Svyatoslav Fyodorov | |
|---|---|
Святослав Фёдоров | |
 Fyodorov in 1992 | |
| Born | (1927-08-08)8 August 1927 Proskurov,Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union |
| Died | 2 June 2000(2000-06-02) (aged 72) Moscow, Russia |
| Cause of death | Aircraft crash |
| Education | Rostov Medical Institute |
| Known for | Creatingradial keratotomy, scleroplasty and intraocular lens replacement |
| Medical career | |
| Profession | Surgeon and politician |
| Institutions | Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex |
| Sub-specialties | Ophthalmology,eye surgery |
| Awards | Lomonosov Gold Medal(1986) |
Svyatoslav Nikolayevich Fyodorov (Russian:Святослав Николаевич Фёдоров; 8 August 1927 – 2 June 2000) was aRussianophthalmologist,politician, professor,full member of theRussian Academy of Sciences andRussian Academy of Medical Sciences. He is considered to be a pioneer ofrefractive surgery. He was also one of the candidates in the1996 Russian presidential election, running as a member of theParty of Workers' Self-Government.
Fyodorov was born inProskurov,Ukrainian SSR (nowKhmelnytskyi, Ukraine), to ethnicRussian parents. Fyodorov graduated fromRostov Medical Institute inRostov on Don, then worked as a practicing ophthalmologist in a small town inRostov Oblast.
In the 1960s he studied the pioneering work of the English ophthalmic surgeon SirHarold Ridley, the inventor of theintraocular lens (IOL). Fyodorov began to use Ridley's intraocular lenses in his treatment of cataract. At first he used lenses manufactured by theRayner company in England but he quickly moved to have his lenses manufactured inside the Soviet Union.[1]
In the 1970s he developed the surgical technique he is most famous for, theradial keratotomy, to change the shape of thecornea and curemyopia.[2] In 1986, Fyodorov designed the first posterior chamberphakic IOL in the "collar-button" or "mushroom" configuration and manufactured the pIOL from silicone. In 1980 he became the head of the Moscow Research Institute of Eye Microsurgery. In 1988 he founded theFyodorov Eye Microsurgery Complex.In 1994 he endorsed and wrote the foreword to the American textbook (Radial and Astigmatic Keratotomy) by Dr. Spencer Thornton in which Thornton taught a surgical technique derived from but markedly different from the Fyorodov technique.[3]
In the 1980s through the early 1990s, Fyodorov called for repeal of the Soviet Union'sone-party system while still a member of theCommunist Party.[4]
Fyodorov was a member of theCongress of People's Deputies from 1989 to 1991.
In 1991 he rejected an offer byBoris Yeltsin to become Russia's premier.[4]
Considered one of the Soviet Union's first highly successful practicing capitalists, he was a proponent for thedenationalization of the economy.[4][5] On June 12, 1991, the day ofRussia's inaugural presidential election, Fyodorov told state media that he believed that Russia's revival hinged on the "de-statization" of property. Fyodorov argued that, "If in the US the main means of production are concentrated in the hands of 13% of the population", then Russia should distribute ownership of those resources among 50-60% of its population through the creation of "people's enterprises" andjoint-stock companies.[5] "We have the biggest scientific community in the world, where the intellectual component constitutes 90% of industrial costs. This factor plus our natural resources and territory give us a chance, in the course of one generation, to leave behind the US and, perhaps, Japan," he said.[5]
In 1992 he became the co-chairman of theParty of Economic Freedom, an early liberal party.[4]
Fyodorov was elected to the lower house of the Russian parliament, theState Duma, in 1995, the chairman of his own small party.[4]
Considered to be on the center-left of the Russian political spectrum, Fyodorov was the founder and leader of theParty of Workers' Self-Government, which was one of the most influential social-democratic movements in Russia during the 1990s.[6][7]
In 1994 Fyodorov had described his political objective by stating, "I want peasants to own farms, workers to own factories, physicians to own clinics, and everyone to pay a 30% tax, and the rest is theirs."[7]
Fyodorov ran as the candidate of the Party of Workers' Self-Government in the1996 Russian presidential election[7]
As a presidential candidate, Fyodorov advocated for the mass creation of joint stock companies to guarantee workers a share of profits and allow them to actively participate in management of their companies. He dubbed this concept "democratic capitalism" or "popular socialism".[7] Fyodorov advocated for economic freedom, simple and moderate taxation, stimulation of production, and a ban on exports of most raw materials.[7] Fyodorov promised that his policies would double the nation'sGDP within five years.[8] Fyodorov proclaimed to draw inspiration in his politics from bothRoss Perot andDeng Xiaoping.[7]
Up until early May, Fyodorov unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate the creation ofa third force coalition, with negotiations largely centering on a coalition between him and fellow candidates Yavlinsky and Lebed.[9]
Returning from an academic conference in 2000, Fyodorov died in a crash of his clinic's four-seaterhelicopter on the outskirts ofMoscow.
In 2013, a profile of Fyodorov was included in a book calledSaving Sight: An eye surgeon's look at life behind the mask and the heroes who changed the way we see, by Andrew Lam, M.D.[10]
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