Susan Tufts Fiske (born August 19, 1952) is an American psychologist who served as the Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology and Public Affairs in the Department of Psychology at Princeton University.^[1] She is asocial psychologist known for her work onsocial cognition,stereotypes, andprejudice.^[2] Fiske leads the Intergroup Relations, Social Cognition, and Social Neuroscience Lab at Princeton University. Her theoretical contributions include the development of the stereotype content model, ambivalent sexism theory, power as control theory, and the continuum model of impression formation.

Fiske comes from a family of psychologists and social activists. Her father,Donald W. Fiske, was an influential psychologist who spent most of his career at theUniversity of Chicago.^[3] Her mother, Barbara Page Fiske (1917–2007), was a civic leader in Chicago.^[4] Her brother,Alan Page Fiske, is an anthropologist atUCLA. Fiske's grandmother and great grandmother weresuffragists.^[5] Two nieces and her daughter all have psychology PhDs. In 1969, Susan Fiske enrolled atRadcliffe College for her undergraduate degree in social relations, where she graduatedmagna cum laude in 1973.^[1] She received her PhD fromHarvard University in 1978, for her thesis titledAttention and the Weighting of Behavior in Person Perception. She currently resides in Vermont, with her husbandDouglas Massey, a retired Princeton sociologist.^[5]

The last semester of Fiske's senior year, she worked withShelley Taylor, an assistant professor at Harvard, studyingsocial cognition, particularly the effectattention has insocial situations.^[5] After graduation, Fiske continued in the field of social cognition. There is conflict between the fields ofsocial psychology andcognitive psychology, and some researchers want to keep these two fields separate. Fiske felt that significant knowledge could be attained by combining the fields. Fiske's experience with this conflict and her interest in the field of social cognition resulted in Fiske's and Taylor's bookSocial Cognition. This book provides an overview of the developing theories and concepts emerging in the field of social cognition, while explaining the use cognitive processes to understand social situations, ourselves and others.^[5] Fiske andSteven Neuberg went on to develop one of the first dual process models of social cognition, the "continuum model."

She gave expert testimony in the landmark case,Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins which was eventually heard by theSupreme Court of the United States,^[6] making her the first social psychologist to testify in a gender discrimination case. This testimony led to a continuing interest in the use of psychological science in legal contexts.^[7]

Working withPeter Glick, Fiske analyzed the interdependence of male-female interactions, leading to the development ofambivalent sexism theory. She also examined gender differences in social psychologists' publication rates and citations within the influential psychology journal,Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. The male authors in the sample submitted more articles and had higher acceptance rates (18% vs. 14%). Women's impact was the same as men's as measured through the number of citations in textbooks and handbooks, so women were more cited per article published.^[8]

Fiske worked with Peter Glick andAmy Cuddy to develop the Stereotype Content Model.^[5] This model explains that warmth and competence differentiate out group stereotypes.

Fiske has been involved in the field of social cognitive neuroscience.^[5] This field examines how neural systems are involved in social processes, such as person perception.^[9] Fiske's own work has examined neural systems involved in stereotyping,^[10] intergroup hostility,^[11] and impression formation.^[12]

She has authored over 400 publications and has written several books, including her 2010 workSocial Beings: A Core Motives Approach to Social Psychology^[13] andSocial Cognition, a graduate level text that defined the now-popular subfield of social cognition. She has edited theAnnual Review of Psychology (withDaniel Schacter andShelley Taylor) and theHandbook of Social Psychology (withDaniel Gilbert and the lateGardner Lindzey). Other books includeEnvy Up, Scorn Down: How Status Divides Us, which describes how people constantlycompare themselves to others, with toxic effects on their relationships at home, at work, in school, and in the world,^[14] andThe Human Brand: How We Relate to People, Products, and Companies.^[15] She serves on the Board of Directors ofAnnual Reviews.^[16]

Her four most well-known contributions to the field of psychology are thestereotype content model,^[17][18]ambivalent sexism theory,^[19] thecontinuum model of impression formation,^[20] and the power-as-control theory.^[21] She is also known for the termcognitive miser, coined with her graduate adviserShelley E. Taylor under the late Amos Tversky, referring to individuals' tendencies to use cognitive shortcuts andheuristics.^[22][23]

Thestereotype content model (SCM) is apsychological theory arguing that people tend to perceive social groups along two fundamental dimensions: warmth and competence.^[18][24] Warmth describes the group's perceived intent (friendly and trustworthy or not); competence describes their perceived ability to act on their intent.^[24] The SCM was originally developed to understand the social classification of groups within the population of the U.S. However, the SCM has since been applied to analyzing social classes and structures across countries^[10][25] and history.^[26]

Most samples view their own middle class as both warm and competent, but they view refugees, homeless people, and undocumented immigrants as neither warm nor competent. The SCM's innovation is identifying mixed stereotypes—high on competence but low on warmth (e.g., rich people) or high on warmth but low on competence (e.g., elderly people).^[27] Nations with higher income inequality tend to use these mixed stereotypes more frequently.^[25]

Groups' perceived cooperativeness predicts their perceived warmth, and this dimension reflects the importance of intent.^[18] Warmth predicts active helping and harming.^[28] A group's perceived status predicts its stereotypic competence, so this reflects a belief in meritocracy, that people get what they deserve.^[18] Competence predicts passive helping and harming.^[28]

Fiske and Peter Glick developed theambivalent sexism inventory (ASI) as a way of understanding prejudice against women.^[19] The ASI posits two sub-components of gender stereotyping: hostile sexism (hostility towards nontraditional women), and benevolent sexism (idealizing and protecting traditional women). The theory posits that men and women's intimate interdependence, coupled with men's average status advantage, requires incentives for women who cooperate (benevolent sexism) and punishment for women who resist (hostile sexism).^[29] Both men and women can endorse hostile sexism and benevolent sexism, though men on average score higher than women, especially on hostile sexism.^[30] Though HS and BS entail opposite attitudinal dispositions toward women, they are positively correlated.^[31] The ASI appears useful across nations.^[32] The authors have also developed a parallel scale of ambivalence toward men.^[33] According to a recent review, the ASI scale has been used by 654 peer-reviewed studies with adult populations.^[34]

Power-as-control theory aims to explain how social power motivates people to heed or ignore others. In this framework, power is defined as control over valued resources and over others' outcomes. Low-power individuals watch those who control resources, while powerful people do not need to watch low-power individuals (since high-power individuals can, by definition, get what they want).^[35]

This model describes the process by which we form impressions of others. Impression formation is framed as depending on two factors: The available information and the perceiver's motivations.^[36] According to the model, these two factors help to explain people's tendency to apply stereotyping processes vs. individuating processes when forming social impressions.

With thereplication crisis of psychology earning attention, Fiske drew controversy for calling out critics of psychology.^{[37][38][39][40]} In a letter intended for publication inAPS Observer, she referred to these unnamed "adversaries" as "methodological terrorist" and "self-appointed data police", and said that criticism of psychology should only be expressed in private or through contacting the journals.^[37] Columbia University statistician and political scientistAndrew Gelman, "well-respected among the researchers driving the replication debate", responded to Fiske, saying that she had found herself willing to tolerate the "dead paradigm" of faulty statistics and had refused to retract publications even when errors were pointed out.^[37][41] He added that during her tenure as editor a number of papers edited by her were found to be based on extremely weak statistics; one of Fiske's own published papers had a major statistical error and "impossible" conclusions.^[37]

After the leak of her letter, she tempered the language in the publishedAPS Observer column, removing the term "methodological terrorists".^[42] In the column, she expressed concern that although peer critiques are valuable, peer critique through social media outlets "can encourage a certain amount of uncurated, unfiltered denigration." She elaborated: "In a few rare but chilling cases, self-appointed data police are volunteering critiques" that "attack the person, not just the work; they attack publicly, without quality controls; they have reportedly sent their unsolicited, unvetted attacks to tenure-review committees and public-speaking sponsors; they have implicated targets' family members and advisors."^[39] Since writing the column, Fiske has published peer-reviewed advice about publishing rigorous research in the 21st century^[43] and about adversarial collaboration as a remedy to public incivility among disagreeing perspectives.^[44]

Fiske became an elected member of theNational Academy of Sciences in 2013. In 2011, Fiske was elected into the Fellowship of the British Academy.^[1] In 2010, she was awarded theAmerican Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award.^[1] She received numerous awards in 2009, including aGuggenheim Fellowship, the Association for Psychological Science William James Fellow Award, and the Society for Personality and Social PsychologyDonald Campbell Award.^[1][45][46] In 2008, Fiske received the Staats Award for Unifying Psychology, from the American Psychological Association. In 2003, she was awarded the Thomas Ostrom Award from the International Social Cognition Network and for 2019 theBBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Social Sciences.^[47]

Fiske was awarded honorary degrees from the University of Granada in 2017,University of Basel in 2013, theUniversity of Leiden in 2009 and theUniversité catholique de Louvain in 1995.^[1]

She served as past president of theSociety for Personality and Social Psychology, Division 8 of the American Psychological Association, theFederation of Associations in Behavioral and Brain Sciences, the Foundation for the Advancement of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, and theAmerican Psychological Society (now theAssociation for Psychological Science). She is also a fellow of theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences and theAmerican Academy of Political and Social Science. She was elected to theAmerican Philosophical Society in 2014.^[48]

A quantitative analysis published in 2014 identified Fiske as the 22nd most eminent researcher in the modern era of psychology (12th among living researchers, 2nd among women).^[49]

• Fiske, Susan T. (2011).Envy up, scorn down: How status divides us. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.ISBN 978-0-87154-464-3.
• Todorov, Alexander T.; Fiske, Susan T.; Prentice, Deborah (2011).Social neuroscience: Toward understanding the underpinnings of the social mind. New York: Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-531687-2.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Markus, Hazel R. (2012).Facing social class: How societal rank influences interaction. London: Russell Sage Foundation.ISBN 978-0-87154-479-7.
• Fiske, Susan T.;Taylor, Shelley E. (2013).Social cognition: From brains to culture (2nd ed.). London: Sage.ISBN 978-1-4462-5815-6.
• Fiske, Susan T. (2014).Social beings (4th ed.). New York: Wiley.
• Editor of the 2004, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 editions ofAnnual Review of Psychology
• Editor of the 2010 edition of Handbook of Social Psychology
• Editor of the 2012 edition of the Sage Handbook of Social Cognition
• Editor of Sage Major Works in Social Cognition (2013)
• Sternberg, R. J., Fiske, S. T., & Foss, D. J. (Eds.). (2016).Scientists making a difference. Cambridge University Press.^[50]

• Fiske, Susan T.; Taylor, S. E. (1978).Salience, attention, and attribution: Top-of-the-head phenomena. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 11. pp. 249–288.doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60009-x.ISBN 978-0-12-015211-7.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Taylor, S. E.; Etcoff, N. L.; Ruderman, A. J. (1978). "Categorical and contextual bases of person memory and stereotyping".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.36 (7):778–793.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.7.778.
• Fiske, Susan T. (1980). "Attention and weight in person perception: The impact of negative and extreme behavior".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.38 (6):889–906.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.38.6.889.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Abelson, R.P.; Kinder, D.R.; Peters, M.D. (1982). "Affective and semantic components in political person perception".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.42 (4):619–630.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.619.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Neuberg, S. L. (1990).A continuum of impression formation, from category-based to individuating processes: Influences of information and motivation on attention and interpretation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 23. pp. 1–74.doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60317-2.ISBN 978-0-12-015223-0.
• Fiske, Susan T. (1993). "Controlling other people: The impact of power on stereotyping".American Psychologist.48 (6):621–628.doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.6.621.PMID 8328729.
• Fiske, Susan T. (February 1993). "Social cognition and social perceptions".Annual Review of Psychology.44 (1):155–194.doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.001103.PMID 8434891.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, P. (1996). "The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.70 (3):491–512.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.470.9865.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.491.
• Fiske, Susan T. (1998). "Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination".Handbook of Social Psychology.2 (1) (4 ed.):357–411.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Glick, P. (2001). "An ambivalent alliance: Hostile and benevolent sexism as complementary justifications of gender inequality".American Psychologist.56 (2):109–118.doi:10.1037/0003-066x.56.2.109.PMID 11279804.
• Fiske, Susan T.; Cuddy, Amy J.C.; Glick, Peter; Xu, Jun (June 2002). "A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition".Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.82 (6):878–902.CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.4001.doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878.PMID 12051578.S2CID 17057403.
• Fiske, Susan T.;Borgida, Eugene (August 2008)."Providing expert knowledge in an adversarial context: social cognitive science in employment discrimination cases".Annual Review of Law and Social Science.4 (1):123–148.doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.4.110707.172350.
• Cikara, Mina; Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; Fiske, Susan T. (December 2010)."From agents to objects: sexist attitudes and neural responses to sexualized targets".Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.23 (3):540–551.doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21497.PMC 3801174.PMID 20350187.

• Fiske's Page at Princeton
• Social Psychology Network Professional Profile

• 20th-century American psychologists
• 21st-century American psychologists
• American women psychologists
• American social psychologists
• American women neuroscientists
• American neuroscientists
• Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
• Princeton University faculty
• Living people
• 1952 births
• Radcliffe College alumni
• Fellows of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
• 21st-century American women scientists
• Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
• 20th-century American women scientists
• American women academics
• Annual Reviews (publisher) editors
• Corresponding fellows of the British Academy
• Members of the American Philosophical Society
• James McKeen Cattell Fellow Award recipients
• APA Distinguished Scientific Award for an Early Career Contribution to Psychology recipients

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Articles with hCards
• Pages using infobox person with deprecated parameters
• Articles with excerpts