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TheSuwałki Agreement,Treaty of Suvalkai,[1] orSuwalki Treaty[2] (Polish:Umowa suwalska,Lithuanian:Suvalkų sutartis) was an agreement signed in the town ofSuwałki betweenPoland andLithuania on October 7, 1920. It was registered in theLeague of Nations Treaty Series on January 19, 1922.[3]
Both countries had re-established their independence in theaftermath of World War I. They lacked well-defined borders, which caused thePolish–Lithuanian War over territorial disputes in theSuwałki andVilnius Regions. In late September 1920, Polish forcesdefeated the Soviets at theBattle of the Niemen River, thus militarily securing the Suwałki Region and opening the possibility of an assault on the city ofVilnius (Wilno). PolishChief of State,Józef Piłsudski, had planned to take over the city since mid-September in afalse flag operation known asŻeligowski's Mutiny.
After pressure from theLeague of Nations, Poland agreed to negotiate, hoping to buy time and divert attention from the upcoming Żeligowski's Mutiny. The Lithuanians sought to achieve as much protection for Vilnius as possible. The agreement resulted in aceasefire and established ademarcation line running through the disputed Suwałki Region up to theBastuny [lt;pl] railway station. The line was incomplete and did not provide adequate protection to Vilnius.[4] Neither Vilnius nor the surrounding region was explicitly addressed in the agreement.
Shortly after the agreement was signed, the clauses calling for territorial negotiation and an end to military actions were unilaterally broken by Poland. Polish generalLucjan Żeligowski, acting under Piłsudski's secret orders, pretended to disobey stand-down orders from the Polish military command andmarched on Vilnius. The city was occupied on October 9. The Suwałki Agreement was to take effect at noon onOctober 10. Żeligowski established theRepublic of Central Lithuania which, despite intense protests by Lithuania, was incorporated into theSecond Polish Republic in 1923. The Vilnius Region remained under Polish administration until the autumn of 1939.
In the aftermath of World War I both Poland and Lithuania gained independence, but borders in the region were not established. The most contentious issue wasVilnius, the historical capital of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania with a population, according to the 1916 German census, divided about evenly between Jews and Poles, but with only a 2–3% Lithuanian minority.[5] TheSoviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty, signed in July 1920 between Lithuania and theRussian SFSR, drew the eastern border of Lithuania. Russia recognized large territories, including the Vilnius and Suwałki Regions, as belonging to Lithuania.[6] That month, during thePolish–Soviet War, theRed Army pushed Polish forces from the contested territories, including Vilnius.[7] In the meantime, Lithuanians secured some other areas abandoned by the Polish army, such as the town of Suwałki.[8] On August 6, Lithuania and Soviet Russia signed a convention regarding the withdrawal of Russian troops from the recognized Lithuanian territory.[8] However, there were indications that the Soviets planned a coup against the Lithuanian government in hopes of re-establishing theLithuanian SSR.[9][10] The Soviet troops began to retreat only after the Red Army suffered a heavy defeat in Poland at theBattle of Warsaw in mid-August.[8]
ThePolish Army pushed back and came in contact with the Lithuanians in the contested Suwałki Region.[11] The diplomatic negotiations broke down.[12] The Lithuanians claimed to be defending their borders, while Poland did not recognize the Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty and claimed that the Lithuanians had no rights to these territories. Poland also accused the Lithuanians of collaborating with the Soviets and thus violating the declared neutrality in the Polish–Soviet War.[13] In the ensuing hostilities, the towns of Suwałki,Sejny, andAugustów changed hands frequently.[14] The diplomatic struggle, both directly between the two states and in theLeague of Nations, intensified.[14]
On September 5, 1920, Polish Foreign MinisterEustachy Sapieha delivered a diplomatic note to the League of Nations asking it to intervene in the Polish–Lithuanian War, and especially theBattle of Sejny. He claimed that Lithuania allowed free passage through its territory for Soviet troops and therefore violated its declared neutrality in the Polish–Soviet War.[15] The next day Lithuania responded with a direct note to Poland in which Lithuanian Foreign MinisterJuozas Purickis proposed to negotiate a demarcation line and other issues inMarijampolė.[16] On September 8, during a planning meeting for what later was theBattle of the Niemen River, the Poles decided to manoeuvre through the Lithuanian territory to the rear of the Soviet Army.[15] In an attempt to conceal theplanned attack, Polish diplomats accepted the proposal to negotiate.[15] The negotiations started on September 16 inKalvarija, but collapsed just two days later.[17]
The League of Nations began its session on September 16, 1920. After reports by Lithuanian representativeAugustinas Voldemaras and Polish envoyIgnacy Jan Paderewski, the League adopted a resolution on September 20.[15] It urged both states to cease hostilities and adhere to theCurzon Line. Poland was asked to respect Lithuanian neutrality if Soviet Russia agreed to do the same. A special Control Commission was to be dispatched to the conflict zone to oversee the implementation of the resolution.[16] The Lithuanian government accepted the resolution. Sapieha replied that Poland could not honour the Lithuanian neutrality or the demarcation line as Lithuania was actively collaborating with the Soviets. The Poles reserved the right to full freedom of action.[16] The Lithuanian representative in London, CountAlfred Tyszkiewicz, informed the secretariat of the League of Nations that Sapieha's telegram should be regarded as adeclaration of war; he also asked that the League of Nations take immediate intervention in order to stop new Polish aggressive acts.[18]
On September 22, 1920, Poland attacked Lithuanian units in the Suwałki Region as part of theBattle of Sejny. The Polish army took prisoner 1,700 Lithuanian troops who had surrendered.[15] Polish forces then marched, as planned during the September 8 meeting, across theNeman River nearDruskininkai andMerkinė to the rear of the Soviet forces nearHrodna andLida.[17] The Red Army retreated. This attack, just two days after the League's resolution, damaged both Poland's and the League's reputation.[15] Some politicians began to view Poland as an aggressor while the newly formed League realized its own shortcomings in light of such defiance.[15] On September 26, urged by the League, Sapieha proposed new negotiations in Suwałki.[18] Lithuania accepted the proposal on the following day.[18]
At the time of the negotiations, the military situation on the ground was threatening Lithuania not only in the Suwałki Region but also in Vilnius. The Polish leader,Józef Piłsudski, feared that theEntente and the League might accept thefait accompli that had been created by the Soviet transfer of Vilnius to Lithuania on August 26, 1920.[19] Already on September 22, Sapieha asked Paderewski to gauge the possible reaction of the League in case military units in theKresy decided to attack Vilnius, following the example of the ItalianGabriele D'Annunzio, who in 1919staged a mutiny and took over the city ofFiume.[15] By agreeing to the negotiations, the Poles sought to buy time and distract attention from the Vilnius Region.[20][19] The Lithuanians hoped to avoid new Polish attacks and, with the help of the League, to settle the disputes.[15]
The conference began in the evening of September 29, 1920. The Polish delegation was led bycolonelMieczysław Mackiewicz (who originated from Lithuania), and the Lithuanian delegation bygeneralMaksimas Katche.[19] Lithuania proposed an immediatearmistice, but the Polish delegation refused.[18] Only after the Lithuanian delegation threatened to leave the negotiation table did Poland agree to stop fighting, but only to the west of the Neman River (the Suwałki Region).[18] Fighting to the east of the river continued. The Polish delegates demanded that the Lithuanians allow the Polish forces to use a portion of theSaint Petersburg–Warsaw railway and the train station inVarėna (Orany). The Lithuanians refused: their major forces were concentrated in the Suwałki Region and moving them to protect Vilnius without the railway would be extremely difficult.[18] The Lithuanian side was ready to give up theSuwałki Region in exchange for Poland's recognition of the Lithuanian claims to Vilnius.[19]
The Lithuanian delegation, after consultations inKaunas on October 2, proposed theirdemarcation line onOctober 3. The line would be withdrawn about 50–80 km (31–50 mi) from the border determined by theSoviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty.[15] On October 4, the Polish delegation, after consultations with Piłsudski, presented a counter-offer. In essence, the Lithuanians wanted a longer demarcation line to provide better protection for Vilnius and the Poles pushed for a shorter line.[15] While Vilnius was not a topic of debate, it was on everybody's mind.[4] On the same day the Control Commission, sent by the League according to its resolution of September 20, arrived in Suwałki to mediate the talks.[19] The commission, led by French colonel Pierre Chardigny, included representatives from Italy, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan.[18]
On October 5, 1920, the Control Commission presented a concrete proposal to draw the demarcation line up to the village of Utieka on the Neman River, about 10 km (6.2 mi) south ofMerkinė, and to establish a 12 km (7.5 mi) wide neutral zone along the line.[15] On October 6, negotiations continued regarding an extension of the demarcation line. The Poles refused to move it past the village of Bastuny, claiming that the Polish army needed freedom to manoeuvre against the Soviet troops,[18] even though a provisional ceasefire agreement had been reached with Soviet Russia on October 5.[4] The Poles proposed to discuss further demarcation lines inRiga, where Poland and Russia negotiated thePeace of Riga. On the same day fighting east of the Neman River ceased as Polish troops captured the Varėna train station.[17] On October 7, at midnight, the final Suwałki Agreement was signed. On October 8, the Control Commission stated that they could not see why the demarcation line could not be extended further than Bastuny and urged another round of negotiations.[15]
The agreement was finally signed on October 7, 1920; the ceasefire was to begin at noon onOctober 10.[19] Notably, the treaty made not a single reference to Vilnius or the Vilnius Region.[19] The agreement contained the following articles:[21]
The demarcation line drawn through the Suwałki Region for the most part remains the border between Poland and Lithuania in modern times; notably the towns ofSejny,Suwałki andAugustów remained on the Polish side.[19] In the 21st century, theSuwałki Region (the present-dayPodlaskie Voivodeship) remains home to theLithuanian minority in Poland.[23]
The most controversial issue – the future of the city of Vilnius – was not explicitly addressed. When the agreement was signed, Vilnius was garrisoned by Lithuanian troops and behind the Lithuanian lines.[24][25] Yet this changed almost immediately when the stagedŻeligowski's Mutiny began on October 8. Soon after the mutiny,Léon Bourgeois, President of the Council of the League of Nations, expressed strong disapproval, asserting that Żeligowski's actions were a violation of the engagements entered into with the Council of the League of Nations, and demanding the immediate Polish evacuation of the city.[26]
In Piłsudski's view, signing even such a limited agreement was not in Poland's best interests, and he disapproved of it.[19] In a 1923 speech acknowledging that he had directed Żeligowski's coup, Piłsudski stated:
I tore up the Suwałki Treaty, and afterwards I issued a false communique by the General Staff.[2]
Żeligowski and his mutineers captured Vilnius, established theRepublic of Central Lithuania, and after a disputedelection in 1922, incorporated the republic into Poland.[27] The conflict over the city dragged on until World War II. In the 21st century, theVilnius Region is the major center of thePolish minority in Lithuania.[28]
While the Lithuanian side considered the agreement to be an enforceable political treaty, the Polish side considered it to be a minor military agreement, later superseded by a ceasefire agreement between Lithuania and Żeligowski reached on November 29.[29] American historianAlfred Erich Senn has argued that it was not a regular political treaty, as it did not requireratification, but the presence of political representatives of both sides indicated that it was not a mere military agreement.[20] Lithuanian historian Tomas Balkelis described the agreement as "a purely military agreement that established a new demarcation line."[30] Poland and Lithuania also disagreed about the agreement's relation to the Vilnius question, which was not explicitly addressed in the treaty. The Lithuanian side considered that the agreement assigned Vilnius to Lithuania, while the Polish side argued that it did not concern Vilnius or other territorial claims. Senn has described the agreement as tacitly leaving Vilnius to Lithuania.[20]
Finally, the Lithuanian side considered the Żeligowski's attack on Vilnius a violation of the Suwałki agreement and as a major argument in international mediation. Poland disagreed and protested such an interpretation of the document. At first, Poland claimed that Żeligowski was a rebel who acted without approval from the Polish government. Later Piłsudski's role in the attack was acknowledged, but the Polish side argued that the agreement was not violated, as the attack was held to the east from the demarcation line.[20] The League of Nations considered the Polish attack a violation of the agreement, but placed emphasis on the resumption of the hostilities and not subsequent territorial changes.[20] Senn said the view that the agreement has not been violated was "specious". In his opinion, Piłsudski himself did not seem to share that view, as evidenced by his attempt to pretend that the attacking forces were "rebels".[20]
In most cases, historians summarise the issue by saying that the agreement assigned Vilnius to Lithuania and the Polish attack violated it.[31][32][33][34][35] However,Piotr Łossowski argued that such summaries are inadequate and misleading.[19]