Svetozar Miletić | |
|---|---|
| Светозар Милетић | |
 Miletićc. 1900 | |
| 27th and 30thMayor of Novi Sad | |
| In office 24 April 1861 – 28 January 1862 | |
| Preceded by | Gavrilo Polzović |
| Succeeded by | Pavle Mačvanski |
| In office 23 May 1867 – 30 May 1868 | |
| Preceded by | Pavle Stojanović |
| Succeeded by | Pavle Stojanović |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1826-02-22)22 February 1826 |
| Died | 4 February 1901(1901-02-04) (aged 74) |
| Nationality | Serbian |
| Political party | Serb People's Liberal Party (after 1869) |
| Occupation |
|
Svetozar Miletić (Serbian Cyrillic:Светозар Милетић; 22 February 1826 – 4 February 1901) was a Serbian lawyer,journalist, author, and politician who served as themayor ofNovi Sad between 1861 and 1862 and again from 1867 to 1868.[1]
Miletić's ancestor was Mileta Zavišić, who came toBačka fromKostajnica (present day Croatia) near the border ofBosnia[2] where he led a company of three hundred men and fought against the Ottomans for thirty two years. Because the Ottomans wanted to punish him after they signed a peace treaty with the Austrians, Mileta moved to Bačka and changed his last name to Miletić. Mileta's son Sima, who was educated to be a merchant inNovi Sad, had fifteen sons and three daughters.Avram Miletić, the oldest of Sima's sons and grandfather of Svetozar Miletić, was a merchant andsongwriter best known for writing the earliest collection ofurban lyric poetry in theSerbian language.[3] The second son of Avram Miletić, also named Sima like his grandfather, was a boot-maker[4] and the father of Svetozar Miletić.[5] Svetozar Miletić was the oldest of seven children born to Sima and Teodosija (née Rajić) Miletić in the village ofMošorin inŠajkaška, the Serbian Military Frontier, on 22 February 1826.[6] His son-in-lawJaša Tomić, who was a publicist and leader of the Serbian radicals in Vojvodina, took up Miletić's mantle at the turn of the century.
Svetozar Miletić attended primary school in his hometown and was the "top student" there. He continued his education at the battalion center inTitel, in a German school. Sima Miletić took his son toNovi Sad to enroll him in a trade school, but when they stopped by a compatriot's house, a turning point occurred. When lawyer Aron Maletin saw the school report card with excellent grades in 17 subjects, he convinced Sima to give up his plan. Instead of enrolling in a trade, Sima enrolled his son in theJovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium inNovi Sad. In the memorial notes of the school states that Svetozar Miletić was "the best student that theJovan Jovanović Zmaj Gymnasium ever had", according to the writerJovan Hadžić. Svetozar was financially supported during his education by rich, prominent, and nobleSerbs. At the request ofMiloš Svetić, he received 100 forints annual assistance from the thenVršac bishopJosif Rajačić.[7]
After passing his matriculation examination, he enrolled in 1844 at the Evangelical Lyceum inBratislava, then calledPožun, where he became involved in the work of the Serbian student group,[8] which had 40 members and operated under the influence ofPan-Slavic ideas. They published the magazineSerbian Falcon, in which Miletić published his first literary and political texts. Fascinated by Pan-Slavism under the influence ofĽudovít Štúr, he added the name Sveslav to his name.
After finishing his schooling, he moved on to study inPest, Hungary, 1848, where he found himself at the beginning of turbulent events – civil revolutions that shookEurope that year and the following year. His colleagues accused him of being a traitor who wanted to bring the Russians to Hungary, and since the Serbs were not guaranteed safety in Pest andBuda at that time, Miletić returned toŠajkaška. Along the way, he rang all the church bells in every place, spreading revolutionary sentiment among the Serbs.
Immediately upon arrival, he went toČurug andNadalj, where he agitated against the departure of theŠajkaš Serbs to the front inItaly. The people protect him from arrest, and he goes toBelgrade viaSremski Karlovci, where he tries to influence the Serbian government to go to war against theTurks, and thus start a general Serbian uprising in theBalkans. The Serbian government, however, was unable to agree to this.
Miletić returns toKarlovci, where he attends theMay Assembly at whichSerbian Vojvodina was proclaimed, a Serbian dukeStevan Šupljikac was elected, and a patriarch was proclaimed. He became a member of the Main Board, but the Patriarch Serbian PatriarchJosif Rajačić sent him toZagreb, to agitate withJovan Subotić among theCroats for the cause ofSerbian Vojvodina, wanting to remove him from the center of events, due to his radical national stance. The two-month stay did not meet with understanding and support from the Croats, and Miletić returned toVojvodina. Completely disappointed, he went toMošorin and no longer actively participated in political events.
In 1849, he went to continue his studies, but toVienna, where he managed to stay thanks to a more than generous scholarship fromMihailo Obrenović. He completed his studies in 1854, when he became a doctor of law. Then, for a while, he worked as a bailiff in Lugoš. He returned toBačka in 1856, where he passed the bar exam in Novi Sad on 24 January 1856, and there in 1856-1857.[9] opened a law office inNovi Sad's Dunavska street. He soon started a family and graduated from law school in 1866.
He returned to political life with a series of texts in theSerbian Diary in which he discussed the situation in Europe at the time, especially in theBalkans, and mostly wrote about the state and prospects of creating a Serbian nation, especially in theVoivodeship of Serbia and theTimis Banat, into which the Serbian Voivodeship was transformed by the imperial decision (and such a Voivodeship was soon abolished and incorporated into Hungary). The most significant text that appeared in that period and that brought about a change in Serbian politics was published on the eve ofChristmas 1861, under the simple titleOn Tucin-dan 1860. Since the Voivodeship had already been abolished by then, Miletić states that "the Voivodeship died, but that no one needed it as it was". However, it is much more important that something else died for the Serbs. Although he does not state precisely what, it is clear that he was referring to Serbian loyalty to Vienna and the Austrian emperor, from whom the Serbs expected confirmation of their rights and privileges. Miletić advocated the creation ofSerbian Vojvodina, but within much smaller borders (more ethnically appropriate and expedient) than the Voivodeship. Serbian Vojvodina, in his opinion, should not be achieved “through the emperor”, but through cooperation and agreement with the Hungarians. However, when theAustro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 occurred, the Hungarians turned their backs on the Serbs and began to fight against Serbian goals. From then on, Hungary was an even greater enemy for him than Austria. Both the Viennese court and the Hungarian government would repeatedly try to eliminate him politically and physically.
Miletić also advocated the ideas of liberal citizenship at localSerbian Orthodox churches and People's Councils. He often said: "We are Serbs, but also citizens." His ideals in public work were freedom, independence, and the unification of the Serbian people.[10]
Like many other national leaders of non-dominant nationalities of the empire, such as CzechsFrantišek Palacký,Karel Havlíček Borovský, and SlovakĽudovít Štúr, Miletić explicitly linked the emancipatory political demands to the national question, stressing the importance of securing national rights to achieve liberty:Only on a national basis will the real liberty of all peoples be established.[11]
On 20 March 1861, he became the mayor ofNovi Sad, the youngest in the city's history.[12] His first associates in the Magistrate wereAleksandar Sandić,Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, andJaša Ignjatović. As mayor, Miletić declared the Serbian language official, abolished theGerman Realka, and advocated for the construction of the City Hall in the Serbian part ofNovi Sad. Although he had the absolute support of the Magistrate, the Hungarian government suspended him from this position. In the same year, he organized a celebration of the 100th anniversary ofSava Tekelija, with a distinctly anti-Austrian character. That year, he was also the president of the Serbian Reading Room when theSerbian National Theatre was founded under its auspices. He was elected mayor for the second time in 1867, but like the first time, it lasted only a year (until he was removed by the authorities).
Svetozar Miletić was an honorary member ofMatica srpska since 1861. In 1864, Miletić was also involved in the relocation ofMatica srpska fromPest toNovi Sad. In 1864, Miletić became a member of the Literary Department of the Matice Srpska and soon its vice-president.[13]
In 1866, he started as the owner and publisher of the political newspaperZastava [sr], the most important and influential newspaper among Serbs inAustro-Hungary. He was, with short interruptions, its long-term editor, but also the author of a huge number of invaluable texts.[14]
In 1869, under his leadership, the Serbian People's Liberal Party was established – the first organized national movement among Serbs in theHabsburg Monarchy. Although the scope of work of this party, or national movement, was primarily directed towards Serbs in the Monarchy, a good part of its program (adopted only in 1869) also dealt with general national interests and issues, and was in a certain way also a national program in itself.
Miletić was a member of both theHungarian and Croatian Parliaments, one of the organizers of the first assembly of theUnited Serbian Youth - the first all-Serbian political organization, and later he would also be involved in the establishment of theSociety for the Liberation and Unification of Serbia. From May 1867, he was again at the head of the Novi Sad Magistrate, and at that time his closest associates wereLaza Kostić andKosta Trifković. Miletić was again in the fight against the Hungarian authorities. During this term, thanks to his merit, the colors of the Serbian tricolor became the official colors of the city of Novi Sad, and as he continued his efforts to build the City Hall in the Serbian region and became a serious obstacle to the authorities, he was suspended after a year, and soon after he was arrested and sentenced to one year in prison in a staged trial. He was elected several times as a member of the Hungarian Parliament: in 1865 (representing the Bečej district), 1869, 1872, 1875 (three times the Baščaid district), and in 1881 (representing Šajkaška). He was active for a long time in the convocations of the Serbian Church and People's Assembly in Karlovci: 1864 (represented by Kulpin), 1868 (Novi Sad), 1869 (Bečej and Otočac), 1872 (Novi Sad), 1875 (Šajkaška), and 1881 (Novi Sad).
Miletić was first imprisoned in 1870/1871, for a full year, from October to October. Upon his return from theVác prison, he was welcomed very solemnly in all Serbian circles, and the speech at the reception was given by Sofija Pasković.[15] But while he was in prison, the Serbian political scene began to disintegrate. He was told that he would be left alone if he did not make some compromise, and he replied: "I started it myself". His popularity was at its peak when he was released from prison, and wherever he appeared, large demonstrations were organized for him, which drove the Hungarian government to despair. All Serbian eyes were fixed on him, and Zmaj used to say: "Raise children from the cradle so that they may remember his image!"
He expanded his activities to other areas where Serbs lived, especially during the uprising inHerzegovina. This time, the Hungarian government decided to permanently stand in his way.
But from the second suffering in 1876, things were different. He was sentenced in 1878 to five years in prison. According to the testimony of Miletić's daughter, recorded by Jovan Jovanović Zmaj, the state prosecutor in the trial was Vasa Popović, he was tried by Judge Jerković, and he was arrested by Police Chief Maša Manojlović.[16] He languished in prison for several years, until he was released on November 15, 1879. The Serbian Church and People's Assembly demanded that Miletić be released. This time, the Serbian leader was broken upon his release.[17]
On 5 July 1876, he was arrested in his apartment in Novi Sad, and then, in another trial, sentenced to six years in prison. In prison, he was mistreated both physically and mentally, his associates abandoned him, and in addition to other problems he had, he began to get mentally ill. He left the Vaca prison "lonely and sick". He was ill from 1879 until his return fromBudapest in 1890, as if he had recovered. The first time was in 1882 and again in 1884, with increasingly serious disorders. After his release from prison, his condition seemed to improve for a while, but the illness then returned in 1892 in an even more severe form. He did not recover for the rest of his life and did not participate in political life anymore.Lazar Tomanović wrote that Miletić was a martyr for the Serbian people, that due to his imprisonment, he had damaged his physical (sciatica) and spiritual health, and that he was deteriorating every day. When he was released from prison at the age of 54, he looked like an old man of 70. Tomanović regretted that he could not visit him in theVienna suburbs, where he was being treated1883. year, during the excavation of the bones ofBranko Radičević.[18]
In 1896, he moved to his son, Slavko Miletić, a "practical" doctor in Vršac, where he spent the last years of his life peacefully.[7] He died inVršac, 4 February 1901, at the age of 75, and was buried at the Uspenski Cemetery in Novi Sad.
Svetozar was married to Anka Milutinović († 1925[19]), and they had two children: a son, Dr. Slavko Miletić, a physician inVršac, Minister of Public Health in several governments (1920–1927), and a daughter,Milica Tomić, married to politician and journalistJaša Tomić, inNovi Sad.
His nephew, the son of his younger brother, is the Bulgarian philologistLjubomir Miletić.
He is included inThe 100 most prominent Serbs.
A feature film about Miletić's life titled "Ime naroda" was produced in 2020.[20]
Милетићев отац је, године 1876, казивао Александру Сандићу да је његов прадед, Милета Завишић, дошао у Бачку са босанске границе, из Костајнице, што много не противречи Милетићеву казивању...
дични предак Милета Завишић, гласовити јунак, тридесет и две године, са својом четом од триста јунака вршио упаде на турску територију и dasdadadsa Турке за њихова недела према Србима. Када су се Аустријанци и Турци измирили, Турци затраже Милетину главу. Да би се склонио од неминовне погибије, Милета се пресели са својом породицом у Бачку и прозове се Милетић, да би заметнуо траг. Милетин син Сима, према предању Светозарев прадед, изучи трговачки занат у Новом Саду и ту се ожени и изроди петнаест синова и три кћери. ... Симин најстарији син Аврам, Светозарев дед, рођен је 1755...
Син Аврама Милетића, Сима чизмар...
Аврам Милетић, деда Светозара Милетића...
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
| Preceded by Gavrilo Polzović | Mayor of Novi Sad 1861–1862 | Succeeded by Pavle Mačvanski |
| Preceded by Pavo (Pavle) Stojanović | Mayor of Novi Sad 1867–1868 | Succeeded by Pavo (Pavle) Stojanović |
