Sutherland Cataibh (Scottish Gaelic) | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Coordinates:58°15′N4°30′W / 58.250°N 4.500°W /58.250; -4.500 | |
| Sovereign state |  United Kingdom |
| Country |  Scotland |
| Council area | Highland |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,028 sq mi (5,252 km2) |
| Ranked 5th of 34 | |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 12,803 |
| • Density | 6.314/sq mi (2.438/km2) |
| Chapman code | SUT |
Sutherland (Scottish Gaelic:Cataibh) is ahistoric county,registration county andlieutenancy area in theHighlands of Scotland. The name dates from theViking era when the area was ruled by theJarl of Orkney; although Sutherland includes some of the northernmost land on the island ofGreat Britain, it was calledSuðrland ("southern land") from the standpoint ofOrkney andCaithness.
From the 13th century, Sutherland was aprovincial lordship, being anearldom controlled by theEarl of Sutherland. The earldom just covered the southeastern part of the later county. Ashire called Sutherland was created in 1633, covering the earldom of Sutherland and the neighbouring provinces ofAssynt to the west andStrathnaver to the north. Shires gradually eclipsed the old provinces in administrative importance, and also become known as counties.
The county is generally rural and sparsely populated. Sutherland was particularly affected by theHighland Clearances of the 18th and 19th centuries, and the population has been in decline since the mid-19th century. As at 2011 the population of the county was 12,803, being less than half of the peak of 25,793 which was recorded in 1851. Only one town heldburgh status, beingDornoch, where the county's courts were held. Between 1890 and 1975 Sutherland had a county council, which had its main offices in the village ofGolspie.
Sutherland has a coast to the east onto theMoray Firth and a coast to the north-west onto theAtlantic Ocean. Much of the county is mountainous, and the western and northern coasts include many highsea cliffs. There are fournational scenic areas wholly or partly in the county:Assynt-Coigach,North West Sutherland,Kyle of Tongue andDornoch Firth, with the first three of these lying along the western and northern coasts.
The county ceased to be used for local government purposes in 1975, when the area became part of theHighland region, which in turn became a single-tiercouncil area in 1996. There was alocal government district called Sutherland from 1975 to 1996, which was a lower-tier district within the Highland region, covering a similar but not identical area to the pre-1975 county. The pre-1975 county boundaries are still used for certain functions, being a registration county. The neighbouring counties prior to the 1975 reforms were Caithness to the north-east andRoss and Cromarty to the south.
The Sutherlandlieutenancy area was redefined in 1975 to be the local government district. The registration county and the lieutenancy area therefore have slightly different definitions; the registration county does not includeKincardine, but the lieutenancy area does.
InGaelic, the area is referred to according to its traditional areas:Dùthaich MhicAoidh (orDùthaich 'IcAoidh) (MacAoidh's country) in the north (also known in English as Mackay Country),Asainte (Assynt) in the west, andCataibh in the east.Cataibh is also sometimes used to refer to the area as a whole.[a]
Much of the area that would become Sutherland was part of the ancientPictish kingdom ofCat, which also included Caithness. It was conquered in the 9th century bySigurd Eysteinsson, Jarl of Orkney. The Jarls owed allegiance to theNorwegian crown. It is possible that Sigurd may have takenRoss to the south as well, but by the time of his death in 892 the southern limit of his territory appears to have been theRiver Oykel. The Scottish crown claimed the overlordship of the Caithness and Sutherland area from Norway in 1098. The Earls of Orkney thereafter owed allegiance to the Scottish crown for their territory on the mainland, which they held as theMormaer of Caithness, but owed allegiance to the Norwegian crown for Orkney.[1]
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TheDiocese of Caithness was established in the 12th century. The bishop's seat was initially atHalkirk, but in the early 13th century was moved toDornoch Cathedral, which was begun in 1224.[2][3] Around the same time, a new earldom of Sutherland was created from the southern part of the old joint earldom of Orkney and Caithness.[4][5]
In terms of shires (areas where justice was administered by asheriff), the north of mainland Scotland was all included in theshire of Inverness from the 12th century.[1][6] An act of parliament in 1504 acknowledged that the shire of Inverness was too big for the effective administration of justice, and so declared Ross and Caithness to be separate shires. The boundary used for the shire of Caithness created in 1504 was the diocese of Caithness, which included Sutherland. TheSheriff of Caithness was directed to hold courts at either Dornoch orWick.[7] That act was set aside for most purposes in 1509, and Caithness (including Sutherland) once more came under the sheriff of Inverness.[8]
In 1633 a new shire called Sutherland was created. It covered the earldom of Sutherland plus the provincial lordships of Strathnaver on the north coast and Assynt on the west coast. Dornoch was declared to be the head burgh of the new shire. The position ofSheriff of Sutherland was a hereditary one, held by the Earls of Sutherland.[9][10]
Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. In 1667Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following theActs of Union in 1707, the English term 'county' came to be used interchangeably with the older term 'shire'.[11][12]
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Following theJacobite rising of 1745, the government passed theHeritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act 1746, returning the appointment of sheriffs to the crown in those cases where they had become hereditary positions, as had been the case in Sutherland.[13] From 1748 the government merged the positions of Sheriff of Sutherland and Sheriff of Caithness into a single post. Although they shared a sheriff after 1748, Caithness and Sutherland remained legally separate counties, having their own commissioners of supply and, from 1794, their ownlord lieutenants.[14]
The sheriff courts for Sutherland were held atDornoch Castle until 1850, when they moved to the purpose-builtDornoch Sheriff Court, also known as 'County Buildings', which also served as the meeting place for the Sutherland Commissioners of Supply.[15][16]
Sutherland, like other parts of the Highlands, was affected by theHighland Clearances, the eviction of tenants from their homes and/or associated farmland in the 18th and 19th centuries century by the landowners. Typically, this was to make way for large sheep farms. The Sutherland Estate (consisting of about two thirds of the county) had the largest scale clearances that occurred in the Highlands, much of this being carried out in 1812, 1814 and 1819–20. In this last period (the largest of the three listed), 1,068 families were evicted: representing an estimated 5,400 people. This population was provided with resettlement in coastal areas, with employment available in fishing or other industries. However, many instead moved to farms in Caithness or left Scotland to emigrate to Canada, the US or Australia.[17] The population has continued to decline since the mid-19th century.[18]
One effect of the clearances was that it concentrated Gaelic speakers in the newly created fishing villages, so extending the survival of the language in these communities. The area on Sutherland's east coast around Golspie, Brora andEmbo had its own dialect,East Sutherland Gaelic.[19] This was the last area on the east coast of Scotland where a Gaelic dialect was commonly spoken. Work by the linguistNancy Dorian from the 1960s onwards studied the gradual decline of East Sutherland Gaelic.[20] The last known native speaker of the dialect died in 2020.[21][22]
Elected county councils were established in 1890 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners of supply (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The first provisional meeting of the council was held on 13 February 1890 at the County Buildings in Dornoch, but it was decided that a more accessible location was needed for the council's meetings.
Although Dornoch was the county's onlyburgh, it was in the extreme southeastern corner of the county and lay some seven miles from its then nearest railway station atThe Mound.[24] The council's first official meeting was held on 22 May 1890 atBonar Bridge, and subsequent meetings were generally held inLairg, with occasional meetings in other places, including Dornoch, Golspie,Brora andLochinver.[25]
Although the county council generally met in Lairg, from its creation in 1890 the county council's clerk was based in Golspie, and in 1892 the council moved its main administrative offices to a new building on Main Street in Golspie calledCounty Offices, initially sharing the building with the village post office.[26][27][28]
The 1889 Act also led to a review of boundaries, with parish and county boundaries being adjusted to eliminate cases where parishes straddled county boundaries. The parish ofReay had straddled Sutherland and Caithness prior to the act; the county boundary was retained, but the part of Reay parish in Sutherland was transferred to the parish ofFarr in 1891.[29]
Local government was reformed in 1975 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs andlandward districts with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Sutherland became part of theHighland Region. At the district level, most of Sutherland was included in theSutherland District. The differences between the post-1975 district and the pre-1975 county were that the district excluded the parishes ofFarr andTongue (which both went to the Caithness district), but included the parish ofKincardine from Ross and Cromarty.[30][31][32] The transfer of Farr and Tongue to Caithness district was not popular; less than two years later, in 1977, they were transferred to the Sutherland district, after which the border between the Sutherland and Caithness districts followed the pre-1975 county boundary.[33]
As part of the 1975 reforms, the area served by theLord Lieutenant of Sutherland was redefined to be the new district, having previously been the county.[34]
Sutherland District Council was based at the former county council's headquarters at the County Offices in Golspie.[35] Throughout the district's existence from 1975 to 1996, a majority of the seats were held byindependent councillors.[36]
Further local government reforms in 1996 under theLocal Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the regions and districts created in 1975 abolished and replaced with single-tiercouncil areas. The former Highland region became one of the new council areas.[37] The Sutherlandlieutenancy area continues to be defined as the area of the pre-1996 district, despite the abolition of the district itself.[38][39] The boundaries of the historic county (as it was following the 1891 boundary changes) are still used for some limited official purposes connected with land registration, being aregistration county.[40]
TheHighland Council has anarea committee called the Sutherland County Committee, comprising the councillors representing the wards which approximately cover the Sutherland area. The council also marks some of the historic county boundaries with road signs.[41]
Much of the population of approximately 13,000 inhabitants are situated in small coastal communities, such asHelmsdale andLochinver, which until very recently made much of their living from the rich fishing of the waters around theBritish Isles. Much of Sutherland is poor relative to the rest of the UK, with few job opportunities beyond government-funded employment, agriculture and seasonal tourism. Further education is provided byNorth Highland College, part of theUniversity of the Highlands and Islands, which has campuses in Dornoch.[42]
The inland landscape is rugged and very sparsely populated. Despite being Scotland's fifth-largest county in terms of area, it has a smaller population than a medium-size Lowland Scottish town. It stretches from theAtlantic in the west, up to thePentland Firth and across to theNorth Sea in the east. The west and north coasts have very high sea cliffs and deepsea lochs. The east coast contains the sea lochs ofLoch Fleet andDornoch Firth.Cape Wrath is the most northwesterly point in Scotland. Several peninsulas can be found along the north and west coasts, most notablyStrathy Point,A' Mhòine,Durness/Faraid Head (the latter two formed by theKyle of Durness,Loch Eriboll and theKyle of Tongue), Ceathramh Garbh (formed byLoch Laxford and Loch Inchard), andStoer Head. The county has numerous beaches, a remote example beingSandwood Bay, which can only be reached by foot along a rough track.
Sutherland has many ruggedmountains such asBen Hope, the most northerlyMunro, andBen More Assynt, the tallest peak in the county at 998 m (3,274 ft). The western part comprisesTorridonian sandstone underlain byLewisian gneiss. The spectacular scenery has been created bydenudation to form isolated sandstone peaks such asFoinaven,Arkle,Cùl Mòr andSuilven. Suchmountains are attractive forhill walking andscrambling, despite their remote location. Together with similar peaks to the south inWester Ross, such asStac Pollaidh, they have a unique structure with great scope for exploration. On the other hand, care is needed when bad weather occurs owing to their isolation and the risks of injury.
The county contains numerouslochs, some of which have been enlarged to serve as reservoirs. The larger inland lochs are:[b]
Owing to its isolation from the rest of the country, Sutherland was reputedly the last haunt of the nativewolf, the last survivor being shot in the 18th century. However, other wildlife has survived, including thegolden eagle,sea eagle andpine marten amongst other species which are very rare in the rest of the country. There are pockets of the nativeScots Pine, remnants of the originalCaledonian Forest.
The importance of the county's scenery is recognised by the fact that four of Scotland's fortynational scenic areas (NSAs) are located here.[43] The purpose of the NSA designation is to identify areas of exceptional scenery and to ensure its protection from inappropriate development. The areas protected by the designation are considered to represent the type of scenic beauty "popularly associated with Scotland and for which it is renowned".[44] The four NSAs within Sutherland are:
Sutherland includes numerous small islands, generally lying close to the coast of the mainland. None are now inhabited, although some formerly were, notably includingEilean Hoan inLoch Eriboll,[46]Eilean nan Ròn off the north coast nearSkerray,[47] andHanda Island inEddrachillis Bay.[48]
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 23,117 | — |
| 1811 | 23,629 | +2.2% |
| 1821 | 23,840 | +0.9% |
| 1831 | 25,518 | +7.0% |
| 1841 | 24,782 | −2.9% |
| 1851 | 25,793 | +4.1% |
| 1861 | 24,157 | −6.3% |
| 1871 | 23,298 | −3.6% |
| 1881 | 22,376 | −4.0% |
| 1891 | 21,896 | −2.1% |
| 1901 | 21,440 | −2.1% |
| 1911 | 20,179 | −5.9% |
| 1921 | 17,802 | −11.8% |
| 1931 | 16,101 | −9.6% |
| 1951 | 13,670 | −15.1% |
| 1961 | 13,507 | −1.2% |
| 1971 | 13,055 | −3.3% |
| 2011 | 12,803 | −1.9% |
The parishes which make up the registration county (being the pre-1975 county) had a population of 12,803 at the2011 census. The Sutherland lieutenancy area (additionally including Kincardine) had a population of 13,451.[49]
The population peaked at just under 26,000 in the 1851 census, but has been in decline since then.[18]
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TheA9 road main east coast road is challenging north of Helmsdale, particularly at the notoriousBerriedale Braes, and there are few inland roads. TheFar North Line north-south single-track railway line was extended through Sutherland by theHighland Railway between 1868 and 1871. It enters Sutherland near Invershin and runs along the east coast as far as possible, but an inland diversion was necessary from Helmsdale along theStrath of Kildonan. The line exits to the east ofForsinard.
Helmsdale on the east coast is on the A9 road, at a junction with the A897, and has a railway station on the Far North Line. Buses operate about every two hours Mondays-Saturdays and infrequently on Sundays from Helmsdale toBrora,Golspie,Dornoch,Tain andInverness in the south, and Berriedale, Dunbeath, Halkirk, Thurso and Scrabster in the north.[50] These are on route X99 and are operated byStagecoach Group, but tickets can be bought on the Citylink website. Various other Stagecoach buses link the other towns of eastern Sutherland, such as Lairg and Bonar Bridge to Tain and Inverness.[51] The western areas of the county are less well served by public transport, however the Far North Bus company does provided scheduled services connecting Durness to Lairg (bus 806), and from Durness to Thurso via the towns of the north Sutherland coast (bus 803).[52]
There are no commercial airports in the county. There is a small general aviation airstrip south of Dornoch, the former RAF Dornoch, which sees little traffic.[53]
Parishes existed from medieval times. From 1845 to 1894 they had parish boards and from 1894 to 1930 they had parish councils. They have had no administrative functions since 1930, but continue to be used for the presentation of statistics.[54]
Following the 1891 parish boundary changes, Sutherland contained the following civil parishes:[31][55]
Eddrachillis and Tongue were formerly part of Durness parish, being separated in 1724.[56] The other eleven parishes are ancient in origin.
Community councils were created in 1975 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1973. They have no statutory powers, but serve as a representative body for their communities. The Highland Council designates community council areas, but a community council is only formed if there is sufficient interest from the residents. Following a review in 2019, Sutherland comprised the following communities, all of which have community councils as at 2024:[57][58]
The Sutherland constituency of theHouse of Commons of theParliament of the United Kingdom represented the county from 1708 to 1918. The constituency excluded the burgh ofDornoch, which was represented as a component of theNorthern Burghs constituency. In 1918 the Sutherland constituency and Dornoch were merged into the then new constituency ofCaithness and Sutherland. In 1997 Caithness and Sutherland was merged intoCaithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross.
TheScottish Parliament constituency of Caithness, Sutherland and Easter Ross was created in 1999 for the newly established parliament. The constituency was extended for the 2011 election to include more ofRoss-shire, and was so renamedCaithness, Sutherland and Ross. In theScottish Parliament, Sutherland is represented also as part of theHighlands and Islandselectoral region.
In 2018 a flag was adopted for Sutherland, following a competition organised by the Lord Lieutenant of Sutherland. The winning design has black lines on a white background, arranged as an overlappingsaltire andNordic cross, representing combined Scottish and Norwegian heritage. A gold star representing the sun is formed where the lines intersect.[59]
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InM. C. Beaton'sHamish Macbeth mystery series, the fictional towns of Lochdubh and Strathbane are located in Sutherland.[60]
Rosamunde Pilcher's last novelWinter Solstice is largely set in and around the fictional Sutherland town of Creagan, located in the Sutherland town of Dornoch.[61]
The ship captained byHoratio Hornblower inC. S. Forester’s bookA Ship of the Line is called HMSSutherland.
The short story "Monarch of the Glen" byNeil Gaiman is set in Sutherland, and includes a discussion on the origin of the name.
It is still common to refer to the entire Gaelic-speaking world with the phrase "Ó Chataibh go Cléire" (from Sutherland toCape Clear) or "Ó Chataibh go Ciarraí" (from Sutherland to Kerry). Cléire and Ciarraí are Gaelic-speaking regions in the far south-west of Ireland.
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Local government areas ofScotland, in use 1975 to 1996 | ||
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| Borders |  | |
| Central | ||
| Dumfries and Galloway | ||
| Fife | ||
| Grampian | ||
| Highland | ||
| Lothian | ||
| Strathclyde | ||
| Tayside | ||
| Island areas1 | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
