| Sun Wukong 孫悟空 | |
|---|---|
 A 19th century illustration | |
| In-universe information | |
| Species | Monkey |
| Gender | Male |
| Religion | Buddhism andDaoism (also known asTaoism) |
| Birthplace | Flowers and Fruit Mountain |
| Source | Journey to the West,c. 1592 (print) |
| Ability | Immortality, 72 Bian (Morphing Powers), Jin Dou Yun (Cloud Surfing), Jin Gang Bu Huai Zhi Shen (Superhuman Durability), Jin Jing Huo Yan (True Sight) |
| Weapon | Ruyi Jingu Bang/Ding Hai Shen Zhen |
| Height | 1.3m |
| Master/Shifu | Patriarch Subodhi,Tang Sanzang |
| Sun Wukong | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 孫悟空 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 孙悟空 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Burmese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burmese | မျောက်မင်း (စွန်းဝူခုန်း) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| IPA | [mjaʊʔ mí̃] (Myouk Minn) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vietnamese alphabet | Tôn Ngộ Không | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chữ Hán | 孫悟空 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thai name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thai | ซุนหงอคง | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RTGS | Sun Ngokhong | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Korean name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hangul | 손오공 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hanja | 孫悟空 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Japanese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kanji | 孫悟空 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hiragana | そん ごくう | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Katakana | ソンゴクウ | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Khmer name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Khmer | ស៊ុន អ៊ូខុង UNGEGN:Sŭn Ukhŏng ALA-LC:S′un ʿ′ūkhung IPA:[sunʔuːkʰoŋ] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sun Wukong (Chinese:孫悟空,Mandarin pronunciation:[swə́n ûkʰʊ́ŋ]), also known as theMonkey King, is a literary and religious figure best known as one of the main characters in the 16th-century Chinese novelJourney to the West.[1] In the novel, Sun Wukong is amonkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers throughTaoist practices. After rebelling against heaven, he is imprisoned under a mountain by theBuddha. Five hundred years later, he accompanies the monkTang Sanzang riding on theWhite Dragon Horse and two other disciples,Zhu Bajie andSha Heshang, on a journey to obtainBuddhistsutras, known as theWest orWestern Paradise, where Buddha and his followers dwell.[2]
Sun Wukong possesses many abilities. He has supernatural strength and is able to support the weight of two heavy mountains on his shoulders while running "with the speed of a meteor".[3] He is extremely fast, able to travel 108,000li (54,000 km, 34,000 mi) in one somersault. He has vast memorization skills and can remember every monkey ever born. As king of the monkeys, it is his duty to keep track of and protect every monkey. Sun Wukong acquires the 72 EarthlyTransformations, which allow him to access 72 unique powers, including the ability to transform into animals and objects. He is a skilled fighter, capable of defeating the best warriors of heaven. His hair has magical properties, capable of making copies of himself or transforming into various weapons, animals and other things. He has partial weather manipulation skills, can freeze people in place, and can become invisible.[4]
The supernatural abilities displayed by Wukong and some other characters were widely thought of as "magic powers" by readers at the time ofJourney to the West's writing,[5] without much differentiation between them despite the various religious traditions that inspired them and their different and varied functions, and were often translated as such in non-Chinese versions of the book.
As one of the most enduring Chinese literary characters, Wukong has a varied and highly debated background and colorful cultural history. His inspiration might have come from an amalgam of influences, generally relating to religious concepts.
One source for inspiration came from differing waysgibbons were venerated during the ChineseChu kingdom (700–223 BC), and various legends about gibbons and monkeys in Chu and its successors.[6] These legends and religious practices, alongsidedoctrine fromTaoist organizations that reinforced them and combined elements fromall five kinds of traditional religious Taoism gave rise to stories and art motifs during theHan dynasty, eventually contributing to the Sun Wukong figure.[6]
Some believe the association withXuanzang is based on the first disciple ofXuanzang,Shi Pantuo [zh].[7]Hu Shih first suggested that Wu Cheng'en may have been influenced by theHindu deityHanuman from theRamayana in his depictions of the Monkey King.[8][9] The Ramayana was first translated into Chinese in the 20th century, 500 years after Journey to the West was written, by Mi Wenkai, Sun Yong and Ji Xianlin. Although Ji Xianlin speculated that some related stories might have circulated in China before that, he also acknowledged that most scholars believe the Ramayana had not been translated into Chinese prior to this.[10][11] Others such asLu Xun point out there is no proof that the Ramayana has been translated into Chinese or was accessible to Wu Cheng'en before the time when Journey to the West was written.[12] Instead, Lu Xun suggested the 9th-century Chinese deityWuzhiqi, who appears as a sibling of Sun Wukong in older Yuan dynasty stories, as the inspiration.[12]Anthony C. Yu writes in his unabridged translation ofThe Journey to the West thatWuzhiqi "has provided many scholars with a prototype of Sun Wukong" and that the author ofJourney himself had "certainly" read of Wuzhiqi.[13] Sun Wukong may have also been influenced by local folk religion fromFuzhou province, where monkey gods were worshipped long before the novel. This included the three Monkey Saints of Lin Shui Palace. Once fiends, they were subdued by the goddessChen Jinggu, the Empress Lin Shui. The three were Dan Xia Da Sheng (丹霞大聖), the Red Face Monkey Sage, Tong Tian Da Sheng (通天大聖), the Black Face Monkey Sage, and Shuang Shuang San Sheng (爽爽三聖), the White Face Monkey Sage.[14] The two traditional mainstream religions practiced in Fuzhou are Mahayana Buddhism and Taoism. Traditionally, many people practice both religions simultaneously. However, the roots of local religion dated back many years before the institutionalization of these traditions.[citation needed]
These diverse religions embodied elements such as gods and doctrines from different provincial folk religions and cultures, such as totem worship and traditional legends. Though there are primarily two main religions in China since it is so big, different folk stories will vary from towns, cities, and provinces with their own myths about different deities. Sun Wukong's religious status in Buddhism is often denied by Buddhist monks both Chinese and non-Chinese alike, but is very welcomed by the general public, spreading its name around the world and establishing itself as a cultural icon.
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According toJourney to the West, Sun Wukong is born from a strong magic stone that sits atop theMountain of Flowers and Fruit. The stone is said to receive the nurture of heaven (yang), which possesses a positive nature, and earth (yin), which possesses a negative nature, and thus is able to produce living beings, according toTaoist philosophies. The stone develops a magic womb, which bursts open one day to produce a stone egg about the size of a ball.[15]
When the wind blows on the egg, the egg becomes the stonemonkey. As his eyes move, two beams of golden light shoot toward the Jade palace and startle theJade Emperor. When he sees the light he orders two of his officers to investigate. They report the stone monkey, and that the light is dying down as the monkey eats and drinks. The Jade Emperor believes him to be nothing special.
On the mountain, the monkey joins a group of other wild monkeys. After playing, the monkeys regularly bathe in a stream. One day, they decide to seek the source of the stream and climb the mountain to a waterfall. They declare that whoever goes through the waterfall, finds the stream's source, and comes out again will become their king. The stone monkey volunteers and jumps into the waterfall.
The stone monkey finds a large iron bridge over rushing water, across which is a cave. He persuades the other monkeys to jump in also, and they make it into their home. He then reminds them of their prior declaration, so they declare him their king. He takes the throne and calls himself Handsome Monkey King (美猴王). This happiness does not last. When one of his older monkey friends dies, the Monkey King is very upset. He decides to strike out from his island on a self-made raft, in search of an Immortal to teach him how to beat death.
He comes ashore and wanders around. Humans see him and flee, uncertain of his ape-like appearance. He takes some clothes that were left out to dry and continues on foot. His face hidden by a hood, he travels through towns and sees many examples of human degeneracy and vice. He continues on and into a forest. The Monkey King hears a woodcutter singing an interesting song, and when questioning the woodcutter about the origin he learns it was taught to the woodcutter by an Immortal who resides in the forest.
The Monkey King comes to the entrance of a temple in which a magical Taoist martial artist namedPuti Zushi resides. Puti Zushi initially refuses to let him in, but the Monkey King refuses to leave and waits outside the entrance for months. Puti Zushi is impressed by the Monkey King's persistence and allows him to enter. He accepts the Monkey King as a student, giving him his religious name, "Sun Wukong", and teaches him many advanced Taoist practices, including the Way of Immortality.
He later advises Sun Wukong never to needlessly show off his skills, because others might ask him to teach them, and if he does teach them, they may go on to cause trouble, but if he doesn't teach them, they will resent him for it. He then forbids Sun Wukong from ever revealing who it was that taught him, and the loyal Monkey King promises never to reveal the identity of his Master. Later, whenever Sun Wukong is asked about his powers and skills, he honestly replies that he learned everything in his dreams. Throughout the rest of the book, however, Sun Wukong is, repeatedly, referred to as a member of the "MonadSect".
After the Monkey King returns home, he learns that a demon called the Demon King of Confusion is kidnapping the monkeys of the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit to use as slaves. He subsequently kills the demon and his minions, saving the kidnapped monkeys. He also brings the entire weapon storage of a nearby country for his subjects but is unable to find a weapon fit for himself. Upon hearing that Dragon Kings possess many treasures, he travels the oceans and finds the palace of a Dragon King.
At the entrance, Sun Wukong asks for an introduction, but Dragon KingAo Guang tells his guards to turn him away. Sun Wukong barges in anyway, brushing off protests from the guards, insisting the Dragon King must be confused to turn away a fellow king. Inside, he introduces himself and encourages the Dragon King to give him a weapon. Quickly realizing Sun Wukong is quite formidable, the Dragon King feigns willingness and hospitality, ordering his underlings to bring out weapon after weapon, starting from basic spears and swords but quickly escalating to genuine treasures. Sun Wukong tests each weapon, but none are robust enough for the Monkey King, who is unhappy with the situation.
Sun Wukong then acquires the golden-banded staffRuyi Jingu Bang/Ding Hai Shen Zhen (如意金箍棒/定海神针), the stabilizer of the Four Seas and a treasure ofAo Guang. The Monkey King is the only creature strong enough to wield the staff-like weapon and there is an instant affinity between them. The golden-banded staff can change its size, elongate, fly, and attack opponents according to its master's will. It weighs 13,500jīnor 7960 kg. When not wielding the weapon, the Monkey King shrinks it down to the size of a sewing needle and stores it in his ear.
In addition to taking the magical staff, the Monkey King encourages the Dragon King to gift him attire fit for a King. The Dragon King calls upon the Dragon Kings for assistance, and they arrive and give Sun Wukong a goldenchain mail shirt (鎖子黃金甲;Suǒzihuángjīnjiǎ), aphoenix-feather cap (鳳翅紫金冠;Fèngchìzǐjinguān), and cloud-walking boots (藕絲步雲履;Ǒusībùyúnlǚ). Sun Wukong thanks the Dragon Kings and leaves happy.
Upon his return to the mountain, Wukong demonstrates the new weapon to his monkey tribe and draws the attention of other beastly powers, who seek to ally with him. He forms afraternity, theSeven Sages (七聖), with theBull Demon King (牛魔王), the Saurian Demon King (蛟魔王), theRoc Demon King (鵬魔王), the Lion Spirit King (獅狔王), theMacaque Spirit King (獼猴王), and thesnub-nosed monkey Spirit King (禺狨王).
The Monkey King, now sentenced to death for extorting the Dragon Kings, then defiesHell's attempt to collect his soul. He wipes his name out of the Book of Life and Death, a collection of books claimed to have every name of every mortal alive and the ability to manipulate lifespan, along with the names of all monkeys known to him. The kings of the Diyu report him to theJade Emperor.[4] The heavenly army uses everything, even trying to erase him from existence altogether, but ultimately fails.
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Hoping that a promotion and a rank among the gods will make him more manageable, theJade Emperor invites the Monkey King to Heaven. The Monkey King believes he is receiving an honourable place as one of the gods as he is told he will be made "Protector of the Horses", a fancy term the Heavens coined for a stable boy, the lowest job in heaven. When he discovers the importance of status in Heaven, and how he has been given the lowest position, the Monkey King sets the Cloud Horses free from the stable, then returns to his own kingdom and proclaims himselfThe Great Sage, Heaven's Equal.
The Heavens reluctantly recognize hisself-proclaimed title afterGold Star advises the Jade Emperor against rushing into military action against the "brash, rude, and impudent"[16] monkey, warning that failing to defeat Monkey would harm the reputation of Heaven. Gold Star advises the Jade Emperor to superficially appease Sun Wukong's vanity while treating him as a pet, and invite him back to Heaven to keep him from causing trouble on earth. The Jade Emperor agrees after Gold Star laughs that, in reality, the fanciful title is a meaningless joke revealing Sun Wukong's overconfidence and ignorance of the important workings of Heaven.
Sun Wukong suspects a trap but is happy when Gold Star, acting as an envoy, addresses him as the Great Sage Equal of Heaven and presents him with official papers. Gold Star tells Sun Wukong he has been granted a far more important position as "Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden", which peach-loving Sun Wukong accepts. Later, when seven heavenly maidens are sent by Queen MotherXi Wangmu to pluck peaches for the Royal Banquet, Sun Wukong discovers every important god and goddess has been invited to the banquet except for him. When he tells the maidens he is the Great Sage Equal of Heaven, the maidens giggle, replying that everyone in Heaven knows he is merely an immortal who tends to the peach garden. The Monkey King's indignation then turns to open defiance.
During the preparations for the Royal Banquet, Sun Wukong sneaks in to taste the fine foods and drink royal wine. In a tipsy state, the Monkey King roams Heaven while all the gods and goddesses are on their way to the banquet. He reaches high levels of the palace that the authorities of Heaven leave unguarded, for they can only be accessed by deities of the highest and purest spiritual power. Upon realizing that he is at the top of the 33 layers of the heavenly palace, Sun Wukong steals and consumesLaozi'sPills of Immortality andXi Wangmu'sPeaches of Immortality, takes the remainder of the Jade Emperor's royal wine, and then escapes back to his kingdom in preparation for his rebellion.
The Jade Emperor refuses to accept Gold Star's counsel to find another peaceful way to deal with Sun Wukong and orders his forces to mobilize. Laughing continuously and fully enjoying himself, and with a combination of martial prowess, guile, and quick-witted creative responses to many different types of powerful Heavenly weapons used against him, the Monkey King single-handedly defeats the Army of Heaven's 100,000 celestial warriors, all 28 constellations,Nezha, and all of theFour Heavenly Kings.
ThenGuanyin, the Boddhisattva of Mercy, and her discipleMuzha/Moksha arrive. Guanyin sends Muzha to inspect the situation and fight Sun Wukong. Muzha is defeated, and then Guanyin suggests the Jade Emperor's nephewErlang Shen fight Wukong. Wukong and Erlang are evenly matched and eventually, both turn into terrifying figures, which scares Wukong's monkey army away. Sun Wukong is disheartened and turns into a fish to run away, then both of them keep shapeshifting to turn into more powerful things than the other, finally,Laozi throws his Diamond Jade ring at Wukong from behind while he is fighting, knocking him senseless and enabling Erlang to bind him up.
After several failed attempts at execution, Sun Wukong is locked into Laozi'seight-way trigramcrucible for 49 days to be distilled into an elixir bysamadhi fires; this will allow Laozi to regain his pills of longevity. The fire of the crucible is hot enough to burn beings of so much unspeakable power that they rival Buddha himself.
When the cauldron is opened 49 days later, the Monkey King jumps out, having survived by hiding in a corner marked by the wind trigram, where there is less fire. The heat from the samadhi fires has reinforced his bodily frame, making him stronger than ever before and impervious to greater damage. The heat gives him a new ability; the Monkey King can now recognize evil with his newhuǒyǎn-jīnjīng (火眼金睛,lit. 'fiery eyes and golden pupils'). Sun Wukong then proceeds to destroy the crucible and makes his way to Heaven's main chamber to confront the Jade Emperor and his senior advisors.
The Jade Emperor and the authorities of Heaven appeal to theBuddha, who arrives from his temple in the West in person. After listening to Sun Wukong, who makes a case that he should be the new Jade Emperor, the Buddha makes a bet that the Monkey King cannot escape from his palm. The Monkey King smugly accepts the bet. He leaps and flies all the way to the edge of the universe. Seeing nothing there but five towering pillars, the Monkey King believes that he has reached the end of all existence.[4]
To prove his trail, he marks a pillar with a phrase declaring himself the Great Sage Equal to Heaven and urinates on the middle pillar. He then leaps back and returns to Buddha's palm to claim his victory in winning the bet. Sun Wukong is then very surprised to find that the five "pillars" he found are merely fingers of the Buddha's hand, finding it impossible to believe. When the Monkey King tries to escape the palm, Buddha turns his hand into a mountain of rocks, sending Sun Wukong hurtling back down to earth.[4]
Before the Monkey King can lift the mountain off, the Buddha seals him there, using a paper talisman bearing themantra,Om Mani Padme Hum, in gold letters. The Monkey King remains imprisoned instocks for five hundred years, to "learn patience and humility",[17] with only his head and hands protruding from the base of the mountain. The Buddha arranges two earth spirits to feed the Monkey King iron pellets when he is hungry, and molten copper when he is thirsty.[4]
Five hundred years later, theBodhisattvaGuanyin searches for disciples to protect a pilgrim on a journey to the West to retrieve the Buddhistsutras. Upon hearing of this, the Monkey King offers to serve the pilgrim,Tang Sanzang, a monk of theTang dynasty, in exchange for his freedom after the pilgrimage is complete. Understanding Sun Wukong will be difficult to control,Guanyin gives Tang Sanzang a gift from the Buddha: a magical circlet which, once the Monkey King is tricked into putting it on, can never be removed. When Tang Sanzang chants a certain sutra, the band will tighten and cause an unbearable headache. Guanyin gives the Monkey King three special hairs, only to be used in dire emergencies. Under Tang Sanzang's supervision, the Monkey King is allowed to journey to the West.
Throughout the novel, the Monkey King faithfully helps Tang Sanzang on his journey toIndia. They are joined by "Pigsy" (猪八戒;Zhū Bājiè) and "Sandy" (沙悟淨;Shā Wùjìng), both of whom accompany the priest to atone for their previous crimes. Tang Sanzang's safety is constantly under threat from demons and other supernatural beings, as well as bandits, as they believe that by eating Tang Sanzang's flesh, one will obtain immortality and great power. The Monkey King often acts as Tang Sanzang's bodyguard to combat these threats. The group encounters a series of eighty-one tribulations before accomplishing their mission and returning safely to China.[4]
During the journey, the Monkey King learns about virtues and the teachings of Buddhism. There, the Monkey King attainsBuddhahood, becoming the "Victorious Fighting Buddha" (鬥戰勝佛;Dòu-zhànshèng-fó), for his service and strength.[4] The Monkey King is revealed to know about the fate of Tang Sangzang and also of his knowledge in many other things, as on three occasions he knew that the monk was supposed to suffer and he also cured a king who had been ill for many years, and knew properties of herbs no one knew of. Wukong also mentions being sworn brothers withErlang Shen.
Sun Wukong is known/pronounced asSyun1 Ng6-hung1 inCantonese,Son Gokū in Japanese,Sonogong inKorean,Sun Ngō͘-Khong inMinnan/Hokkien,Tôn Ngộ Không inVietnamese,Sung Ghokong orSung Gokhong inJavanese,Sun Ngokong inThai,Wu Khone inBurmese, andSun Gokong inMalay.
Listed in the order that they were acquired:
In addition to the names used in the novel, the Monkey King has other names in different languages:
Apart from his powerful staff, martial arts skills, and superhuman physical prowess, Sun Wukong is notable for wielding a sundry of magic powers, some featured many times throughout the novel and others only once, and most of them cultivated during hisTaoist training underPuti Zushi. Said powers include, but are not limited to:
Sun Wukong is said to have gained immortality through nine different means and instances, which together made him one of the most immortal and invincible beings in all of creation.
After feeling down about the future and death, Wukong sets out to find the immortal Taoist patriarch Puti Zushi to learn how to be immortal. There, Wukong learns spells to grasp all five elements and cultivate the way of immortality, as well as the 72 Earthly Transformations. After seven years of training with the sage, Wukong gains the secret formula to immortality. It is noted that the Court of Heaven does not approve of this method of immortality.[19]
In the middle of the night, Wukong's soul is tied up and dragged to the World of Darkness. He is informed there that his life in the human world has come to an end. In anger, Wukong fights his way through the World of Darkness to complain to "The Ten Kings", who are the judges of the dead. The Ten Kings try to address the complaint and calm Wukong by saying many people in the world have the same name and the fetchers of the dead may have gotten the wrong name. Wukong demands to see the register of life and death, then scribbles out his name, thus making him untouchable by the fetchers of death, along with the names of all of the monkeys in his tribe. It is because Wukong has learned magical arts as a disciple to Puti Zushi that he can scare the Ten Kings, demanding from them the book of mortals and removing his name, thus making him even more immortal. After this incident, the Ten Kings complained to theJade Emperor.[19]
Soon after the Ten Kings complained to the Jade Emperor, the Court of Heaven appoints Sun Wukong as "Keeper of the Heavenly Horses", a fancy name for a stable boy. Angered by this, Wukong rebels, and the Havoc in Heaven begins. During the Havoc in Heaven, Wukong is assigned to be the "Guardian of theHeavenly Peach Garden". The garden includes three types of peaches, each of which grants over 3,000 years of life. The first type blooms every three thousand years. Anyone who eats it will become immortal, and their body will become both light and strong. The second type blooms every six thousand years. Anyone who eats it will be able to fly and enjoy eternal youth.[19]
The third type blooms every nine thousand years. Anyone who eats it will become "eternal as heaven and earth, as long-lived as the sun and moon". While serving as the guardian, Wukong does not hesitate to eat the peaches, thus granting him immortality and the abilities that come with the peaches. If Wukong had not been appointed as the Guardian of the Heavenly Peach Garden, he would not have eaten the Peaches of Immortality and would not have gained another level of immortality.[19]
Because of Wukong's rebellious antics, Wukong is not considered as an important celestial deity and is thus not invited to theQueen Mother of the West's royal banquet. After finding out that every other important deity was invited, Wukong impersonates one of the deities that was invited and shows up early to see why the banquet is important. He immediately is distracted by the aroma of the wine and decides to steal and drink it. The heavenly wine has the ability to turn anyone who drinks it into an immortal.[19]
While drunk from the heavenly wine, Wukong stumbles intoLaozi's alchemy lab, where he finds Laozi'spills of longevity, known as "The Immortals' Greatest Treasure". Filled with curiosity about the pills, Wukong eats a gourd of them. Those who eat the pills will become immortal. If Wukong had not been drunk from the heavenly wine, he would not have stumbled into Laozi's alchemy lab and eaten the pills of longevity.[19]
Following Wukong's three cause-and-effect methods of immortality during his time in heaven, he escapes back to his home at theMountain of Flowers and Fruit. The Court of Heaven finds out what Wukong has done and a battle to capture Wukong ensues. Due to the five levels of immortality Wukong has achieved, his body became nearly invincible and survives the multiple execution attempts by heaven. In the notable last execution, Wukong was placed inside Laozi's furnace in the hope that he would be distilled into the elixir of the pills of immortality. Wukong survives 49 days of the samadhi fire in Laozi's furnace and gains the ability to recognize evil.[19]
Meanwhile, being refined in the crucible extracts yet more of the impurities of mortality and leaves him with another immortality. In desperation, the Court of Heaven seeks help fromBuddha, who imprisons Wukong under a mountain, after having tricked him into agreeing to a wager. Wukong's immortality and abilities ultimately come into use afterGuanyin suggests he becomes a disciple ofTang Sanzang in theJourney to the West. In the story, he protects Sanzang from evil demons who wish to eat Sanzang to achieve immortality. Wukong's own immortality protects him from the various ways the demons try to kill him, such as fighting, beheading, disembowelling, poisoning, and boiling oil.[19]
Early in thePilgrimage, Wukong ate another Pill of Immortally, meant for the Black Wind Bear Guai. Sometime during the journey, Wukong and his companions obtain ginseng fruit (人參果; Man-fruit), a fruit even rarer and more powerful than the Peaches of Immortality, as only 30 of them will grow off one particular tree only found on the Longevity Mountain (萬壽山) every 10,000 years. While one smell can grant 360 years of life, consuming one will grant another 47,000 years of life.
In addition to all of the immortality-granting wines and medicines that the Monkey King had consumed while in heaven, upon reaching the Buddha's temple, pilgrims were provided with Buddhist equivalents of such foods, therefore making Sun Wukong even more immortal; a 9-fold immortal.
The brief satirical novelXiyoubu (西遊補; "Supplement to the Journey to the West"), c. 1640, follows Sun Wukong as he is trapped in a magical dream world created by the Qing Fish Demon, the embodiment of desire (情;qing). Wukong travels back and forth through time, during which he serves as the adjunctKing of Hell and judges the soul of the recently dead traitorQin Hui during theSong dynasty, takes on the appearance of a beautiful concubine and causes the downfall of theQin dynasty, and faces KingParamita, one of his five sons born to the demonessPrincess Iron Fan,[20] on the battlefield during theTang dynasty.[21]
The events of theXiyoubu take place between the end of chapter 61 and the beginning of chapter 62 ofJourney to the West.[22] The author, Tong Yue (童說), wrote the book because he wanted to create an opponent—in this case, desire-itself—that Sun Wukong could not defeat with his great strength and martial skill.[23]
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InThe Shaolin Monastery (2008),Tel Aviv University professorMeir Shahar claims that Sun influenced a legend concerning the origins of theShaolin staff method. The legend takes place during theRed Turban Rebellion of theYuan dynasty. Bandits lay siege to the monastery, but it is saved by a lowly kitchen worker wielding a long fire poker as a makeshift staff. He leaps into the oven and emerges as a monstrous giant big enough to stand astride bothMount Song and the imperial fort atopShaoshi Mountain, which are five miles apart. The bandits flee upon seeing him. The Shaolin monks later realize that the kitchen worker was the Monastery'slocal guardian deity,Vajrapani, in disguise. Shahar compares the worker's transformation in the stove with Sun Wukong's time inLaozi's crucible, their use of the staff, and the fact that Sun Wukong and his weapon can both grow to gigantic proportions.[24]
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Sun Wukong has been the subject of myriad popular media including movies, television, books and music. Some of the notable ones are highlighted below.
We did have some enthusiasm for the new character Sun Wukong, because he's basically 'Monkey' from the cult Seventies' TV show. He whizzes around on a magic cloud and knocks over entire legions just by breathing on them.
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