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Alternative versions of Superman

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Alternate versions of Superman
Variations of Superman throughout DC Comics' publications' parallel universes and alternate timelines. Interior artwork fromSuperman vol. 1, #708 (April 2011 DC Comics)
Art byEddy Barrows
PublisherDC Comics
First appearanceAction Comics #1 (April1938)
Created byJoe Shuster
Jerry Siegel
CharactersSuperman (Kal-L)
Superman (Earth-22)
Superboy-Prime
Ultraman
Hank Henshaw
Eradicator
Superman (Kal Kent)
Bizarro
Negative Superman
Superman – Calvin Ellis (Kalel)
Superman (Val Zod)
See alsoSuperman in other media

The character ofSuperman was created byJerry Siegel andJoe Shuster, and has been continually published in a variety ofDC Comics book titles since its premiere in 1938. There have been several versions of Superman over the years, both as the main hero in the stories as well as several alternative versions.

In mainstream comic continuity

[edit]

Originally, there was only one Superman. However, beginning in the late 1940s, demand for comics shifted from superheroes as war, horror, science fiction and romance comics became more popular. Most of the DC Comics superhero titles were cancelled or began featuring the more popular genres. Superman, along withBatman andWonder Woman, continued to be published. To explain how Superman could have been active as a young man in the 1930s when later stories show Superman still youthful in the 1960s, DC Comics developed amultiverse, the existence of several realities. The originalGolden Age Superman was retconned toEarth-Two, while the then-currently published hero was assigned toEarth-One.

In addition to these main two "official" variations of the standard Superman character, a number of characters have assumed the title of Superman in many variant stories set in both primary and alternative continuity. Following the storyline ofThe Death of Superman and during the subsequentReign of the Supermen storyline, a number of characters claimed the mantle. In addition,Bizarro, for instance, is an imperfect duplicate of Superman. Other members of Superman's family of characters have borne theSuper- prefix, includingSupergirl,Krypto the Superdog and, in some instances,Superwoman.

Pre-Crisis 1938–1986

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Superman was first published in 1938. In 1986, DC Comics publishedCrisis on Infinite Earths, a 12-issue series designed to clean up and establish a new continuity for DC, affecting not only Superman, but all of the DC Comics characters. The versions of Superman from this time period are traditionally divided into three main periods.

Golden Age 1938–1950s

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The first version of Superman began being published by DC Comics in 1938 appearing inAction Comics #1. To explain discrepancies in the aging of Superman across several decades, his earliest stories wereretroactively portrayed as having taken place on analternate world calledEarth-Two. These stories take place from 1938 until the late 1950s, although the exact dividing line is unclear and some stories happened identically to both the Golden Age andSilver Age Supermen. The Golden Age Superman started his career leaping tall buildings rather than flying, had heat from his x-ray vision and not heat vision as the Earth-One hero did. In addition, he had a very limited ability to change his facial features to resemble other men of similar height and build that the other Superman lacked. The Golden Age Superman (Kal-L) is the first primary superhero of Earth-Two, who began his career as an adult and emerges just beforeWorld War II. He is a member of theJustice Society and, during World War II, theAll-Star Squadron. As Clark Kent, he works for theDaily Star as a reporter and eventually becomes editor-in-chief. Clark eventually marriesLois Lane[1] and settles down with her for several decades, and when Kal-L's long-lost cousinPower Girl arrives on Earth, they become her surrogate parents.[2] Kal-L is erased from Earth's history after the events ofCrisis on Infinite Earths, but survives and enters a "paradise" dimension. During theInfinite Crisis event, both Kal-L and the Earth-Two Lois are killed.[3] His main two foes are theUltra-Humanite and the red-hairedLex Luthor. In addition, his "S" symbol on his chest is generally drawn in a less distinctive manner.[4] Stories taking place in the 1970s and 1980s featuring this version of Superman are usually labelled as Earth-Two stories.

Silver Age 1950s–1971

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Main article:Superman (Earth-One)

The more significant differences between the Golden Age version (later equated with Kal-L of Earth-Two) and Silver Age version (Kal-El of Earth-One) of Superman includes the Silver Age Kal-El beginning his public, costumed career asSuperboy at the age of eight,[5] more than a decade before nearly all other Earth-One heroes. Superboy only finds super-powered peers in the 30th-centuryLegion of Super-Heroes, though he also meets as a teenager Earth-One's only other major superpowered hero, "Aquaboy" (the teenagedAquaman).[6]Lex Luthor meets Superboy inSmallville when they are teens; the two are briefly friends before they become mortal enemies, years before they become adults.[7] As an adult, Clark Kent works at theDaily Planet and Superman is a founding member of theJustice League of America.

The Silver Age Superman was typically characterized as being more grounded in reality than previous depictions, in that he was portrayed with a realistic appearance and embedded within logical and rationalistic narratives.[8] While these were still based on the science fiction of his earlier iterations, Superman was portrayed in storylines that sought to uncover the mysteries of the world through observation and the use of evidence, including the concept of limits and the consequences of human action. This definition is attributed toCurt Swan, who was the principal artist of Superman comics from 1955 to 1985.[9] Swan's extensive work on the character, which was responsible for much of the public perception of the superhero, emphasized anatomical realism, embedding in the character a sense ofNorman RockwellesqueAmericana.[9] This depiction of the superhero resonated with the readers as indicated in the way some observers saw their own lived experiences in his stories.[10]

Bronze Age 1971–1986

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In 1971,Dennis O'Neil andJulius Schwartz set out to simplify Superman's elaborate framework. They streamlined the Superman mythos by downsizing his abilities and reducing his power levels. This version only lasted a few issues.[11] DC attempted more of a soft reboot in the 45th Anniversary issue ofAction Comics. Lex Luthor andBrainiac were updated and modernized to make them more visibly dangerous for Superman.[12] The Silver/Bronze Age (Earth-One) Superman was given a send-off in theAlan Moore-penned "imaginary story"Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? (1986). Colloquially known as "The Last Superman Story", it was a conclusive ending to Superman's story as a character. The story was originally conceived by senior editor Julius Schwartz, who designed a goodbye for the hero in his final twoSuperman issues (prior to the John ByrneThe Man of Steel relaunch) –Superman #423 andAction Comics #583 (1986). Both comics were illustrated by the long-tenured, mainstaySuperman artist Curt Swan.

Other Pre-Crisis versions

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BeforeCrisis, the Multiverse was also used to explain an "evil" version of Superman fromEarth-Three as well as other versions that officially existed. Earth-95 had Superman's fatherJor-El rescue his entire family.[13] Earth-149 sawLex Luthor succeed in killing Superman.[14] Earth-Prime was designated as the "real" world, even thoughSuperboy-Prime is from that universe. This version of Clark Kent is from a world without other superpowered beings, where he grows to adolescence reading about the DC superheroes in comic books. During theCrisis on Infinite Earths, he gains powers like those of the Silver Age Superboy and helps to defeat theAnti-Monitor. However, his own world is lost and Superboy-Prime himself is confined toLimbo.

In addition to official versions, other stories listed as "What Ifs" or imaginary stories which were not originally an official part of DC continuity. One example,Superman Red/Superman Blue was the subject of several story lines. The Silver Age version of the tale was an "imaginary story" in which Superman splits into two beings, one which marriesLois Lane, and the other marriesLana Lang, and both are happy. Both retained their powers, with one having all red removed from his costume and the other having all blue removed. InSuperman #300, a story imagines what would have happened if Superman had landed in the middle of theCold War, with both the U.S. and theUSSR trying to capture the capsule as it is landing. Kent is a reporter for a worldwide news service, and takes the name Skyboy.[15][unreliable source?]

Post-Crisis: 1986–present

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The Multiverse system was discarded in the aftermath ofCrisis on Infinite Earths limited series (1986) byrebooting all of DC's various stories and continuities into one timeline taking place on a single Earth (later described asNew Earth). A more modern adaptation of the mainstream "Earth-One" Superman debuted inJohn Byrne'sThe Man of Steel miniseries in 1986. The post-Crisis Superman was the Superman from 1986 to 2011. Superman's backstory was heavily revised and many Silver Age elements, such as his career as Superboy, were removed.[16] Significant changes included a reimagining of allKryptonians being genetically bound toKrypton, making it fatal for them to leave the planet. Jor-El devises a serum to counter this, which he administers to baby Kal-El. DC used this plot device to make Superman Krypton's sole survivor until this was retconned in the mid 2000s to introduce the post-Crisis Kara Zor-El. Krypton was also reimagined as an emotionless and sterile society where all children are grown in a birthing matrix as Kryptonians findsexual reproduction to be barbaric. Clark never becomes Superboy, with his powers manifesting gradually as he matures in age. His power level is also toned down to where he is no longer able to travel through time with his super speed, is not strong enough to push planets out of orbit like his Silver Age incarnation, and will be at least disorientated if not outright hurt if forced to confront a nuclear explosion. Clark also spends some years traveling the globe trying to find himself after leaving Smallville and before settling inMetropolis, performing various low-key rescues before a crashing plane forces him to make a more public debut. Other differences include Lex Luthor as a business mogul with secret criminal dealings rather than a supergenius scientist who is a known crook to the public; both of his parents alive and well in the present; only greenkryptonite existing (until the mid 2000s) and Superman thinking of himself as Clark Kent first, with "Superman" being a persona he adopts to preserve his privacy. Nuances in the characters mythos were later defined in variousSuperman origin stories, such asSuperman: Birthright, whereMark Waid retooled Superman's origin in 2003. The trend continued afterInfinite Crisis; when Superman's backstory was retooled once again byGeoff Johns, withSuperman: Secret Origin in 2009.

The single-Earthcontinuity retained the dichotomy of a good and evil Superman by introducing an alternate version of Superman's Earth-Three double,Ultraman in theAntimatter Universe surviving theCrisis, as presented inJLA: Earth 2. Alternative Supermen were also depicted using literary devices such as time travel and "Hypertime". The subsequent sequel toCrisis, titledInfinite Crisis, would see a brief return of the Golden Age Superman, Kal-L as well as theteenage Superman ofa world without heroes, who survived the originalCrisis. The modern take on the Superman Blue/Red was a controversial storyline in which Superman develops energy-based powers while losing his original powers, and acquires a corresponding new costume. He eventually splits into two versions of the energy-Superman, known as Superman Red and Superman Blue, before the two Supermen manage to find a way to work together and merge back into one entity.

Due to the events ofInfinite Crisis, as revealed in the subsequent weekly series52, a newmultiverse consisting of 52 alternative Earths was created, with most worlds featuring new alternative depictions of Superman. This backstory was kept intact for over a decade until it was revised inSuperman: Birthright (2003) byMark Waid, and then further modified following the events ofInfinite Crisis (2006),[17] with the essence of the changes being elaborated on in the subsequent "Superman: Secret Origin" six-issue story arc written by Geoff Johns (debuted September 2009). Many of theSilver Age elements of Superman's biography (such as his meeting Lex Luthor at a younger age and his teenage membership asSuperboy in theLegion of Super-Heroes) that were removed inThe Man of Steel were restored in these continuity changes. Nonetheless, many of the elements added in theMan of Steel revamp remain in place. This version finally returns in theConvergence (2015) crossover where he and Lois have a son namedJon. Later the three of them travel back in time to the originalCrisis on Infinite Earths (1985) to avert the collapse of the original Multiverse.

Another fresh incarnation of Superman was introduced in September 2011 in the wake of DC'sFlashpoint event and as part ofThe New 52 publishing relaunch, and was retired in 2016 following the restoration of the post-Crisis Superman. The New 52 Superman's backstory is detailed in the first story arc of the second volume ofAction Comics (2011–2012). This latest incarnation of Superman incorporates elements of nearly every previous version, and starts off as a reporter for theDaily Star (later changing to theDaily Planet). He and Lois are friends but not lovers, his parents are dead, and it is not until adulthood that he emerges as Superman. Later, after joining the Justice League, he starts a relationship withWonder Woman. During theTruth storyline his secret identity is revealed to the world and he largely loses his powers after using a new power he calls a 'Solar Flare'. He struggles with vulnerability for the first time while fighting crime in an improvised way, while also dealing with not being taken as seriously, problems in his relationship with Wonder Woman that eventually cause him to end it, and regaining his powers. However, a combination of different trials, such as exposing himself to kryptonite to purge himself of the radiation inhibiting his powers and absorbing energy from the fire pits ofApokolips, compromise his health. After undergoing tests at the Fortress, Superman confirms that he is dying, eventually turning to dust after saving lives one last time. After this Superman's death, the Post-Crisis Superman- trapped in this reality after the events of theConvergence storyline- takes both his place as the current Superman and his place in the current Justice League, and, with theDC Rebirth initiative (the publisher's attempt to set right unpopular character changes) this Superman is told that there is more to the story of his replacing New 52 Superman than he realizes. At the conclusion of the "Superman Reborn" storyline, the histories of the pre-Flashpoint and New 52 Superman and Lois Lane are merged, effectively writing over the New 52 era as if it never happened and creating another soft reboot for characters in theSuperman franchise.[18][19]

Alternative universe depictions

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Main articles:Multiverse (DC Comics) § Original multiverse, andMultiverse (DC Comics) § The 52

Earth-1

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In the Silver Age of Comic Books, Earth-1 was home to the mainstream version of Superman known by most readers of DC Comics. Following DC'sFlashpoint event,The New 52 Earth-1 is the setting of theEarth One graphic novel series, where Superman is one of a handful of heroes just starting out in modernized retellings of classic origin stories.

Val-Zod (Earth-2)

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Following52 (2006), a nearly identical Earth-2 is created with only subtle differences like the Justice Society andInfinity, Inc. combining into theJustice Society Infinity, Green LanternAlan Scott being dead and Superman being missing for years. FollowingFlashpoint (2011), the Earth-2 concept is revised again. After Kal-El is killed in an invasion of Earth byDarkseid, a new Kryptonian who resembles a blue eyed black man emerges as Superman,Val-Zod, a pacifist who reconsiders his beliefs to defeat an evil clone of Kal-El. Val-Zod is the son of the deceasedZod who, along with Power Girl, are both adopted by Jor-El andLara.

Ultraman (Earth-3)

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Main article:Ultraman (DC Comics)

There are several versions of the evil Superman analogue, which begins withUltraman, who as originally introduced is Superman's evil analogue from Earth-Three. After the Multiverse concept was retired, Ultraman was introduced as an alien fromQward with powers similar to the original; this version made only one appearance. DC later attempted the "evil universe" trope again with the Antimatter Universe inJLA: Earth 2 (2000), introducing an Ultraman who is Lt. Clark Kent, a human astronaut who is experimented on during a deep space mission. He is a member of the Crime Syndicate of Amerika. Following DC's series52, the maxiseriesCountdown introduced a new "Golden Age" Ultraman from the new Earth-3, a member of the Crime Society of America. This Ultraman and his team are analogues for the elder Superman and the Justice Society Infinity of the new Earth-2. FollowingThe New 52 reboot, DC revised Earth-3 again withForever Evil (2013–14), making Ultraman of Earth-3 Superman from Earth-0's evil counterpart and a Kryptonian once again.

Captain Allen Adam (Earth-4)

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The Superman of Post-Crisis Earth-4 isCaptain Allen Adam, the Quantum Superman, and one of the most powerful beings in all of the 52 Earths. An amalgamation ofCaptain Atom (aCharlton Comics superhero based on Superman and later acquired by DC) andDoctor Manhattan of theWatchmen maxiseries (who is a pastiche of Captain Atom), Air Force Captain Allen Adam gained his quantum abilities when he was disintegrated in a blast caused by an experimentalU-235 engine. The U-235 particles fused with his body, and his disembodied consciousness built an enhanced copy of his former body, but he keeps his "quantum senses" at a managed level by using drugs. He is one of the Supermen from throughout the Multiverse who are recruited by theMonitor Zillo Valla inFinal Crisis: Superman Beyond, and allows the drugs in his system to wear off in order to reach a grander state of being, fusing the consciousness of Ultraman and Superman together in order to operate the Superman Robot in the Monitor world and fight Mandrakk, the Dark Monitor.[20][21] This version of Captain Atom is revisited inThe Multiversity: Pax Americana (2015), which details his origin in more depth.

Captain Marvel (Earth-5)

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On the Post-Crisis Earth-5, Superman's closest analogue isCaptain Marvel (originally aFawcett Comics superhero) as shown inSuperman: Beyond andFinal Crisis.

Herr Superman and Hyperious (Earth-8)

[edit]

Earth-8 is aMarvel Comics pastiche world, home to villainsLord Havok and theExtremists, who are opposed byAvengers pastiche characters theMeta Militia (a modernization of the Champions of Angor). When visited duringCountdown, aGerman Superman called "Herr Superman", who serves inMonarch's army, is seen, but it is not certain what world he is from. InThe New 52, Earth-8 is home to a Superman analogue namedHyperious who is a pastiche of Marvel's own Superman pasticheHyperion. He is a member of anAvengers pastiche team named the Retaliators. Hyperious' current whereabouts are unknown.

Harvey Dent (Earth-9)

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The Superman from DC'sTangent Comicsimprint is a radically different character from the traditional Superman. Due to an experiment conducted on an entire town by a government black ops group called Nightwing,Harvey Dent was the lone infant survivor of a failed super-human program that killed hundreds. After growing to adulthood, and falling from the world's tallest building in an attempt to save a suicidal man, his dormant powers activate and he develops advanced physical and psychic abilities. Evolving millions of years past normal humans, he eventually becomes a "modern-day superhero".[22] He is illustrated as a tall, bald, African American man wearing a blue robe, and carrying a staff. This version of Superman has become the most powerful person on Earth. After attempting to give his wife the same powers as his, through what he thought was a safe version of the experiment, which resulted in her apparent death, Superman instead married that reality's version of Power Girl and decided to protect the entire world by conquering it, as seen inTangent: Superman's Reign. This Earth is numberedEarth-9 in the DC Multiverse.

Overman (Earth-10)

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Earth-10, which is under the control of theNazi Party, depicts an alternative Superman, usually known as Overman, who supports the Nazis' policy ofgenetic purity. He is a member of the JL-Axis, a Nazi-themed Justice League. Two conflicting artistic renditions of this Superman have been shown. One is a stereotypical blondAryan with a Naziswastika replacing the S-shield, while the other is a black-haired twin of the standard Superman with an "S" resembling one from theSchutzstaffel emblem. The first blond-haired Superman, along with most of the JL-Axis was likely killed when they were fighting theMonitors onEarth-51 and that entire universe was destroyed bySuperman-Prime andMonarch. The second, calledOverman, is Karl Kant, a.k.a. Kal-L, whose rocket from Krypton crashed in a field inCzechoslovakia in 1938. Nazi scientists retro engineered technology found in the rocket to win the war, and later unleashed Overman to defeat the USA forces in the 1950s. Overman leads the New Reichsmen, his world's Justice League, consisting of Brunhilde, Leatherwing, Blitzen,Martian Manhunter, Underwaterman, while fightingUncle Sam and theFreedom Fighters.[20] He is still mourning the death of his "cousin"Overgirl, from injuries sustained during her crossing of the Multiverse's interstitial Bleed medium.[23] He has growing doubts about his past use as enabler of the Nazi victory, especially after his discovery of an expandedNazi Holocaust in North America during the fifties and sixties. He is apparently immortal. Although he attempts to halt the fall of the Eagles Ayrie due to the Freedom Fighters' sabotage, he is unable to prevent its impact in Metropolis and the death of millions.[23] Distraught over Metropolis' destruction, added with his guilt over the millions of deaths that his regime was responsible for, Overman flees Earth for years which causes the Nazis to create a cyborg replacement to take Overman's place.

Superwoman (Earth-11)

[edit]

On the gender-reversedEarth-11, Earth's greatest hero isSuperwoman.

InSuperman #349 ("The Turnabout Trap!"),[24] Superman returns from an interstellar mission to find that everyone on Earth is of the opposite sex. Among them are Penny White (a femalePerry White), Jenny Olsen (a femaleJimmy Olsen), Louis Lane (a male Lois Lane),Batwoman (a femaleBatman, rather than the actual character), Wonder Warrior (a maleWonder Woman), Black Condor (a maleBlack Canary), Superlad (a maleSupergirl), and Superwoman (his female counterpart) herself. Believing he crossed into a parallel universe, Superman flies back to space to find a dimensional portal but is blocked by an invisible barrier. He notices the parallelism fails when he sees Superwoman and Clara Kent (Superwoman's presumed secret identity) are two separate people.

When he confronts Superwoman he discovers that he is regarded as a super-villain in this gender-reversed world, which leads to a battle with Superwoman, Superlad, and Wonder Warrior. They manage to trap Superman with Wonder Warrior on guard, but he manages to escape and takes Wonder Warrior's magic lasso with him. Superman figures out that his foeMr. Mxyzptlk is behind this gender-reversed world. This was partly due to the discrepancy of Clara Kent and Superwoman being different people. However, Mxyzptlk's biggest mistake was being too vain to give himself a reverse-gender counterpart in Superwoman's rogues gallery in theDaily Planet morgue; all of Superwoman's foes were reverse-gender counterparts to Superman's foes (Leslie Luthor (Lex Luthor), Bizaress (Bizarro) and the Toywoman (Toyman)) – except for Mxyzptlk. Superman discovers as well that he was never in a parallel universe, but rather on Earth, which Mxyzptlk had altered with his magic. After using Wonder Warrior's magic lasso to make Mxyzptlk say his name backward and thus returning him to his native dimension, the effects of Mxyzptlk's magic (including the existence of Superwoman) vanish, returning the Earth to normal. Upon his return to his Clark Kent identity, he is startled to discover there is still a Louis Lane, but he turns out to be Lois Lane's cousin.

Later stories, includingCountdown andThe Multiversity, revisit the concept of a gender-reversed Superman known as Superwoman, and designated those stories as taking place on Earth-11 of the DC Multiverse.

Superdemon (Earth-13)

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On Earth-13, Superman's role is filled bySuperdemon, a character who shares characteristics withEtrigan the Demon and Superman, and who leads the League of Shadows in a world of magic and cloak-and-dagger adventures.

Christopher Kent (Earth-16)

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Christopher Kent of Earth-16 is introduced inCountdown: Arena (2008) as a "more evolved" Superman who was able to reformat his power source to any energy source he could consciously choose, effortlessly overcoming the Earth-30 and Earth-31 Supermen with energy powers in a head-to-head battle. He was bald and wore a simple black T-shirt and jeans. He dies in an attempt to defeat Monarch using a massive amount of energy that burns out his body. The Earth-16 concept is refreshed followingFlashpoint (2011). InThe Multiversity (2015), Chris Kent, Superman's son, is the inheritor to his father's legacy in a world with no villains left to fight.[25]

Overman (Earth-17)

[edit]

The Superman of Pre-Crisis Earth-17 was the originalOverman, created by the government as were the other heroes of this Earth. Likewise, all other heroes that were created were modified clones of Overman's cell scrapings, such as versions of Wonder Woman, Flash, and Green Lantern. Some time later, Overman went on a homicidal rampage (due to anSTD which had affected his mind) and murdered everyone on the planet before he decided to commit suicide and destroy the planet at the same time with a doomsday bomb. This world was destroyed, and Overman was wiped out by the Crisis, until thePsycho-Pirate began bringing back characters the Crisis had killed inAnimal Man #23, Overman and bomb included, despite trying not to remember him. Overman fought against Ultraman and Animal Man, before Overman was dragged out of the comic book panels and wiped out by a closing panel, ranting that it was not his fault he was like that before Animal Man disarmed the bomb.[26] InThe New 52 DC Multiverse, Earth-17 is the world of theAtomic Knights and lacks a known Superman analogue.

Saganowana (Earth-18)

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Earth-18 is based on theJustice Riders comic; Superman's analogue isSaganowana, a bison-headed Native American hero.

The New Frontier (Earth-21)

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InDarwyn Cooke'sDC: The New Frontier, Superman is one of the heroes of Earth-21, who has been active since the '40s, and still is during the events of the storyline, which occurs during the 1950s. As inBatman: The Dark Knight Returns, he is a government agent, but unlikeDKR, he is willing to go against the U.S. government when he feels that the tensions between the humans and superhumans has to end. He is also a friend of Batman, rather than his foe as he is inDark Knight Returns.

Kingdom Come (Earth-22)

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TheKingdom Come Superman. Art byAlex Ross

TheKingdom Come miniseries shows an alternative future in which Kal-El went into self-imposed exile following the death ofLois Lane. He returns after ten years at the behest ofWonder Woman. This alternative Superman resides onEarth-22. He appeared in DC's mainstream continuity in theJustice Society of America story "Thy Kingdom Come", where he joined the Society in battlingGog. TheKingdom Come Superman is more powerful and less vulnerable tokryptonite than his younger mainstream counterpart, due to far greater exposure to yellow sun radiation (as explained by his Earth's Lex Luthor in the miniseries). He travels to the mainstream continuity inJustice Society: Thy Kingdom Come, and, after returning to his home universe, lives to see the formation of theLegion of Super-Heroes in the 31st century.[27]

Calvin Ellis (Earth-23)

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Final Crisis #7 introduces anAfrican-American version of the Man of Steel who is thePresident of the United States in his secret identity,President Calvin Ellis (with the Kryptonian name ofKalel). WriterGrant Morrison confirmed that this Superman is a homage to PresidentBarack Obama.[28] This Superman appears to be multiracial with both African and European features and wears the same costume as the New Earth Superman, except that his "S" insignia is yellow with a red backdrop. InAction Comics vol. 2 #9 (inThe New 52) this Superman is redesigned to appear with full African features and a new costume. On Earth-23, African American heroes have risen to positions of prominence (such asNubia beingWonder Woman)[29] inspired by Superman's legacy. He also leads Earth-23's Justice League and originates fromVathlo Island on Krypton. He plays a big role inThe Multiversity (2014–2015) and forms theJustice Incarnate, a team of superheroes from throughout the Multiverse who combat multiversal threats. InInjustice 2, he makes a cameo appearance in Green Arrow's ending working withRed Son Batman, andFlashpoint Wonder Woman to combat the threat posed by various incarnations of Brainiac and ends up saving Green Arrow's Earth from his universe's Brainiac.

Captain Carrot (Earth-C/Earth-26) and Super-Squirrel (Earth-C-Minus)

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The 1980s seriesCaptain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew presented theparallel Earths of Earth-C and Earth-C-Minus, worlds populated bytalking animal superheroes. Earth-C is home to the heroicCaptain Carrot, who does not share Superman's patterning but does have similar abilities and standing in his universe. Earth-C-Minus parallels the mainstream DC Universe, with animal superheroes as members of the superhero team "Just'a Lotta Animals" (JLA). Superman's Earth C-Minus analogue isSuper-Squirrel, a Chiptonian alien who is jealous of Captain Carrot's relationship with the Wonder Woman analogue of the world.[30] Since52, the Zoo Crew has resided on Earth-26, and appeared as prominent heroes inFinal Crisis (2008),The Multiversity (2014–2015) andConvergence (2015). It is not known if the inhabitants of Earth-C-Minus are on a new Earth.

Bizarro Superman (Earth-29)

[edit]

In the currentDC Multiverse, Earth-29 is a cube-shaped and ringedBizarro World in a "damaged continuum" that also hosts Sram (Mars-29), Nnar (Rann-29) and Raganaht (Thanagar-29). It is uncertain whether its Bizarro Superman, therefore, also originated on Notpyrk (Krypton-29).[31]

Red Son Superman (Earth-30)

[edit]
TheRed Son Superman. Art by Declan Shalvey.

Superman: Red Son explores what would have happened if Superman's ship had crashed in the Soviet Union instead of the United States and was raised under the control ofJoseph Stalin. TheRed Son Superman's birth name is stated to be Kal-L, the same as the aged pre-Crisis Earth-Two Superman, though he is essentially immortal as shown at the end of this mini-series. Moreover, he is from Earth's distant future and is a descendant ofLex Luthor andLois Lane. A younger alternative Communist version of theRed Son Superman resides onEarth-30. The Earth-30 Superman was captured by Monarch and forced to join his war against the Monitors in theCountdown series. He is later seen inFinal Crisis #7, flying along with 50 other Supermen.

Dark Knight Returns Superman (Earth-31)

[edit]

Prior toFlashpoint, Earth-31 is the setting ofFrank Miller'sThe Dark Knight Returns,The Dark Knight Strikes Again andAll Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder, first visited inCountdown: Arena #1 (2007).[32] InThe Dark Knight Returns and its sequel, Superman is a pawn of the American government in a dystopian United States in the supposed 1980s, and mention of him by the media is implied to be strictly forbidden by the Federal Communications Division. Although Batman and Superman are no longer friends, Superman shows a grudging respect for the Caped Crusader inThe Dark Knight Returns, and regrets when his fellow hero supposedly dies.

Flying Fox Superman (Earth-31)

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FollowingFlashpoint, in theNew 52DC Multiverse, the Earth-31 Superman is a member of theFlying Fox pirate crew on a post-apocalyptic waterworld. TheFlying Fox crew is led by a version of Batman named Leatherwing.[31]

Super-Martian (Earth-32)

[edit]

On Earth-32, the closest equivalent to Superman is a fusion of that character and theMartian Manhunter, known as Super-Martian. Super-Martian is a member of the Justice Titans.[31]

Savior (Earth-34), Supremo (Earth-35), and Optiman (Earth-36)

[edit]

On Earth-34,Savior is the strongest terrestrial metahuman, although his origin and appearance differ from that of Superman, in that he is a survivor of ancientMu, an Indian Oceanlost continent.[31] Meanwhile, Earth-35'sSupremo is its alternate Superman, as is Earth-36's slainOptiman. Creator Grant Morrison has said that these three Supermen and worlds are based on Justice League pastiches created by other writers for rival DC publishing houses, now pastiched in turn by DC and made a part of its official Multiverse.[33]

Zod/Clark Kent (Earth-40)

[edit]

On the world ofJSA: The Liberty Files, on the pre-FlashpointEarth-40, the Superman wasZod, a sociopath banished to thePhantom Zone for creating a deadly synthetic plague when he was eleven. When American scientists breached the Zone in an experiment, they found Zod. He feigned almost no memory of his home or his name. Renamed Clark Kent, he was sent to live with the Kents under supervision fromthe Pentagon, and then began running tests on his powers when they started to develop. Zod fooled most of his superiors by acting dumb, while at the time he was murdering other agents looking for a device called "the Trigger", a device which could simultaneously detonate all power sources on the planet like bombs. Zod, knowing that, if activated, the Trigger would set off nuclear warheads, and that radiation was the only thing that could harm him, wanted the Trigger so he could destroy it. He was finally taken down by the other costumed agents, until the combined forces of the Bat andthe Star were able to trap Zod in an orb of nuclear energy in space.

The post-Flashpoint Earth-40 has no such individual resident; it is apulp fiction world dominated by villains, and an "opposite" world for Earth-20.[34]

Chibi Superman (Earth-42)

[edit]

A "Super deformed" version of Superman, Batman and the Justice League of America appeared inSuperman/Batman #51 and #52. Grant Morrison'sAction Comics (2011) run andThe Multiversity later establish this world to be Earth-42 of the Multiverse.

Gold Superman (Earth-44)

[edit]

On Earth-44, the Superman of that world is a robot, a member of theMetal Men, robotic versions of Batman, Superman, Wonder Woman, Green Arrow, andHawkman, created by Doc Tornado, an amalgamation of theRed Tornado andWill Magnus. Their base of operations separated with their Earth and collided with New Earth duringFinal Crisis #7, but New Earth's magnetic fields causes them to go berserk and attempt "technocide", destroying most of the mementos in the trophy room before they were shut down by Luthor andDr. Sivana. He is given the nameGold Superman inThe Multiversity Guidebook.

Superman and Superdoom (Earth-45)

[edit]

Earth-45 is visited in Grant Morrison'sAction Comics run. On this world, Clark Kent is a genius who with Jimmy and Lois intends to invent a robot – Superman – to protect the world. However, the company Overcorp creates a twisted Superman in the form ofSuperdoom, who rampaged the Multiverse until he was defeated by the Earth-23 Superman.

Sunshine Superman (Earth-47)

[edit]

Sunshine Superman is a version of Superman who was initially lost in the destruction of the multiverse after the first Crisis. He first appeared as a memory projection ofPsycho-Pirate along with his teammates in the Love Syndicate of Dreamworld: Speed Freak (an alternative female version of the Flash) and Magic Lantern (an alternative version ofGreen Lantern) inAnimal Man #23 and 24 (May–June 1990). However, his world was subsequently recreated in the rebornDC Multiverse and he is seen inFinal Crisis #7 flying with various other Superman analogues. He is portrayed as a tall, muscular, African-American man with anAfro and a yellow sun shaped S-shield. His name is a reference to the song "Sunshine Superman", by British singerDonovan. InThe New 52, Sunshine Superman and other members of his Love Syndicate of Dreamworld exist on Earth-47 (which is based on the culture of the 1970s) and are financed by the immortal teen president "Prez" Rickard .[31]

Apollo and Mister Majestic (pre-Flashpoint Earth-50)

[edit]

DC's darkerWildstorm Comics imprint was designated as Earth-50 between 2005 and 2011, but Earth-50 was later merged with Earth-0 at the conclusion ofFlashpoint; another Earth-50 then took its place. On the Wildstorm (pre-Flashpoint) Earth-50,Apollo is identified inFinal Crisis #7 as a Superman of his world. Apollo was genetically enhanced to be a solar powered super-being. He is a member of the superhero team,the Authority, is openlygay, and is married to his superhero partnerMidnighter, an analogue ofBatman.

Mister Majestic of the Wildstorm (pre-Flashpoint) Earth-50 is also shown inFinal Crisis #7 as a Superman analogue. Majestros is an alien warlord from the planet Khera who crashed his ship on Earth thousands of years ago while at war with the Kherans' longtime enemies, the Daemonites. He and his fellow Kherans protect the Earth until the present day inspiring many of Earth's myths and legends. He is also an off and on member of the superhero team theWildC.A.T.s and Earth-50's most powerful hero. For a time, Majestros was transported to the main DC Universe and filled in for Superman while he was trapped inKandor. Majestros is nearly as strong as Superman with advanced longevity and is a born warrior with great intellectual prowess and centuries of experience.

Justice Lord Superman (post-Flashpoint Earth-50)

[edit]

FollowingFlashpoint and the merger of Earth-0 and the Wildstorm Universe, Earth-50 is home to theJustice Lords, an antagonistic counterpart of the Justice League who were originally created for theJustice League animated series. On this world, Superman murdered President Lex Luthor in retaliation for his killing of the Flash,Wally West, prompting the Justice League to rebrand as the Justice Lords.

Icon (Dakotaverse)

[edit]

The superheroIcon is mentioned inFinal Crisis: Superman Beyond #2 as being an analogue to Superman. Icon is an alien named Arnus from the planet Terminus who crashes his lifepod in the southern United States in 1839, and is found by anAfrican American slave woman. The lifepod alters his DNA to match the male equivalent of hers, but to a highly evolved rate. After more than a century and a half he does not physically age past the age of 40 and has near Superman-level strength and similar powers. He works as a high-class attorney in his secret identity of Augustus Freeman IV, and protects and resides in the city of Dakota. Originally, Icon resided in an alternative reality of unknown designation until his universe was merged with the mainstream DC Universe after the events ofFinal Crisis.

Kal-El (Unknown Universe)

[edit]

The firstAfrican-American version of Superman depicted was inLegends of the DC Universe: Crisis on Infinite Earths (February 1999), which saw a Kal-El and Kara who were husband and wife, and who had been selected as the last survivors of Krypton through polling selection. This Superman died early in the one-shot, leaving Supergirl to carry on, ultimately sacrificing herself.

Pocket Superboy (Pocket Universe)

[edit]

The Pocket Universe Superboy was created as an explanation for the existence of theLegion of Super-Heroes afterCrisis on Infinite Earths. He originates from apocket universe created by theTime Trapper and is essentially identical to theSilver Age Superboy, the young version of Superman who becomes a Legion member.[35] This version of Superboy dies saving Earth of the Pocket Universe inLegion of Super-Heroes #38 (1987), years before he would have become Superman.

Superboy-Prime (Earth-Prime)

[edit]

Superboy-Prime, or Superman-Prime, or simply Prime is from a parallel Earth calledEarth-Prime, devoid of any superhumans. There,Superman and the other comic superheroes were fictional characters, as they are in real life. The Earth-Prime universe was erased duringCrisis on Infinite Earths, and Superboy-Prime ended up in a "paradise" dimension where, during that time, he found himself unable to let go of his former life and destiny as Earth's greatest hero.

Over time, his convictions and morals become twisted, and he came to believe that Earth-Prime was the only proper Earth and that he himself was the only one worthy of the Superboy mantle. Prime firmly believes that being Superman is his calling despite the fact that he has become a psychotic, murderous, and even sadistic villain. His overwhelming strength, speed, unpredictability, and ruthlessness made him one of the most dangerous foes in the DC Universe.

Following a number of conflicts with the heroes of the mainstream DC Universe, theDark Nights: Death Metal event saw Superboy-Prime returned to his home universe, which was altered from what he knew, but nonetheless his true home.

Prime Superman (All-Star Superman)

[edit]

The Superman featured inGrant Morrison's 12-issueAll Star Superman, is a compassionate, gentle and altruistic Superman who, according to series writerGrant Morrison, is the Silver Age Superman, or at the very least has a virtually identical backstory.

In his secret identity, Clark Kent acts as a bumbling fool, but each seeming mistake subtly helps those around him. After being overdosed with solar radiation, his cells begin to die, the very source of his powers seemingly killing him. He attempts to make his final adventures as meaningful as possible, revealing his identity to his universe'sLois Lane, aiding the scientist Leo Quintum, and inspiring the Superman Squad of the future.

After a final confrontation with Lex Luthor, who had orchestrated Superman's solar overexposure, Kal-El flies into the sun to construct it an artificial heart. While the people of Earth believed Superman dead, he in truth lived within the sun until his final task was complete. Superman left behind his genetic code, so that Quintum could create the genetic son of Lois and Clark, the second Superman.

Absolute Superman

[edit]

Set on the reality ofAlpha World, DC'sAbsolute Universe line of comics feature a world where superheroes are seen as outcasts and underdogs due to the world having been created and powered byDarkseid.

In this timeline,Superman arrives on Earth as an adolescent, rather than as an infant as depicted in many other versions of the character. Because this version of Kal-El never grew up amongst "Earthlings", he lacks humanity, as seen when he becomes reluctant to hunt downChristopher Smith due to the overwhelming desire to kill Smith for murdering innocent civilians.

Other characters known as Superman

[edit]
  • Kon-El, the modernSuperboy, is a clone created from the combined genetic material of Superman andLex Luthor. He arrived in Metropolis shortly afterSuperman's death.[36] When the original Superman returned, he declared that the clone had earned the name "Superboy", much to his dismay. Superboy eventually became a hero is his own right, and Superman came to think of him as family, giving him the Kryptonian name of Kon-El and the human alias Conner Kent.
  • Hank Henshaw was one of several to claim the name of Superman, following the original's death. To differentiate him from the others, the press dubbed him theCyborg Superman.
  • The Eradicator also emerged as a Superman impostor, "the Last Son of Krypton", during theReign of the Supermen. No longer able to absorb energy directly from the Sun, he used Kal-El's body as a power source. He eventually became delusional and believed himself to be Superman, but this taught him humanity. He eventually gave his life to stop the Cyborg Superman and restore Kal-El's powers.
  • John Henry Irons made a suit of armor and cape emblazoned with the Superman-insignia, as tribute to the fallen Man of Steel. Unfortunately, he was lumped in with the other Superman impostors, even though he made no claim to the name. Eventually dubbed "Steel" by the resurrected Superman, he became a close ally and friend to Kal-El.
  • TheSuperman Dynasty is the line of Superman's descendants and successors, featured inDC One Million. In this story, his first direct successor is calledSuperman Secundus. In the 853rd century,Kal Kent is the last scion of the dynasty, and leader of Justice Legion A.[37]

Bizarros

[edit]

Bizarro is the imperfect copy of Superman. There have been many incarnations of the character, varyingly portrayed as evil or as well-meaning but destructive. The Bizarros share many of the strengths and weaknesses of Superman, although there are some minor differences relating tokryptonite coloring and certain Kryptonian powers, for instance the Bizarros have at times been characterized by having heat breath and freeze vision.

  • Bizarro Superboy was the first version of Bizarro to appear in comics, making his first (and only) appearance inSuperboy #68 (1958). Created by accident, Bizarro Superboy is a misunderstood monster who only wants to be accepted, but most residents of Smallville, includingSuperboy, regard him as a menace. The only friend he makes is a blind girl, and in the end he sacrifices himself to restore her sight.
  • The Silver and Bronze AgeBizarro #1 is accidentally created by Lex Luthor's duplicating ray when he uses it againstSuperman. Not only does he survive his initial encounter with Superman, he eventually gains a cast of supporting characters such as Bizarro versions of Lois, theDaily Planet staff, and the Justice League, and, eventually, Htrae, a cube-shaped world filled with Bizarros. His story comes to an end inSuperman: Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow? He strives to be the "perfect imperfect duplicate" of Superman, after being manipulated byMr. Mxyzptlk. Since Superman saves people, he goes on a murder spree, and since Superman is a survivor of Krypton, he kills himself.
  • The Man of Steel miniseries, which rebooted the Superman mythology in 1986, presents the first modern Bizarro, who is originally created by Lex Luthor. Because Luthor is unable to adequately replicate Kryptonian DNA, the clones' bodies would degenerate into a chalky-skinned caricature of the Man of Steel.[38] This Bizarro, too, sacrificed his life to restore the eyesight of a blind girl, Lucy Lane, that had befriended him.
  • Bizarro #1 is the only modern Bizarro that has survived, although he is not created like the others; having stolen the powers of Mr. Mxyzptlk, theJoker creates him (along with a Bizarro version of Batman, named Batzarro).[39]
  • InAll-Star Superman, an entire race of Bizarros appear, spawned from a cube-shaped planet in another universe. Originally opaque, shapeless beings, they take on skewed characteristics of people they encounter.
  • InSuperman: Red Son, Bizarro was one of many creatures created by Lex Luthor and theCIA in attempts to destroy the threat posed by the Communist Superman. This version was very similar in appearance toSolomon Grundy and wore a uniform similar to the original Golden Age Superman. He was said to have many of the same powers and abilities as Superman. After endangering much of London in his battle with Superman, Bizarro sacrificed himself to save the city from a nuclear detonation.
  • The Multiversity Guidebook (2015) reveals that Earth-29, also known as Htrae, is a parallel world populated by Bizarro characters.

Other alternative depictions

[edit]

Between 1989 and 2004, DC'sElseworlds imprint was used to showcase unofficial alternative universe stories; before 1989, "Imaginary Stories" served the same purpose. Since 2004, stories outside of the main DC continuity have carried no particular name or imprint. The examples listed below are just a few of the many alternative versions of Superman depicted in these stories.

Frank Miller's Superman

[edit]

Frank Miller's Superman, the Superman ofAll Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder, is not the same as the Superman ofAll-Star Superman. The artist ofAll-Star Batman,Jim Lee, has stated that he is based on the Golden Age Superman,[40] which is why he is shown running on water instead of flying.[41] However, they make no mention of this in the actual comic. Conversely, Frank Miller's Superman is seen flying in his other comics about Batman. This is notionally the same Superman who will evolve to the jingoistic government agent seen inThe Dark Knight Returns andThe Dark Knight Strikes Again, at least from Miller's authorial point of view, as there is no official canonical link between theAll-Star andDark Knight continuities yet.

Superman: The Dark Side

[edit]

InSuperman: The Dark Side (1998), Kal-El's rocket is diverted from Earth to Apokolips, and Superman is raised by Darkseid.

Superman: True Brit

[edit]

Superman: True Brit is a humorous re-imagining of Superman in which the ship crashed in England and his career as a superhero is severely limited both byglory-averse adoptive parents and the scandal-hungrytabloid press.

Superman, Inc.

[edit]

Superman, Inc. sees a world where Kal-El was placed in an orphanage rather than being found directly by the Kents, starting a chain of events that led to 'Dale Suderman' suppressing all memory of his powers after his foster mother died in an accident when she fell down a flight of stairs after witnessing him flying, Dale becoming withdrawn for years until he eventually found an outlet in sports. As a result, he becomes a major sports star and media figure, but when his actions undermine Lex Luthor's position, Luthor's research into his background exposes his otherworldly origins. At the story's conclusion, after a conversation with police detective 'John Jones' about his possible future, Dale goes into hiding as 'Clark Kent', taking journalism classes to find a normal life after publicly proclaiming that he is leaving Earth to investigate his true history and donating his fortune to a charitable foundation.

Superman: Kal-El's

[edit]

InSuperman: Kal-El's, Kal-El's rocket lands on Earth in the Middle Ages, where he becomes a blacksmith's apprentice in a village ruled by Baron Luthor, who seeks to marry Lady Loisse, daughter of the village's murdered protector Lord Lane. After Kal uses his powers to forge the "silver egg" his parents found him in into a suit of armour for Baron Luthor, he asks for Loisse's hand in marriage as payment, but Luthor takes Loisse to his own bed on her wedding night due to an old feudal law- able to overpower Kal due to a kryptonite gemstone he wears- subsequently beating her to death while raping her. When Kal recovers the following morning, he leads a revolt against Luthor using a sword he forged for himself at the same time as he made Luthor's armour (the sword is implied to beExcalibur) In their final confrontation, Kal manages to slay Luthor, but he is severely wounded by Luthor's gemstone in the process, the story concluding with him being laid to rest in the lake where Loisse's body was thrown after her death.

Superman: Speeding Bullets

[edit]

Superman: Speeding Bullets has Superman found and adopted by the Waynes and christened Bruce. He sees his foster parents murdered in front of him and grows up to be a superpowered Batman, but decides to change tactics after a confrontation with the Joker (in this reality an insane Lex Luthor) and a conversation with Lois about the need for him to inspire rather than intimidate. Earlier imaginary stories, such as the stories of "Bruce (Superman) Wayne" told inSuperman (vol. 1) #353, #358 and #363 (1980–1981), also explored the scenario of the infant Kal-El being adopted by the Waynes.

Superman: Last Son of Earth

[edit]

Superman: Last Son of Earth is a dramatic role reversal for many Superman traditions. In this story, he is Clark Kent, biological son ofJonathan and Martha Kent, who is sent into space to escape the impending destruction of Earth by collision with a space rock. He lands on Krypton and is adopted by Jor-El and Lara as their son, Kal-El, eventually discovering anOanpower ring.

Superman: Secret Identity

[edit]

InSuperman: Secret Identity, a teenage boy named Clark Kent in the "real world" (where Superman is a just a comic book character) somehow develops superpowers like those of his namesake. After a brief career as a mysterious, non-costumed "Superboy", Clark dons the fictional character's colors and continues to work in secret as "Superman".

Superman & Batman: Generations

[edit]

Superman & Batman: Generations I-III, three limited series which present a unified cohesive history of many elements seen throughout the characters' history, with the characters interacting in real time from the early 20th century onward.

Batman: Holy Terror

[edit]

InBatman: Holy Terror (1991), the body of an alien known simply as "the Green Man" with a similar origin to Superman is shown, and his origin is described during this story. When he sees the body of the Green Man, Batman is struck by sorrow, feeling as though the world has lost its greatest hope. During the confrontation withSaul Erdel, the scientists responsible for analysing various superhumans for the Star Chamber, Erdel is killed when a bullet ricochets off the Green Man's chest to strike Erdel.

52 Pick-Up

[edit]

TheBooster Gold story arc "52 Pick-Up" briefly depicts a Superman inBooster Gold #3, when showing a timeline where Superman was found byLionel Luthor and raised asLionel Jr. alongsideLex Luthor. Lex finds out his brother's secret and ends up killing him a year later.

Hypertension

[edit]

TheHypertension storyline inSuperboy #60–64 (1999) shows an alternative version ofConner Kent namedBlack Zero. Black Zero is a genetically altered human clone of Superman that has successfully grown to adulthood after Superman is killed byDoomsday. For a time, he acts as the new Superman, even calling himself Superman 2. He exhibits both Superman's abilities as well as Superboy's tactiletelekinesis. Without Superman alive to look up to, he instead viewsPaul Westfield as a father figure. Eventually he turns to evil after a battle between himself and several of Superman's enemies results in the deaths ofMatrix,Brainiac and over 300 innocent people which causes widespread persecution of clones. He first conquers his Earth, then enlists the help of the New GodMetron to travel to alternative realities and conquer them as well to protect the clone community. He is defeated by the combined efforts of Conner, multiple versions of Superboy and theChallengers of the Unknown. He is lost inHypertime at the end of the story and has not been seen since.

Unlimited Access

[edit]

InUnlimited Access, a limited series which further explored themes introduced inDC vs. Marvel, the hero known as Access formed an amalgamation of what appeared to be the Silver Age versions of Thor andSuperman (in his then-current blue energy form). Together, they were known as Thor-El.[42]

Just Imagine…

[edit]

In theJust Imagine… series, Superman is reimagined as a police officer from Krypton named Salden who is accidentally transported to Earth and only wishes to go home. He becomes a superhero because he believes Earth's primitive technology is a result of humans squandering their resources fighting crime, corruption, and other ills, and that alleviating these problems will allow humanity to advance to the point of creating a means to send him home. He has superhuman strength and speed, and wears a flying harness. This version was created byStan Lee andJohn Buscema.

Marvel/DC Crossovers

[edit]

In the majority of theMarvel/DCcrossovers, Superman is from the same universe as many Marvel characters, as in an Elseworlds story.

JLA: Shogun of Steel

[edit]

JLA: Shogun of Steel (2002), set infeudal Japan, features a Japanese Superman.

Supermen/Batmen

[edit]

Multiple versions of Superman appeared inSuperman/Batman #25's "Supermen/Batmen", who come to aid the mainstream Superman. Among them areBizarro #1;Superman Red; a blond-haired Superman; a Superman depicted as a stereotypical African-American; a Superman with a different style "S" shield resembling the Golden Age Superman's inAction Comics #1; and a black-suited, long-haired Superman from "The Return of Superman".

Injustice: Gods Among Us

[edit]

Injustice: Gods Among Us (2013) is a video game and tie-in comic book depicting a world in which Superman presides over an authoritarian regime. In this alternate universe, Superman is married to Lois Lane, who becomes pregnant with his child. However, the Joker tricks Superman into killing Lois and their unborn son, and a nuke placed on Lois' heart detonates upon her death, destroying Metropolis and killing millions. Driven over the edge by this, Superman kills the Joker in retaliation at the time when Batman was interrogating Joker. Afterwards, Superman takes drastic measures to "save" the world, forcing people to follow his will and killing those who resist.

JLA: The Nail

[edit]

JLA: The Nail andJLA: Another Nail show a Superman in which Kal-El was raised byAmish folk instead of the Kents. His Amish upbringing delays Superman from revealing himself to the world, which placesGreen Lantern (Hal Jordan) as the leader and most powerful member of the Justice League until Superman's discovery. This Superman is more humble, less in touch with the outside world, calmer and less experienced than other incarnations.

Flashpoint

[edit]

In the alternative timeline of theFlashpoint event, Kal-El's rocket crashed directly into Metropolis, resulting in the deaths of over thirty-five thousand people, and the infant was subsequently taken into government captivity to control his powers for uses to make supersoldiers.[43]Sam Lane takes a liking to him, as he becomes the son Lane never had. Kal-El later makes friends withKrypto, who was also being held in the facility, but they are separated after Kal fails to appease the government workers. Kal-El is helped byNeil Sinclair to free himself, and attacks Sam. Kal-El makes his way to Lane's office, where he findsLois Lane, Sam's young daughter. Sinclair attempts to kill Lois, but Kal protects her. Sam uses a Phantom Zone gun to send himself and Sinclair into the Phantom Zone. Afterward, Kal-El is deemed Subject 1 and placed in a government underground bunker life sentence by GeneralNathaniel Adam.[44] Sometime later, attempting to rally support in his attempt to restore the timeline to normal, theFlash, aided byBatman andCyborg break into the facility where Kal-El is being kept, only to find a very thin man incapable of speech who seems terrified just at the sight of others. Once they break out into the daylight, Kal-El rises into the air. He uses his heat vision on the attacking guards and flies away.[45] Kal-El arrives in Western Europe and rescues Lois from the Amazons who are attempting to kill her. Just as the two reunite, Sinclair attacks them. While Sinclair fights some Amazons, Lois tells Kal-El that he must leave. He refuses and says that he learned from Sam that they must protect people from villains like Sinclair. Kal-El overloads Sinclair's body with energy and punches him through the chest, killing him in a huge explosion; Lois is unfortunately caught in the blast. Kal-El holds the dying Lois in his arms, and Lois tells him to save the people.[46] Kal-El arrives at the scene of theAtlantean/Amazon war and intends to attack both leadersAquaman andWonder Woman at the last battle.[47]

In the sequelFlashpoint Beyond, the Flashpoint reality has been restarted after Prime-Earth's Batman stole the snowglobe associated with it from theTime Masters. In this reality's retelling, Batman found Kal-El's rocket and freed him from it. There has been many sightings of him as he is called Super-Man.[48]

Nightwing: The New Order

[edit]

In the alternate universe ofNightwing: The New Order, a major battle takes place in Metropolis between superpowered beings that causes the deaths of millions. During the conflict, Superman was infected with black kryptonite and murders Batman. This results inNightwing activating a device that depowers ninety percent of the superpowered population. This builds to a future where superpowers are outlawed and any superpowered being must take inhibitor medications or be contained and studied. Despite being depowered, Superman still defends Metropolis as a vigilante with the help of Lex Luthor.[49]

Superman: American Alien

[edit]

InSuperman: American Alien, byMax Landis, Clark's journey to becoming Superman is shown at different stages in his life. He first manifests his ability to fly while asleep as a child, which causes some trouble when he finds he cannot control it. He eventually gains better control of it and also gains a better understanding of empathy and consequences. As a teenager, he spends his time crushing onLana Lang and spending time with his friendsPete Ross and Kenny, who are aware of his abilities. Things grow dark, however, when a murder takes place, and after an argument with Pete Clark tracks down the murderer and tries to stop them. He is hurt by the bullets, due to his powers having not fully developed, and in fear uses his heat vision on his attackers. When he is nineteen Clark wins a trip to the Caribbean, but the helicopter crashes near a yacht. Saving the pilot and coming on board, Clark is mistaken forBruce Wayne due to it being his party. After some hesitation, he decides to enjoy himself and meetsOliver Queen,Sue Dearbon,Vic Zsasz andBarbara Ann Minerva, with whom he has a romantic fling. During the night, Clark is drugged byDeathstroke who tries to kill him, but Clark's powers surprise the assassin and result in Clark flicking him off the yacht. Afterwards Clark offers Barbara the choice to stay with him, but she refuses. Years later, Clark moves to Metropolis to be a reporter and on his first day he encountersLois Lane and is reunited with Oliver, who forgives Clark after the latter comes clean about the mistaken identity. Oliver takes Clark to Lexcorp and introduces him toLex Luthor. Clark interviews him, learning about Lex's arrogant and power-obsessed nature. Before leaving Lexcorp, Clark finds himself in a nursery and encountersDick Grayson and after seeing everything that was in Dick's pockets as they agreed (using his x-ray vision), the two have a long discussion about Bruce Wayne and eventually Batman, with Dick accurately describing how the vigilante needs someone to balance out his darkness and fear with light and hope, foreshadowing the usual relationship between Superman and Batman. Afterwards, Clark is attacked by Batman, who is then overpowered by Clark and revealed as Bruce Wayne. Batman escapes, leaving behind his cape and Clark's recording of his conversation with Dick, and in return Clark does not reveal the truth about Bruce Wayne's double life. Approximately six months later, Clark has created a makeshift costume that includes Batman's cape and fights crime, and encountersParasite. After defeating him, he learns that Parasite was created by Lex Luthor and confronts him. However, he is surprised and unable to respond when Lex swiftly explains how Clark made the mistake of confronting him with no actual plan. Clark leaves depressed, but after a conversation with Lois about his other identity (which she has no awareness of) becomes more determined and starts to use the name Superman, after what Lex had called him. After a unknown amount of time, Clark has started to wear the traditional Superman costume and is slowly entering a relationship with Lois, though it is not serious, and is visited by Pete and Kenny. Clark shows them around and introduces them toJimmy Olsen, before the three head back to Clark's apartment. While talking about Batman, Kenny and Pete suggests he tries to contact the other people like him (such asthe red blur in Central City, awoman with a lasso in DC, anda fish guy who sinks whaling boats). However Clark does not see them as like him, and this leads to an argument between him and Pete when he says that he has no intention of being Superman forever. Pete calls Clark out on how irresponsible he is being by not seeing the change he is creating as Superman, and how he worries everyone who know the truth about him, since they do not know what his intentions are by being Superman. This leads Clark to admit that he is hoping that any videos of him saving people with the symbol from his ship on his costume will be sent into space, and whoever left him on Earth would come back. When Clark attempts to turn the argument around by saying Pete is jealous, his friend points out that he is changing the world by accident and needs to stop waiting around and really do something, and that he is letting down hisreal parents who raised him. This upsets Clark and he attempts to fly to the Moon, but burns away his clothes when reaching the atmosphere and starts to choke due to a lack of oxygen. Before he can die he is saved byAbin Sur andTomar-Re, who identify him as a Kryptonian before leaving him back on Earth. Clark reconciles with Pete, now apparently a little happier by knowing the name of his species. Skipping forward a few years later, Clark is living with Lois and is texting to Jimmy about having received a less than enthusiastic response from her when he told her that he loved her, when he hears explosions. He investigates as Superman and encountersLobo, who reveals that Krypton exploded years ago and that the Kryptonians are dead. Finally accepting his human roots and letting go of his obsession with his alien origins, Clark battles Lobo and makes him leave the planet. Then as Clark, he checks himself into the hospital under the lie he was harmed in the battle, and Lois arrived and tells him that she loves him.

DC X Sonic the Hedgehog

[edit]

Superman appears in the intercompany crossover miniseriesDC X Sonic the Hedgehog, which features him and the Justice League teaming up withSonic and his friends in battling against Darkseid and his forces.[50]

Homage characters

[edit]

Outside comics published by DC Comics, the notoriety of the Superman or "Übermensch"archetype makes the character a popular figure to be represented with an analog in entirely unrelated continuities.

  • Rival publisherMarvel Comics parodies Superman through the characterHyperion.[51][52][53] OtherMarvel Comics characters that serve as pastiches, homages, or parodies of Superman includeSentry,Gladiator,Ethan Edwards,Captain Ultra,Blue Marvel, and Sun God.[54]
  • Amalgam Comics'Super-Soldier is the amalgamated version of Superman andCaptain America; Clark Kent volunteered during World War II to become asupersoldier using a combination of an enhancement serum and cells taken from an alien spacecraft, plus a super-charge of solar energy. He carries anadamantium shield which resembles Superman's chest insignia.
  • Robert Kirkman'sOmni-Man ofImage Comics is a clear homage to Superman. Both he and hisson are children of a dying extraterrestrial race (though the aliens of Image's universe, theViltrumites, are hostile).
  • "Superduperman!" was a parody comic seen inMad Magazine #4, in which the title hero has "muscles on muscles", battles Captain Marbles (a parody ofCaptain Marvel), but in the end is still dismissed as "a creep".
  • Image Comics characterSupreme, originally a violent, egotistical pastiche of Superman, later retooled byAlan Moore to more closely resemble theSilver Age Superman.
  • Malibu Comics features the characters Powerhouse, an unhinged pastiche of Superman with a similar origin story, andPrime (though this character is more closely based onDC's Captain Marvel).
  • The Plutonian ofBoom! Studios'Irredeemable resembles Superman in many ways: he possesses a similar costume and powers, operates under a bespectacled secret identity, and is the head of his world's premiere team of superheroes, the Paradigm (which contains a few other members similar to the members of theJustice League). However, his lack of control over his powers, perceived ingratitude from the public, and emotional instability eventually cause him to snap under the pressure of protecting the world, becoming a dangeroussupervillain. Near the end of the series, it is revealed that the Plutonian is living energy, a "golem" shaped into human form by force of will – but was tragically warped because of the human whose qualities he inherited. He is ultimately reduced back into energy and sent through the multiverse in the hopes that someone can "fix" him; his essence inspires Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster to create Superman.
  • Super-Turtle, an anthropomorphic superheroic turtle, was a series of long-running half-page gag strips that ran in various Silver Age DC comics starting inAdventure Comics #304 in 1963.
  • The Maximortal byRick Veitch (1992–1993) – published under his own King Hell imprint
  • SuperDan, a webcomic character who gains Superman-like abilities after being bitten by a radioactive Superman.
  • Statesman, the first officially recognized superhero in theCity of Heroes game world is a loose analogue to Superman, possessing superhuman speed, strength, senses, breath, and virtual invulnerability. He leads a pair of Justice Society/League-esque teams of heroes at different points in the game's timeline named the Freedom Phalanx, which include homages to characters from both Marvel and DC Comics characters. The character was slain shortly before the game itself was shut down. The character wore a blue and red costume as well, in apparent homage to the colors worn by Superman.
  • Samaritan of theAstro City series by Alex Ross andKurt Busiek.
  • Astonishman ofThe End League.[55]
  • Últimos fromBen 10
  • Metro Man fromMegamind
  • Silver Sentry fromTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
  • All Might fromMy Hero Academia
  • Son Goku fromDragon Ball
  • Suppaman fromDr. Slump
  • Meta Man fromThe Incredibles
  • Major Man fromThe Powerpuff Girls
  • Major Glory fromDexter's Laboratory
  • Mighty Mouse
  • Strongman fromThe Mighty Heroes
  • A-Ko fromProject A-ko
  • Blast fromOne-Punch Man
  • Superlópez, a Spanish parody of Superman

Film and television

[edit]
See also:Superman in popular culture
  • In theSuperman cartoons produced byMax Fleischer, Superman is much as he appears in the first years ofAction Comics ' publication, despite changes in his costume, notably the all-red belt or absence of one in later cartoons, and the S-shield with a darkened blue plane and a red S instead of the yellow plane with the red S. He is said to have been found by "a passing motorist" who brought him to an orphanage. This version of Superman lives in and protectsManhattan rather than Metropolis, although in some cartoons such as "The Bulleteers", Metropolis is clearly named by the antagonists.
  • Kirk Alyn starred as Superman in two 15-chapterserials produced byColumbia Pictures,Superman (1948) andAtom Man vs. Superman (1950). In it, Superman has many of the powers demonstrated in the comics. The origin story is similar to what is described in a1942 novel about Superman, withhis foster parents being named Sarah and Eben.
  • Adventures of Superman (1952–1958) was a television series that featuredGeorge Reeves in the title role, which he first played in the 1951 movieSuperman and the Mole Men. While he had many of the powers demonstrated in the comics, they are not shown at the tremendous levels depicted in the contemporarySilver Age comics. The show often featured Superman battling generic gangsters.
  • In 1966,Filmation producedThe New Adventures of Superman and from 1973 to 1986,Hanna-Barbera produced different versions of the Justice League-influencedSuper Friends, both of which were animated series aimed at children. In both cartoons, Superman was similar to his contemporaneous comic book counterpart. In one episode ofThe World's Greatest Super Friends, the Super Friends battled evil Super Friends from an alternative universe, led by an evil Superman.
  • In the 1978 feature filmSuperman and its sequels,Superman II,Superman III, andSuperman IV: The Quest for Peace,Superman is portrayed byChristopher Reeve and is depicted as possessing an array of abilities never before seen in the comics. He was able to erase Lois' memory of his secret identity with a kiss, restore theGreat Wall of China with the use of blue eye beams, and possibly teleport among other abilities. Kryptonian foes such asGeneral Zod even demonstratedtelekinetic ability.
  • In 1988, the producers ofSuperman (1978) produced a syndicated TV series entitledSuperboy which featuredJohn Haymes Newton in the role for one season before he was fired and replaced byGerard Christopher. The show concentrated on a college-aged Kal-El as a journalism student at Siegel University.
  • The1988Superman series, produced byRuby-Spears Productions, offered the first animated incarnation of the post-Crisis Superman. Acting as story editor,Crisis on Infinite Earths writerMarv Wolfman provided several changes to this Superman that included elements fromThe Man of Steel. In this series, Lex Luthor is not a publicly known criminal, but a rich entrepreneur instead. Clark Kent is Superman's alter ego, instead of the other way around. Furthermore, Martha and Jonathan Kent are still alive in Superman's adulthood in this series. This version of Superman was never Superboy as a teenager, although his powers had appeared very early in childhood. Clark Kent is clumsy in this series.
  • InLois and Clark: The New Adventures of Superman,Dean Cain played the first live-action Superman affected by the changes to the character afterCrisis on Infinite Earths, and various elements on the series referenceThe Man of Steel miniseries, which heavily influenced the show. This is the first live action Superman series that showed Clark Kent as his "real" persona and Superman as the constructed alter ego. As he explained to Lois in the second-season episode "Tempus Fugitive", "Superman is what I can do, Clark is who I am." As the title implies, Clark is the primary identity with Superman making more sporadic appearances. TheLois and Clark version reverses the traditional hairstyle distinction between Clark Kent and Superman; here it is Superman who has slicked-back hair and Clark whose fringe falls more naturally. In neither mode does the character feature his trademark spitcurl, making it one of the few depictions of Superman to lack this distinctive feature. His full name was changed from the comic strip adaptations to Clark Jerome Kent.
  • TheSuperman of theDC animated universe is a synthesis of Superman's 60-plus year history. At first glance, it appears to be an adaptation ofThe Man of Steel, but also took many aspects of the Silver Age and modernized them. In this continuity, Superman was believed to be the only Kryptonian survivor untilProfessor Hamilton found a device with access to the Phantom Zone, where two other Kryptonians were found. Kara In-Ze (Supergirl) from Krypton's "sister" planet, Argo, and the artificial intelligence ofBrainiac were also shown to be survivors of Krypton's destruction. His archenemy is the "wealthy business tycoon" version ofLex Luthor.
  • TheClark Kent of theSmallville TV series leads his life differently, never becomingSuperboy, although he secretly performed heroic feats as a teenager and young man before moving to Metropolis and becoming its resident superhero. He meets Lois at a younger age, maintains a complicated friendship with Lex Luthor into young adulthood and for the most part of the series was romantically interested inLana Lang. Clark's best friends in this version wasChloe Sullivan, who for a while worked as areporter for theDaily Planet, and for the first few seasons, an African-AmericanPete Ross.
  • InSuperman Returns,Brandon Routh takes over the role of Superman. DirectorBryan Singer had stated[citation needed] that this film's continuity is based only loosely on the first twoSuperman films directed byRichard Donner andRichard Lester, and thus Reeve and Routh's Supermen, though similar in places (even having identical fathers—Jor-El played byMarlon Brando andJonathan Kent played byGlenn Ford), may not be exactly the same individual. For example, the events of thethird andfourth films, andSupergirl, are ignored.
  • The animated seriesLegion of Super Heroes features a teenage Superman, who, like the originalSuperboy, travels to the future to join theLegion. The second season features Kell-El, a clone of Superman from the 41st century.
  • The animated seriesThe Batman featured Superman in the two-part season 5 episode "The Batman/Superman Story". This Superman is not related to previous animated versions of the character.
  • Clark Kent / Superman is portrayed byHenry Cavill in theDC Extended Universe, first appearing in the 2013 movieMan of Steel, a reboot of the Superman film series. His parents, Jor-El and Lara, imbue Kal-El with the genetic codex of the entire Kryptonian race before sending him to Earth. He arrives on Earth in 1980, and is 33 years old during the present timeline of the film.Jonathan and Martha Kent are depicted as being around 30 when they find him. Jonathan is 46 when he dies in 1997, killed by a tornado outbreak, refusing help from his son to keep his powers secret in what he believed was an unprepared world. Martha helped Clark control his powers while he is young. Deciding it is time for him to find out the reason for why he was sent to Earth, he travels the world and takes a series of odd jobs under assumed identities in his 20s, but leaves each job when he is forced to use his powers for good, leaving a trail of urban legends whichLois Lane eventually finds and investigates. Clark's lifelong secrecy comes to an end whenGeneral Zod arrives on Earth to transform Earth into a new Krypton after the destruction of the planet, as he is forced to take the mantle of Superman to stop him. He would later beconfronted byBatman in the wake of the destruction his final battle with Zod caused, but teams up with him andWonder Woman to take down Doomsday (created byLex Luthor), in which he apparently sacrifices his life in the process. In the 2017 filmJustice League and its 2021director's cutZack Snyder's Justice League, Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the incubation waters of the Kryptonian ship alongside aMother Box, which in turn activates and resurrects Superman. This version of Superman appears for the last time to confront Black Adam and is erased from existence when Barry Allen, as The Flash, alters the timeline.

References

[edit]
Some of this section'slisted sourcesmay not bereliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.(March 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
  1. ^Action Comics #484 (1978)
  2. ^Infinite Crisis #2 (2006)
  3. ^Infinite Crisis #7
  4. ^"Who's Who in the Superman Comics". Superman Homepage. February 23, 2016. RetrievedMarch 5, 2016.
  5. ^See, for example,The New Adventures of Superboy #1 (1980) and #12 (1980)
  6. ^Superboy (vol. 1) #171, January 1971
  7. ^Adventure Comics #271 (1960)
  8. ^Bevin, Phillip (2019).Superman and Comic Book Brand Continuity. New York: Routledge.ISBN 9780815368595.
  9. ^abBooker, Keith (2014).Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas [four volumes]. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 805.ISBN 9780313397509.
  10. ^Brod, Harry (2012).Superman Is Jewish?: How Comic Book Superheroes Came to Serve Truth, Justice, and the Jewish-American Way. New York: Free Press. pp. xix.ISBN 9781416595304.
  11. ^McAvennie, Michael; Dolan, Hannah, ed. (2010). "1970s". DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle. Dorling Kindersley. p. 144.ISBN 978-0-7566-6742-9. New editor Julius Schwartz, new scripter Denny O'Neil, and regular artist Curt Swan removed kryptonite, the Man of Steel's greatest weakness, from the face of the Earth.
  12. ^Action Comics vol. #1 #544–546 (June–August 1983) andSuperman #385–386 (July–August 1983)
  13. ^Superboy vol. 1 #95 (1962)
  14. ^Superman vol. 1 #149 (1961)
  15. ^Ray "!!" Tomczak (February 25, 2013)."Gutter Talk: Superman 2001". Guttertalkcomicsblog.blogspot.com. RetrievedMarch 5, 2016.
  16. ^Man of Steel #1 (1986)
  17. ^See, for example,Action Comics #850 (2007)
  18. ^Shiach, Kieran (March 24, 2017)."Everything Changed Forever! What You Missed If You Didn't Read 'Superman Reborn'".Comics Alliance. RetrievedApril 12, 2017.
  19. ^Action Comics #976 (2017)
  20. ^abFinal Crisis: Secret Files
  21. ^Final Crisis: Superman Beyond #1–2
  22. ^Tangent Comics: The Superman #1
  23. ^abThe Multiversity: Mastermen #1 (February 2015)
  24. ^Superman #349 (in a story entitled "The Turnabout Trap!")
  25. ^The Multiversity: The Just #1 (August 2014)
  26. ^Animal Man #23–24
  27. ^Johns, Geoff (2009).Justice Society of America #22. DC Comics.
  28. ^Lyons, Beverley."Exclusive: Comics writer Grant Morrison turns Barack Obama into Superman"Archived January 21, 2011, at theWayback Machine,Daily Record|location=Scotland, January 29, 2009. Retrieved March 10, 2010.
  29. ^Action Comics #9
  30. ^Captain Carrot and His Amazing Zoo Crew 14–15 (1983)
  31. ^abcdeThe Multiversity Guidebook(January 2015)
  32. ^"CBR News: THE COMMENTARY TRACK: "Countdown: Arena" #4 w/ Keith Champagne". Comic Book Resources. December 28, 2007. Archived fromthe original on December 9, 2009. RetrievedSeptember 16, 2010.
  33. ^Thill, Scott (December 13, 2014).""Grant Morrison's "multiversity": His new comics universe doesn't include a single straight white male"".Salon.com. RetrievedDecember 31, 2014.
  34. ^The Multiversity: Society of Super Heroes #1 (July 2014)
  35. ^Superman (vol. 2) #8 (1987) andAction Comics #591 (1987)
  36. ^First appearance inAdventures of Superman #500 (1993)
  37. ^DC One Million
  38. ^The Man of Steel #5
  39. ^Superman: Arkham,Superman: Emperor Joker, 2001
  40. ^Wizard Magazine
  41. ^All-Star Batman and Robin the Boy Wonder #4, 2006
  42. ^Unlimited Access #4 (March 1998)
  43. ^Flashpoint: Project Superman #1 (June 2011)
  44. ^Flashpoint: Project Superman #2 (July 2011)
  45. ^Flashpoint #3 (July 2011)
  46. ^Flashpoint: Project Superman #3 (August 2011)
  47. ^Flashpoint #5 (August 2011)
  48. ^Flashpoint Beyond #3
  49. ^Nightwing: The New Order(2017)
  50. ^Scullion, Chris (March 13, 2025)."DC x Sonic the Hedgehog: Here's the first art and plot details from Sega and DC's crossover comic".Video Games Chronicle. RetrievedMarch 19, 2025.
  51. ^Wolf-Meyer, Matthew (January 2003). "The World Ozymandias Made: Utopias in the Superhero Comic, Subculture, and the Conservation of Difference".The Journal of Popular Culture.36 (#3):497–517.doi:10.1111/1540-5931.00019.... will fail to emerge). Hyperion, the Superman-clone of Squadron Supreme, begins the series when he vows, on behalf of the Squadron ...
  52. ^Bainbridge, Jason (2007).""This is the Authority. This Planet is Under Our Protection" — An Exegesis of Superheroes' Interrogations of Law".Law, Culture and the Humanities.3 (#3):455–476.doi:10.1177/1743872107081431.hdl:1959.3/54547.S2CID 145754518.The trend begins in 1985 when Mark Gruenwald's Squadron Supreme (Marvel's thinly veiled version of DC's Justice League) take over their (parallel) Earth implementing a benign dictatorship to usher in...
  53. ^Thomas, Roy. Bails, Jerry.The Justice League Companion (2003) pp. 72–73. (Roy Thomas discusses the creation of theSquadron Supreme, hisJustice League parody.
  54. ^New Avengers vol. 3, #17"A Perfect World II" (June 2014)
  55. ^The End League (Jan 2008 – Oct 2009)
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