Incommon law systems, asuperior court is acourt ofgeneral jurisdiction over civil and criminallegal cases. A superior court is "superior" in relation to a court with limited jurisdiction (seesmall claims court), which is restricted to civil cases involving monetary amounts with a specific limit, or criminal cases involving offenses of a less serious nature. A superior court may hearappeals from lower courts (seecourt of appeal). For courts of general jurisdiction incivil law system, seeordinary court.
The term "superior court" has its origins in the English court system. The royal courts were the highest courts in the country, with what would now be termed supervisory jurisdiction over baronial and local courts. Decisions of those courts could be reviewed by the royal courts, as part of the Crown's role as the ultimate fountain of justice. The royal courts became known as the "superior courts", and lower courts whose decisions could be reviewed by the royal courts became known as "inferior courts". The decisions of the superior courts were not reviewable or appealable unless an appeal was created by statute.
Superior Courts inCanada exist at the federal,[1] provincial[2][3][4][5][6] and territorial levels.
The provincial and territorial superior courts of original jurisdiction are courts of general jurisdiction: all legal matters fall within their jurisdiction, unless assigned elsewhere by statute passed by the appropriate legislative authority.[7] Their jurisdiction typically includes civil lawsuits involving contracts, torts, property, and family law. They also have jurisdiction over criminal prosecutions forindictable offences under theCriminal Code of Canada.[8] They also hear civil appeals from decisions of the provincial and territorial "inferior" courts, as well as appeals from those courts in summary conviction matters under theCriminal Code. They also have jurisdiction of judicial review over administrative decisions by provincial or territorial government entities such as labour boards, human rights tribunals and licensing authorities.[9]
The superior courts of appeal hear appeals from the superior courts of original jurisdiction, as well as from the inferior courts and administrative tribunals. The jurisdiction of the superior courts of appeal are entirely statutory. The details of their jurisdiction will vary depending on the laws passed by the federal government and the particular province or territory.
All judges of the superior courts are appointed by the federal government. Judges of provincial superior courts are appointed under the authority of theConstitution Act, 1867,[10] while judges of the territorial superior courts are appointed under the authority of their respective territorial acts passed by thefederal Parliament. The judges of the Federal Courts are appointed by the federal government under the authority of theFederal Courts Act.[11]
In Hong Kong, the Court of Final Appeal,[12] the Court of Appeal[13] and the Court of First Instance[14] (the latter two form the High Court of Hong Kong[15]), are all superior courts of record.
The general superior courts of South Africa are theHigh Courts, theSupreme Court of Appeal and theConstitutional Court.[16]
The High Courts arecourts of first instance withgeneral jurisdiction; they can hear all cases except those whereexclusive jurisdiction is granted by law to another court. Most cases are, however, tried in themagistrates' courts or other lower courts, and appeals from these courts are heard by the High Court.
The Supreme Court of Appeal is solely anappellate court, hearing appeals from the High Courts. The Constitutional Court is primarily an appellate court, hearing appeals on constitutional matters from the Supreme Court of Appeal or in some cases directly from the High Courts. The Constitutional Court also occasionally acts as a court of first instance in certain cases involving the constitutionality of laws and government actions.
There are also specialist superior courts with exclusive jurisdiction over certain matters; these include theLabour Court, theLabour Appeal Court, theElectoral Court and theLand Claims Court.
The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the Court of Appeal of England and Wales, the High Court of England and Wales, and the Crown Court of England and Wales are all superior courts of record.[17][18][19][20]
In a number of jurisdictions in theUnited States, the Superior Court is astatetrial court of general jurisdiction with power to hear and decide any civil or criminal action which is not specially designated to be heard in some other courts.California,Connecticut,Washington,Maine, theDistrict of Columbia, andGeorgia are all examples of such jurisdictions. In other states, equivalent courts are also known ascourts of common pleas (Pennsylvania,Ohio, and others),circuit courts (Illinois,Michigan,Oregon and others),district courts (Hawaii,Louisiana,Texas,Utah, and others) or, in the case ofNew York, theSupreme Court.
The term "superior court" raises the obvious question of superior towhat. Formerly, many jurisdictions had inferior trial courts of limited jurisdiction such as municipal courts, traffic courts, and justice of the peace courts, so it was natural to call the next level of courts "superior." However, some states, like California, have unified their court systems. In California, all lower courts were absorbed into theSuperior Courts of California after 1998. The lower courts now exist only as mere administrative subdivisions of the superior courts. The superior courts are legally no longer superior to any other trial courts. Thus, the term "superior court" persists in California only as a matter of tradition. Similarly, the Superior Court of the District of Columbia is the sole local trial court, and what would be inferior courts are divisions of that court,[21] but, as a trial court, may hear appeals from administrative agencies such as the appeals board of the Department of Motor Vehicles or of the Department of Public Works.[22]
InPennsylvania, theSuperior Court is anappellate court, hearing appeals of criminal cases andprivate civil cases from thePennsylvania courts of common pleas. InNew Jersey, theSuperior Court comprises the Law Division and Chancery Division (trial courts of general jurisdiction, hearing cases at law and inequity respectively, with cases assigned to different parts of each court by legislation and court rule), and anAppellate Division that hears appeals from the other two parts. The Criminal Part of the Law Division and the Family Part of the Chancery Division of the Superior Court also hear appeals from the New Jersey municipal courts, courts with limited jurisdiction to hear lower-order criminal cases and to grant temporary restraining orders in domestic-violence cases. InMaine, theSuperior Court is both a trial court of general jurisdiction and an appellate court that considers appeals from theMaine District Court in certain types of cases, as well as appeals from most state and municipal agencies.[23]
