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Suona

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chinese double-reeded horn
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Suona
ClassificationDouble reed
Related instruments
Sound sample
Suona
Traditional Chinese嗩吶
Simplified Chinese唢呐
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinsuǒnà
Gwoyeu Romatzyhsuoonah
IPA[swònâ]
Laba
Chinese
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinlǎbā
Gwoyeu Romatzyhlaaba
Haidi
Chinese
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyinhǎidí
Gwoyeu Romatzyhhaedyi
Dida
Chinese
Transcriptions
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanizationdi1 da2

Thesuona,[a] also calleddida,[b]laba orhaidi, is a traditionaldouble-reeded Chinese musical instrument. Thesuona's basic design originated inancient Iran, then called "Sorna". It appeared in China around the3rd century and it's also popular in parts of northern and southern China, including Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Northeast China, Guangdong, Fujian, and other regions. It has a distinctively loud and high-pitched sound, and was used frequently inChinese traditional music ensembles, particularly in those that perform outdoors. It was an important instrument in thefolk music of northern China, particularly in provinces ofShandong andHenan, where it has long been used for festival and military purposes. It is still being used, in combination withsheng mouth organs,gongs, drums, and sometimes other instruments in weddings andfuneral processions. Such wind and percussion ensembles are calledchuida (Chinese:吹打;pinyin:chuīdǎ;Zhuyin Fuhao:ㄔㄨㄟ ㄉㄚˇ) orguchui (Chinese:鼓吹;pinyin:gǔchuì;Zhuyin Fuhao:ㄍㄨˇ ㄔㄨㄟˋ; this name refers to thesuona itself inTaiwanese Hokkien). Stephen Jones has written extensively on its use in ritual music ofShanxi. It was also common in the ritual music of Southeast China. InChinese culture it was an essential element of ritual music that accompanied Daoist performances of both auspicious and inauspicious rites, i.e., those for both the living and the dead. One of the most famous pieces that uses suona as the leading instrument is called"Bai Niao Chao Feng" (Chinese:百鳥朝鳳;pinyin:Bǎiniǎocháofèng), or "Hundred Birds Worship the Phoenix". The movieSong of the Phoenix[1] casts the rise and fall of the popularity of suona in modern Chinese musical history. Suona music is filled with tradition and innovation, and is a timeless expression of Chinese folk culture, enriching the daily lives of folk workers.[citation needed] Suona art was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list on May 20, 2006.[2]

Construction

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Thesuona as used in China had a conical wooden body, similar to that of thegyaling horn used by the Tibetanethnic group, both of which used a metal, usually a tubular brass or copperbocal to which a smalldouble reed was affixed, and possessed a detachable metal bell at its end. The double-reed gave the instrument a sound similar to that of the modern oboe. The traditional version had seven finger holes. The instrument was made in several sizes.[3] Thesuona has a bright tone, a loud volume, and a wooden tube in a round and cone-shaped shape. The upper end is equipped with a copper tube with a whistle, and the lower end is covered with a copper bell mouth.[4] Thenazi (Chinese:呢子;pinyin:Ní zi;lit. 'woolen fabric'), a related instrument that was most commonly used in northern China, consisted of asuona reed (with bocal) that was played melodically. The pitches were changed by the mouth and hands.video Sometimes thenazi was played into a large metal horn for additional volume.[citation needed] Take apart the tube, whistle, and horn to play, and each can simulate different characters, such as Laosheng, Huadan, and other voices.[5]

Modern Construction

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Since the mid-20th century, "modernized" versions of thesuona have been developed in China; incorporating mechanical keys similar to those of the European oboe, to allow for the playing of chromatic notes and equal tempered tuning (both of which were difficult to execute on the traditional suona). There is now a family of such instruments, including thezhongyin suona (Chinese:中音 嗩吶;pinyin:zhōngyīn suǒnà;lit. 'Alto suona'),cizhongyin suona (Chinese:次中音唢呐;pinyin:Cì zhōng yīn suǒnà;lit. 'Tenor suona'), anddiyin suona (Chinese:低音 嗩吶;pinyin:dīyīn suǒnà;lit. 'Bass suona'). These instruments are used in the woodwind sections of modern largeChinese traditional instrument orchestras in China, Taiwan, and Singapore, though most folk ensembles prefer to use the traditional version of the instrument. It is used in modern music arrangements as well, including in the works of Chinese rock musicianCui Jian, featuring a modernized suona-play in his song "Nothing To My Name" (一无所有Chinese:一无所有;pinyin:Yīwúsuǒyǒu;lit. 'nothing') played by the saxophonistLiu Yuan. In 1993, the famous wind musician Mr. Guo Yazhi invented the "live core" device for suona, which allowed traditional suona to play a chromatic scale and twelve tone system, enriching the expressive power of suona.[6]

Ranges of the orchestral "suona":

  • Piccolosuona in G, F and Eb (海笛;hǎidí)
  • Sopraninosuona in D, C and Bb (高音;gāoyīn)
  • Sopranosuona in A and G (大唢呐;dàsuǒnà)
  • Altosuona in F (中音;zhōngyīn)
  • Tenorsuona in C (次中音;cìzhōngyīn)
  • Basssuona in various keys (F, Eb etc) (低音;dīyīn)
  • Contrabasssuona
  • Octocontrabasssuona

The alto, tenor and bass varieties are normally keyed and the soprano varieties are sometimes keyed. The highest varieties are not normally keyed, but there are variants of them – usually in the key of C – that are keyed to assist in the playing of accidentals. The note played when the left hand's fingers and right index finger are covering the playing holes is considered the key of the instrument.

Use inside China

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In modern, most of the performances of theSuona are performed at funerals, or in national orchestras because the suona has a unique tone, a strong penetrating power, and a strong infectious power. For example, in the classic Suona piece "Bai Niao Chao Feng" (百鸟朝凤), which is performed in orchestra.

Influence ofsuona on young people in the 21st century

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Because of its unique sound, thesuona has become one of the most popular instruments among young people today, because they can use traditional instruments to perform the modern repertoire. Nowadays,suona even appears in band performances, festival performances, music programs, movies, and in any other way, and is widely loved by young people.[7][better source needed]

History

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Origins

[edit]

Although the origin of thesuona in China is unclear, with some texts dating the use of thesuona as far back as theJin dynasty (266–420), there is a consensus that thesuona originated outside of the domains of ancient Chinese kingdoms, possibly having been developed fromCentral Asian instruments such as thesorna orzurna, from which its Chinese name may have been derived.[8] Other sources state the origins of thesuona wereArabia,[9] or India.[10] A musician playing an instrument very similar to asuona was shown on a drawing on aSilk Road religious monument in the westernXinjiang province. It dates to the3rd or 5th centuries, and depictions dating to this period found inShandong and other regions of northern China depicted it being played in military processions, sometimes on horseback. It was not mentioned in Chinese literature until theMing Dynasty (1368–1644), but by this time, thesuona was already established in northern China. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was widely circulated among the people and was mostly used in wind and percussion bands for weddings, funerals, and happy events. It was also used as an accompaniment instrument for folk songs, dances, and operas.[4]

Other instruments related to thesuona may have also descended from the Asianzurna, such as the Europeanshawm.[11] Other examples include the Koreantaepyeongso, the Vietnamesekèn and the Japanesecharumera (Japanese:チャルメラ,lit.'Suona'). The latter's name is derived fromcharamela, the Portuguese word forshawm. Its sound was well known throughout Japan, as it is often used today by street vendors sellingramen.[12]

Use outside China

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Thesuona was used as a traditional instrument by Cubans inOriente andHavana, having been introduced by Chinese immigrants during the colonial era. Known locally ascorneta china, it has been one of the lead instruments in theconga carnival music ofSantiago de Cuba since 1915.[13] In Havana, the term"trompeta china" (Spanish:trompeta china,lit.'Chinese trumpet') was sometimes used.[13]

In America, the jazz saxophonistDewey Redman often played thesuona in his performances, calling it a "musette". English bassist and saxophonistMick Karn used the instrument crediting it as adida.

In Central Asia, Egypt, Türkiye, India and other countries,suona is very popular.Suona from Central Asian countries is also used for red and white celebrations, temple fairs, celebration ceremonies, and so on.[14]

The same instrument, also called a "musette", was used in "Oriental Bands" of the Shriner fraternal organization. Dressed in "Arabic" garb with mallet drums, Oriental Bands marched in parades that featured "little cars" driven by members. They wore the Fez (hat). They arrested bystanders, gave them a whisky and let them go. The instrument was not known to be of Chinese origin, just "Oriental". Dewey Redmond possibly got his sopranosuona as a former Shriner import. The Shriners even supplied the reeds (which are a constant issue because every reed is different).

Playing style

[edit]

There are many different ways to play thesuona, as each region'ssuona will be different. Modern improvements have even changed the way it is made, adding keys to enhance the range and stability of thesuona.

The most important aspect of thesuona playing style is the breathing method, and there are currently six ways to play it:

  • Circular breathing method
  • Air trill
  • Tooth trill
  • Finger trill
  • Small-arm trill
  • Tongue trill

Notable performers

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Repertoire of thesuona

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See also

[edit]

Notes

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  1. ^/swˈnɑː/
  2. ^fromCantonese啲咑 or啲打,Cantonese pronunciation:[dīdá]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Song of Phoenix".IMDb. Retrieved6 February 2022.
  2. ^""乐器界的流氓"唢呐竟是来自波斯,你一定听过它的声音 - 音乐百科 - 中国音乐网".www.chnmusic.cn. Retrieved2024-06-23.
  3. ^"Suonas musettes shawms".Lark in the Morning. Retrieved24 April 2018.
  4. ^ab"唢呐".中华的声音. Retrieved2024-06-23.
  5. ^"香港電台網站 中華文化:中樂尋珍".www.rthk.hk (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Retrieved2024-06-23.
  6. ^N/A, N/A (2008)."中国光学期刊网".Laser & Optoelectronics Progress.45 (10): 67.doi:10.3788/lop20084510.0067.ISSN 1006-4125.
  7. ^鸡皮疙瘩起来了!闫永强唢呐合集 | 明日之子乐团季 SUPERBAND, 19 March 2022, retrieved2023-11-30
  8. ^"ตามประสาอย่างคนที่คุ้นเคยว่าทำไมฉันเฉยเมยว่าทำไมดูเปลี่ยนไป".orichinese.com. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved24 April 2018.
  9. ^"Suona – Chinese musical instrument".britannica.com.Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved24 April 2018.
  10. ^"Introduction of Traditional Chinese Wind Instrument – Suona". Archived fromthe original on 2015-01-11. Retrieved2015-03-31.
  11. ^Spohnheimer."The Medieval Shawm".www.music.iastate.edu. Archived fromthe original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved24 April 2018.
  12. ^Charumera WorldRamen.com
  13. ^abPérez Fernández, Rolando Antonio (2014). "The Chinese Community and the Corneta China: Two Divergent Paths in Cuba".Yearbook for Traditional Music.46:62–88.doi:10.5921/yeartradmusi.46.2014.0062.S2CID 194578645.
  14. ^"唢呐与风笛(丝路音乐)-新华网".www.xinhuanet.com. Retrieved2024-06-23.
  • Wang, Min (2001).The Musical and Cultural Meanings of Shandong Guchuiyue from the People's Republic of China. PhD dissertation. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University.
  • New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell (London, 2001).
  • Jones, Stephen (2007).Ritual and Music of North China: Shawm Bands in Shanxi Province. SOAS Musicology Series. Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing.

External links

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