022, Turkey quickly prevented Finland and Sweden from starting NATO membership negotiations.[182] On the same day, Turkey asked Finland and Sweden, to end their support for PKK, PYD, YPG and theGülen movement and to stop their activities.[183] On 19 May Finland and Sweden announced that they could address Turkey's security concerns.[184] On the same day, Finnish PresidentSauli Niinistö and Swedish then-Prime MinisterMagdalena Andersson announced that they were always ready for talks with Turkey.[185] On 21 May 2022, Andersson, after a phone call with Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan, told Swedish state televisionSVT that they were ready for dialogue with Turkey on Sweden's NATO membership.[186] On 24 May 2022, Finland and Sweden decided to send a delegation to meet with Turkey. Jukka Salovaara from Finland, Oscar Stenström from Sweden,İbrahim Kalın and Sedat Önal from Turkey are serving in the memorandum negotiations.[187][188]The first meeting of the delegations of Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 25 May 2022 inAnkara, Turkey.[189] The second meeting of the delegations of Finland, Sweden and Turkey was held on 20 June 2022 inBrussels, Belgium.[190]Opposition partiesCHP andHDP in Turkey announced that they support the membership of Finland and Sweden.[191][192] The ruling parties in Turkey, theAKP andMHP have announced that they would not support the membership of Finland and Sweden.[193][194] The position of the governing Social Democratic Party is complicated by the fact that it relies on the support of Kakabaveh, who is ofIranian Kurdish descent,[195] to retain the confidence of theRiksdag for their minority government.[170] Kakabaveh was a member of the Kurdish guerrillaKomala in Iran since her youth, and took refuge in Sweden at the age of nineteen. In the2021 Swedish government crisis, Kakabaveh only agreed to support the formation of a government headed by Magdalena Andersson after some political demands concerning support for Syrian Kurds were met.[196] She is opposed to the NATO accession of Sweden, because of her own experiences of war, and is a defender of the Swedish policy ofnon-alignment.[197] In May, she declared that she would no longer support the governingSwedish Social Democratic Party in important votes in the parliament since she considered parts of the previous agreement had not been followed.[198]
İbrahim Kalın, spokesman for Erdoğan, said that approving Swedish membership was not being ruled out, but that the status of these groups was "a matter of national security for Turkey" and that negotiation would be required.[199] However, afterİbrahim Kalın's statement, Erdoğan reiterated his threat to block Finland's and Sweden's membership applications.[200] NATO leadership and the United States said they were confident Turkey would not hold up the two countries' accession process. Canadian Foreign MinisterMélanie Joly also held talks with Turkey to convince the Turkish government of the need for the two Nordic nations integration.[201] On 20 MayAnn Linde, Sweden's minister for foreign affairs, pushed back against Erdoğan's claim they support PKK calling it "disinformation", and pointing out Sweden listed PKK as a terrorist organisation in 1984, while the EU followed suit in 2002.[160] Spokespersonİbrahim Kalın, who led the talks on behalf of Turkey, stated after the first meeting in Ankara that the process would not progress until Turkey's expectations were met and they did not feel any time pressure on them.[202] After a delegation consisting of Swedish and Finnish diplomats held talks on the matter with their Turkish counterparts, Erdoğan repeated that he would not consent to their accession bid, since the same day the talks were held in Ankara,Salih Muslim, who is considered a terrorist by Erdoğan, appeared onSwedish television.[203][204]Nationalist Movement Party leaderDevlet Bahçeli suggested that a scenario in which Turkey would leave NATO should be considered an option,[205] in which case a new military alliance could be founded.[206] In late May 2022, opposition leaderKemal Kılıçdaroğlu argued that in case the accession row persisted and AKP and MHP decided to close theIncirlik Airbase, the CHP would support this.[206]
To address Turkey's concerns, in June Sweden pointed to reforms to itsanti-terrorism laws which were to come into force on 1 July (although delayed by human rights groups), and announced that it would review its policies on weapons exports to reflect its NATO membership.[170][207] Meanwhile, Finnish presidentSauli Niinistö stated that his country would not move forward with their application without Sweden, and that the two countries would join NATO "hand in hand".[208]
At the2022 Madrid summit, Andersson, Niinistö, and Erdoğan signed an agreement to address Turkey's security concerns,[209][210] and Niinistö announced that Turkey had agreed to support membership of NATO for Finland and Sweden.[211] While NATO members unanimously agreed to formally invite the countries to join the following day and the accession protocols for Sweden and Finland to join the alliance were signed on 5 July,[212] Erdoğan reiterated his threat to veto their membership, stating that he expected the applicant countries to meet their obligations under the agreement before Turkish parliament would consider approving their accession protocol.[213][214]
Flags of Turkey and Sweden
Finland, Sweden, and Turkey held the first of five trilateral memorandum meeting on 26 August 2022 inVantaa, Finland.[215]
The center-right government formed after theSeptember 2022 Swedish general elections pledged to continue the NATO process, reaffirming a united front with Finland's application, and suggesting that they would be more able to meet Turkish requirements.[216] Shortly after winning, the new government lifted Sweden's embargo on weapons exports to Turkey.[217] The second trilateral memorandum meeting on was on 25 November 2022 inStockholm.[218]
On 8 January 2023, Swedish Prime MinisterUlf Kristersson stated that "Turkey both confirms that we have done what we said we would do, but they also say that they want things that we cannot or do not want to give them", with additional negotiations planned for later that month and sometime later in the spring of 2023.[219]
In January 2023, and in view of the continued Turkish refusal to agree to Swedish NATO membership,Jimmie Åkesson of theSweden Democrats reasoned that there were limits to how far Sweden would go to appease Turkey "because it is ultimately an anti-democratic system and a dictator we are dealing with".[220]
On 23 January 2023, Turkish Defense MinisterHulusi Akar announced that Turkey fully fulfilled the tripartite memorandum, while Finland and Sweden did not. In addition, Akar announced that they expect Finland and Sweden to fully comply with the triple memorandum.[221]
Turkish PresidentRecep Tayyip Erdoğan announced that he would not look favourably on Sweden's NATO membership.[222] In the meantime, Akar said the visit of the Swedish defence chief was cancelled due to the "provocative act, which is clearly a hate crime" citing the permission of burning the Quran.[223]
The third trilateral memorandum meeting was to have been held inBrussels, Belgium in February 2023,[224] but the series was paused upon Turkey's request in January.[225][226] Finnish Foreign Minister Pekka Haavisto noted that the meetings would likely be suspended until after theparliamentary andpresidential elections in Turkey.[227]
The third trilateral memorandum meeting took place on 9 March 2023 inBrussels,[228][229] after which Sweden's chief negotiator, Oscar Stenström, stated that membership talks with Turkey would take a long time.[230] The fourth trilateral memorandum meeting was on 14 June 2023 inAnkara,[231] The fifth memorandum was on 6 July 2023 in Brussels,[232] and the sixth trilateral memorandum meeting was on 2 May 2024 inHelsinki.[233]
Danish-Swedish far-right politicianRasmus Paludan burned the Koran in front of the Turkish embassy in Stockholm during a demonstration on 21 January 2023.
On 1 February 2023,Erdoğan announced that Turkey had a positive view of Finland's NATO membership but not Sweden's, due to Sweden allowing a demonstration by far-right politician,Rasmus Paludan, wherein he burnt a copy of theQuran.[234]
In March 2023, Jens Stoltenberg pushed for Hungary and Turkey to finalise the accession of Finland and Sweden by the July summit.[235] On 15 March, Erdoğan and Turkish officials indicated that Finland's application would be approved in mid-April while Sweden's would be approved independently.[236]
While Finland's Prime MinisterSanna Marin originally stated that it was "very important for us, of course, that Finland and Sweden would join NATO hand in hand," with Turkey continuing to raise concerns with Sweden and anApril election due in Finland the Finnish government decided to proceed independently if all NATO members approved their membership.[237][238][239]
The United States Congress refused to approve a Turkish purchase ofF-16 fighter jets because of the Swedish NATO membership issue.[240] Analysts said that aid and financing required to respond to the2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake increased the importance of good relations with Western countries. They noted agreement would be easier after a Swedish anti-terrorism law took effect on 1 June, and after Turkish elections in May.[241] Just prior to the NATO summit in Vilnius in July 2023, Erdoğan linked Sweden's accession to NATO membership toTurkey's application for EU membership. Turkey had applied for EU membership in 1999, but talks made little progress since 2016.[242][243]
On 10 July 2023, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg announced that Sweden had agreed to provide Turkey a roadmap to its full implementation of their 2022 agreement to fight terrorism, and would support Turkey's effort to restart EU membership negotiation, update of theEU-Turkey Customs Union and secure visa liberalisation. In return, Turkey agreed to bring forward Sweden's accession into NATO to the Turkish parliament.[244][245] However, Erdoğan later said it would not be passed in October due to a parliamentary recess.[246]
By September 2023, Hungary and Turkey again expressed reluctance to ratify Sweden's membership. Erdoğan said Turkey could not approve its membership so long as Quran burnings and Kurdish protests in the country continued.[247] Erdoğan objected to the US government making the sale of F-16 to Turkey conditional on approving Sweden's NATO accession,[248] though later said that Turkey would approve the accession protocol if they received the fighter jets.[249] However, on 23 October 2023, Erdoğan approved Sweden's pending NATO membership bid and sent the accession protocol to the Turkish Parliament for ratification.[250] Two days later, Turkey's parliamentary speaker,Numan Kurtulmuş, sent a bill approving Sweden's NATO membership bid to parliament's foreign affairs committee.[251] The committee discussed the ratification on 16 November 2023, but a decision was deferred,[252] with a request for Sweden to produce a written roadmap to implement its anti-terrorism commitments.[253][254] On 16 November 2023, Turkish Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Burak Akçapar announced that the sixth meeting of the Turkey-Finland-Sweden tripartite memorandum will be held in Finland during the discussion of Sweden's accession protocol of the Turkish parliament's foreign affairs commission.[255] The USA indicated that the fighter jets would be sent after Turkish approval and Sweden vowed to help Turkey's EU bid.[256] On 1 December 2023, Jens Stoltenberg told Erdoğan at a meeting in the United Arab Emirates, that "the time has come" to let Sweden become a member of NATO.[257] In December 2023, Erdoğan stated that Canada should lift its embargo on the export of arms to Turkey, which was imposed in 2020 due to evidence they were being used by Azerbaijan in theSecond Nagorno-Karabakh War, in exchange for Turkey's ratification of Sweden's NATO membership.[258]
Turkish negotiators, led byFuat Oktay, the head of the Turkish parliament's foreign affairs committee, stated on 11 December that they were in "no rush" to allow the accession of Sweden and stated that the sale of F-16s to Turkey as a conditional for Swedish accession was only delaying the process, and that the sale and Swedish accession should take place simultaneously.[259] On 14 December 2023, Joe Biden talked with Erdoğan over the phone, discussing the F-16 sale, Swedish accession, and theGaza war.[260] Ultimately, the committee approved Sweden's accession on 26 December 2023, sending it to the National Assembly for final approval.[261] On 16 January, the Turkish parliament's session opened, with Swedish accession as the last of 42 items on the agenda.[262] A vote on 23 January 2024 effected the parliament's approval,[263] and Erdoğan gave presidential assent on 25 January.[264] Kurdish political parties in Turkey, thePeoples' Democratic Party (HDP), abstained from voting on Finland's membership in March 2023, and thePeoples' Equality and Democracy Party (DEM) abstained and voted against Sweden's membership in January 2024.[265][266] The following day, after the instrument of ratification was formally deposited,[267] theUnited States Department of State started the process of selling F-16s to Turkey.[268] On 29 January, Canada lifted its arms embargo on Turkey.[269]
On 24November 2022, Hungary's Prime MinisterViktor Orbán announced he was backing Sweden and Finland's accession to NATO, promising Hungary would ratify NATO membership in January 2023,[270] but later delayed ratification for over a year. On 13December 2022,Gergely Gulyás, Orbán's chief of staff, stated that parliament would start debating the ratification process of Sweden and Finland's NATO accession on 20February 2023.[271]
On 1 March 2023, Orbán reiterated his and his partyFidesz's support for both Finland and Sweden's NATO membership. He objected to their support for the EU's freezing of funds for Hungary due to concerns about rule-of-law and corruption. Orbán said "it's not right for them to ask us to take them on board while they're spreading blatant lies about Hungary, about the rule of law in Hungary, about democracy, about life here."[272] A Hungarian delegation was sent to both countries to discuss the issue.[273][274]
On 4July 2023, Hungary's Foreign Minister announced that they would approve Sweden's NATO membership once Turkey had,[275][276] and when Turkey confirmed support for Sweden's membership, Orbán stated that Hungary would no longer block progress.[277] However, by September 2023, both countries again expressed reluctance to ratify Sweden's membership. Fidesz politicians raised objections to membership after some Swedish politicians criticised the Hungarian government for democratic backsliding.[278][279]
On 23 January 2024, Orbán sent a letter to Swedish Prime Minister Kristersson inviting him to Budapest to negotiate Sweden's accession into NATO.[280] However, Swedish Foreign Minister Tobias Billström rejected the call for negotiations, stating that although he was open to a constructive conversation, there was no reason to do so.[281] On 24January 2024, Orbán reaffirmed the Hungarian government's support for Sweden's NATO membership and would urge the Hungarian National Assembly to approve it at the earliest opportunity.[282] On 25January 2024, Kristersson invited Orbán to discuss Sweden's membership application in Brussels at the upcoming meeting of the European Council.[283] Following the meeting, Kristersson stated that he would meet with Orbán in Budapest after Sweden's NATO membership application was approved.[284]
Ágnes Vadai, of Hungarian opposition partyDemocratic Coalition, expressed a desire to force a vote in the parliament prior to the body's scheduled reconvening in late February.[285] On 29January,[286] the opposition parties in Hungary again called for a special session of parliament to vote on ratifying Sweden's application,[287] which was scheduled for 5February 2024. However, Fidesz members—including Orbán[288]—arranged not to attend,[289][290] preventing the vote from occurring.[291] Fidesz headMáté Kocsis stated that the ratification could instead occur later in the month during a normal parliamentary session and Orbán encouraged a Swedish delegation to visit Hungary to expedite the process.[288] On 17 February, Orbán said the Hungarian Parliament could ratify Sweden's NATO accession at the start of the spring session;[292][293] the motion was indeed scheduled for 26 February.[294][295]
On 23 February 2024 Kristersson visited Budapest to meet Orbán, and the leaders signed an agreement for Hungary to buy 4 newSaab JAS 39 Gripen C fighter jets from Sweden, improving relations between the two countries.[296][297]
The motion to approve Sweden's accession into NATO overwhelmingly passed on the Hungarian parliament's opening day, 26 February. Of the 194 members of the parliament who voted, 188 voted in favor of Sweden's accession, while 6 voted against it. Only theMi Hazánk (Our Homeland) party voted against it.[298]Ulf Kristersson, the prime minister ofSweden, called it a "historic day".[299]
The Hungarian ratification of Sweden's NATO membership took effect once the ratification instrument had been signed by theSpeaker of the National Assembly and by thePresident of Hungary, and the ratification instrument had been deposited.[300] AsLászló Kövér had resigned as Speaker to become acting President, after the resignation ofKatalin Novák overa pardon scandal,[301] the ratification was instead signed by the acting Speaker of the National AssemblySándor Lezsák on 2 March.[302] The legislation was forwarded to the president's office for promulgation, where it was signed by the newly elected president,Tamás Sulyok, the day he took office on 5 March.[300][303]
On 7 March 2024, Hungary deposited its instrument of ratification.[304]
Sweden's (in addition to Finland's) NATO membership has greatly altered the strategic situation of the Baltic Sea.[307] Sweden's membership facilitates NATO's access to theBaltic states in response to their invasion,[308] which could otherwise be isolated and surrounded by an attack on theSuwałki Gap.[309][better source needed]
Sweden's foreign relations with NATO member states
^明石 Akashi, 元二郎 Motojirō (1988). Fält, Olavi K.; Kujala, Antti (eds.).Rakka ryūsui: Colonel Akashi's Report on His Secret Cooperation with the Russian Revolutionary Parties during the Russo-Japanese War. Translated by 稲葉 Inaba, 千晴 Chiharu. Finland: Suomen Historiallinen Seura.
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