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| Suzhou numerals | |||||||||||||||
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| Traditional Chinese | 蘇州碼子 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 苏州码子 | ||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 花碼 | ||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 花码 | ||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | flowery or fancy numbers | ||||||||||||||
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| Part ofa series on | ||||
| Numeral systems | ||||
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| List of numeral systems | ||||
TheSuzhou numerals, also known asSūzhōu mǎzi (蘇州碼子), is anumeral system used in China before the introduction ofHindu numerals. The Suzhou numerals are also known asSoochow numerals,[1]ma‑tzu,[2]huāmǎ (花碼),[3][better source needed]cǎomǎ (草碼),[3][better source needed]jīngzǐmǎ (菁仔碼),[3][better source needed]fānzǐmǎ (番仔碼)[3][better source needed] andshāngmǎ (商碼).[3][better source needed]
The Suzhou numeral system is the only surviving variation of therod numeral system. The rod numeral system is apositional numeral system used by the Chinese in mathematics. Suzhou numerals are a variation of theSouthern Song rod numerals.
Suzhou numerals were used as shorthand in number-intensive areas of commerce such as accounting and bookkeeping. At the same time, standardChinese numerals were used in formal writing, akin to spelling out the numbers in English. Suzhou numerals were once popular in Chinese marketplaces, such as those inHong Kong and Chinese restaurants inMalaysia before the 1990s, but they have gradually been supplanted by Hindu numerals.[citation needed] This is similar to what had happened in Europe withRoman numerals used in ancient and medieval Europe for mathematics and commerce. Nowadays, the Suzhou numeral system is only used for displaying prices in Chinese markets[4] or on traditional handwritten invoices.[citation needed]
In the Suzhou numeral system, special symbols are used for digits instead of the Chinese characters. The digits of the Suzhou numerals are defined between U+3021 and U+3029 inUnicode. An additional three code points starting from U+3038 were added later.
| Number | "Suzhou" | CJK ideographs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Character | Unicode | Character | Unicode | |
| 0 | 〇 | U+3007 | 零 | U+96F6 |
| 1 | 〡 | U+3021 | 一 | U+4E00 |
| 2 | 〢 | U+3022 | 二 | U+4E8C |
| 3 | 〣 | U+3023 | 三 | U+4E09 |
| 4 | 〤 | U+3024 | 四 | U+56DB |
| 5 | 〥 | U+3025 | 五 | U+4E94 |
| 6 | 〦 | U+3026 | 六 | U+516D |
| 7 | 〧 | U+3027 | 七 | U+4E03 |
| 8 | 〨 | U+3028 | 八 | U+516B |
| 9 | 〩 | U+3029 | 九 | U+4E5D |
| 10 | 〸 | U+3038 | 十 | U+5341 |
| 20 | 〹 | U+3039 | 廿 | U+5EFF |
| 30 | 〺 | U+303A | 卅 | U+5345 |
The symbols for 5 to 9 are derived from those for 0 to 4 by adding a vertical bar on top, which is similar to adding an upper bead which represents a value of 5 in an abacus. The resemblance makes the Suzhou numerals intuitive to use together with the abacus as the traditional calculation tool.
The numbers one, two, and three are all represented by vertical bars. This can cause confusion when they appear next to each other. Standard Chinese ideographs are often used in this situation to avoid ambiguity. For example, "21" is written as "〢一" instead of "〢〡" which can be confused with "3" (〣). The first character of such sequences is usually represented by the Suzhou numeral, while the second character is represented by the Chinese ideograph.
The digits arepositional. The full numerical notations are written in two lines to indicate numerical value,order of magnitude, andunit of measurement. Following the rod numeral system, the digits of the Suzhou numerals are always written horizontally from left to right, just like how numbers are represented in an abacus, even when used within vertically written documents.[5]
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For example:
| 〤 | 〇 | 〢 | 二 |
| 十 | 元 |
The first line contains the numerical values, in this example, "〤〇〢二" stands for "4022". The second line consists of Chinese characters that represents theorder of magnitude andunit of measurement of the first digit in the numerical representation. In this case "十元" which stands for "tenyuan". When put together, it is then read as "40.22 yuan".
Possible characters denoting order of magnitude include:
Other possible characters denoting unit of measurement include:
Notice that the decimal point is implicit when the first digit is set at theten position. Zero is represented by the character for zero (〇). Leading and trailing zeros are unnecessary in this system.
This is very similar to the modernscientific notation forfloating point numbers where the significant digits are represented in the mantissa and the order of magnitude is specified in the exponent. Also, the unit of measurement, with the first digit indicator, is usually aligned to the middle of the "numbers" row.
In theUnicode standard version 3.0, these characters are incorrectly namedHangzhou style numerals. In the Unicode standard 4.0, anerratum was added which stated:[4]
The Suzhou numerals (Chinesesu1zhou1ma3zi) are special numeric forms used by traders to display the prices of goods. The use of "HANGZHOU" in the names is a misnomer.
All references to "Hangzhou" in the Unicode standard have been corrected to "Suzhou" except for the character names themselves, which cannot be changed once assigned, in accordance with the Unicode Stability Policy.[8] (This policy allows software to use the names as unique identifiers.)