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| Sun Hao 孫皓 | |||||||||||||
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| Marquis Guiming(歸命侯) | |||||||||||||
 AQing dynasty illustration of Sun Hao | |||||||||||||
| Emperor ofEastern Wu | |||||||||||||
| Reign | 3 September 264 – 1 May 280[a] | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Sun Xiu | ||||||||||||
| Marquis of Wucheng (烏程侯) | |||||||||||||
| Tenure | 10 December 258 – 3 September 264 | ||||||||||||
| Born | Sun Pengzu (孫彭祖) Haozong (皓宗)(courtesy name) 242[b] | ||||||||||||
| Died | January or February 284 (aged 41-42)[b] | ||||||||||||
| Burial | |||||||||||||
| Spouse |
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| Issue (among others) |
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| House | House of Sun | ||||||||||||
| Father | Sun He | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Lady He | ||||||||||||
Sun Hao (242 – January or February 284),[b]courtesy nameYuanzong, originally namedSun Pengzu with the courtesy nameHaozong, was the fourth and last emperor of the state ofEastern Wu during theThree Kingdoms period of China. He was a son ofSun He, a one-timeheir apparent of the founding emperorSun Quan. He ascended the throne in September 264 after the death of his uncle,Sun Xiu (Emperor Jing), in light of the desire of the people to have an older emperor, considering the recent destruction of Wu's ally stateShu Han. However, he turned out to be a most unfortunate choice, as his cruelty, extravagance and inability to handle domestic matters doomed Wu, which was eventuallyconquered by theJin dynasty in 280, ending the Three Kingdoms period.
Sun Hao is also known by other titles:Marquis of Wucheng (烏程侯), which he held before he became emperor;Marquis Guiming (歸命侯; literally "the Marquis who resigns to his fate"), the title given to him by the Jin dynasty after his surrender;Later Lord of Wu (吳後主) andLast Emperor of Wu (吳末帝), which were used by historians to refer to him.
Sun Hao was born in 242 asSun He's eldest son. Sun He was namedcrown prince in February or March 242,[4] a few months after the death ofSun Quan's eldest son and first crown prince,Sun Deng, in May or June 241.[5] Sun Hao's mother,Consort He, was a concubine of Sun He.
In 250, after Sun Quan grew tired of the constant disputes between his sons Sun He andSun Ba, he forced Sun Ba to commit suicide and exiled Sun He to Guzhang (故鄣; in present-dayHuzhou,Zhejiang), presumably along with his family and reduced to commoner status. Sun Hao went from the status of eventual presumed heir to being the son of a commoner, albeit a grandson of the emperor.
In 252, Sun He's status was elevated from commoner status as Sun Quan just before his death that year instated Sun He as the Prince of Nanyang and a princedom atChangsha. Indeed, there were rumours, even after Sun He's younger brotherSun Liang took the throne after Sun Quan's death that the regentZhuge Ke, an uncle of Sun He's wife Princess Zhang, was interested in restoring Sun He and making Sun He emperor instead. After Zhuge Ke's assassination and replacement bySun Jun in 253, Sun He fell into danger as Sun Jun had been instrumental in having Sun He deposed in the first place and wanted to eliminate any chance of a Sun He comeback. Sun Jun used the rumours as an excuse to have Sun He demoted back to commoner status and exiled to Xindu (新都; in present-dayChun'an County,Zhejiang), and then sent messengers to force Sun He to commit suicide. Princess Zhang also committed suicide. When offered the chance to also commit suicide, Consort He refused, stating that if she died as well, no one would be left to care for Sun He's sons. Thus, she raised Sun Hao and his three brothers born to other consorts — Sun De (孫德), Sun Qian (孫謙), and Sun Jun (孫俊, not the same person as the regent).
After Sun Liang was deposed by Sun Jun's cousin and successorSun Chen in 258,Sun Xiu, another son of Sun Quan, became emperor. On 10 December 258,[6] Sun Xiu created Sun Hao and his brothers, Sun De and Sun Qian, marquises. Sun Hao's title was the Marquis ofWucheng[c] and he was sent to his marquisate. At some point, he befriended a magistrate of Wucheng County,Wan Yu, who appraised him as intelligent and studious.[7] Also, during his time as Marquis of Wucheng, he took his future empress Lady Teng as a concubine.
In summer 264, Sun Xiu fell ill and was unable to speak but still could write so he wrote an edict summoning thechancellorPuyang Xing to the palace, where he pointed and entrusted his son, crown prince Sun Wan, to Puyang Xing. Sun Xiu died soon thereafter, on 3 September 264.[8] However, Puyang Xing did not follow Sun Xiu's wishes. Rather, after consulting with generalZhang Bu, they believed that the people were, in light of the recentfall of their ally stateShu Han in 263, yearning for a mature emperor. (It is not known how old Sun Wan was at this point, but Sun Xiu himself died at age 29, so it was unlikely that Sun Wan was even a teenager.) At the recommendation of Wan Yu, who was by this point a general, Puyang Xing and Zhang Bu enthroned Sun Hao instead.
At first, the people of Wu were impressed with the new emperor as he reduced taxes, gave relief to the poor, and released a large number of ladies in waiting from the palace to let them marry. However, soon that hopefulness was shattered as Sun Hao started to be cruel in his punishments, superstitious, and indulging himself in wine and women. He also demoted Sun Xiu's widow,Empress Dowager Zhu, to the title of "Empress Jing." He honoured his motherConsort He as the empress dowager instead, while posthumously honouring his father Sun He with the title "Emperor Wen".Puyang Xing andZhang Bu were shocked and disappointed; their disappointment was reported to the emperor who had them arrested and executed along with their clans in late 264. In 264, he also instated his wifeLady Teng as the empress.
In 265, Sun Hao forced the former Empress Dowager Zhu to commit suicide and exiled Sun Xiu's four sons. He soon executed the two eldest, Sun Wan (the former crown prince) and Sun Gong. He then also, believing in a prophecy that the imperial aura had moved fromYang Province toJing Province and that Jing Province forces would defeat Yang Province forces, undertook a costly move of the capital fromJianye toWuchang. He also started executing officials who showed disapproval of his wasteful ways regularly. The only major official who was able to speak freely without consequences wasLu Kai, a nephew ofLu Xun and one of the chancellors serving in tandem withWan Yu, because of the great respect the people had for Lu Kai.
In 266, theJin dynasty, which newly established itself as the successor to Wu's rival stateCao Wei, after its first emperor,Sima Yan, usurped the Wei throne, sought to establish peace with Wu. Sun Hao instead considered attacking the Jin dynasty, but while he did not do so at that moment, he also did not make peace with the Jin dynasty.
In 266, commoners in present-day Zhejiang unable to withstand Sun Hao's heavy levies (to support his luxuries) rebelled and kidnapped Sun Hao's brother, Sun Qian, as figurehead. They reached Jianye but were eventually defeated by Ding Gu (丁固) andZhuge Jing, who were responsible for Jianye's defences. Although there was no evidence that Sun Qian was actually involved in the rebellion, Sun Hao not only had Sun Qian but also mother and younger brother, Sun Jun, by the same mother, executed. Sun Hao believed this was a fulfillment of the prophecy that prompted his move of the capital to Wuchang; and later that year, he moved the capital back to Jianye.
In 268, Sun Hao began a policy of periodically attacking Jin border regions; he had his general Zhu Ji (朱繼) attackJiangxia and Wan Yu attackXiangyang, while he himself postured to attackHefei. This attack was repelled by Jin forces, as were several later attacks.
In late 269, Lu Kai died and soon there was no one left in the administration who dared to speak out anymore. After Lu Kai's death, Sun Hao exiled Lu Kai's clan toJian'an. Lu Xun's sonLu Kang, a general who was in charge of defending Wu's western borders, did periodically submit petitions requesting reforms, but Sun Hao generally ignored them, although he did not punish Lu Kang.
In early 271, in the middle of winter, Sun Hao personally launched a major attack against the Jin dynasty and he brought his mother Empress Dowager He, his wife Empress Teng, and thousands of women in his harem along which necessitated heavy labour – from soldiers to drag their wagons – causing the soldiers to murmur about possible defection. Only after Sun Hao heard this possibility did he make the decision to withdraw and return to Jianye.Wan Yu and the senior generalsDing Feng and Liu Ping (留平) had already considered returning to Jianye themselves before Sun Hao chose to withdraw and when Sun Hao heard about this he bore grudges against them as generals who might leave him.
Later that year,Wu forces finally recoveredJiao Province from rebels paying allegiance to the Jin dynasty, who had held out ever since 264 (during Sun Xiu's reign). This gave Sun Hao encouragement and he continued to plan military actions against the Jin dynasty in earnest — although, to his credit, he put his generalTao Huang in charge of Jiao Province and Tao Huang managed the province effectively; the province would not rebel again for the duration of Sun Hao's reign.
In 272,Wang Jun, the Jin governor ofYi Province, withSima Yan's support began building a massive fleet with the plan to eventually use the fleet in conquering Wu. As the wood shavings from the building project floated down theYangtze River, the Wu generalWu Yan realised what was happening and requested that the northwestern border be fortified, but Sun Hao refused.
Later in 272, Sun Hao would carry out an action that would lead to a major rebellion — summoningBu Chan, the general in charge of Xiling (in present-dayYichang,Hubei), back to the capital back to Jianye. Fearful that he was about to be punished somehow, Bu Chan rebelled and defected to the Jin dynasty. While Lu Kang was eventually able to defeat Bu Chan and recover Xiling for Wu, the distrust the Wu generals had for their emperor had been thoroughly exposed and Jin generals became emboldened in proposing plans of conquest to their emperor.
In the same year, Sun Hao, still holding grudges against Wan Yu and Liu Ping for their plan to abandon him and return to Jianye on their own, tried to poison the two of them. Neither died, but when they found out that Sun Hao was behind the poisoning they knew they could not do anything about it; Wan Yu committed suicide while Liu Ping died in distress.
Lu Kang died in 274. In his final petition, he requested Sun Hao to strengthen the defences on Wu's western border, but Sun Hao did not do so. Further, he divided Lu Kang's forces into six different commands, although each was led by one of Lu Kang's sons.
In 275, the senior Wu minister He Shao (賀邵; grandson ofHe Qi) suffered a stroke and was paralysed. Sun Hao suspected that he was pretending and had him arrested and tortured by whipping and by subjecting him to saws and fires. He died under torture and his clan was exiled.[d]
For the next several years, people wishing to flatter Sun Hao often offered him miraculous items (real or manufactured) that purportedly suggest that he would eventually destroy the Jin dynasty and unite China. Sun Hao's superstitious nature became even more aroused and he spent all of his efforts on plans to conquer the Jin dynasty.
In 279, afterSima Yan accepted the advice ofWang Jun andDu Yu, the Jin dynasty finally launched a major attack aiming to conquer Eastern Wu. The attack was in six prongs: with the forces led by Sima Yan's uncle,Sima Zhou;Wang Hun (王渾);Wang Rong;Hu Fen (胡奮); Du; and Wang Jun, with the largest forces under Wang Hun and Wang Jun's command. Each of the Jin forces advanced quickly and captured the border cities that they were targeting with Wang Jun's fleet heading east down the Yangtze and clearing the river of Wu fleets. The Wuimperial chancellorZhang Ti made a last-ditch attempt to defeat Wang Hun's force, but was defeated and killed. Wang Hun, Wang Jun, and Sima Zhou each headed for Jianye. Sun Hao was forced to surrender in May 280.
Sun Hao and his clan were escorted to the Jin capitalLuoyang. Sun Hao, now a captive, humiliated himself by covering himself with mud and having himself bound behind his back. Sima Yan had Sun Hao unbound and had him seated next to him at the next imperial gathering. He remarked, "I have set this seat for you for a long time." Sun Hao responded, "I also had a seat for your imperial majesty in Jianye." When the Jin officialJia Chong, seeking to humiliate Sun Hao, asked, "I heard that you had such cruel punishments as poking out people's eyes and peeling the facial skin off people. What kind of punishment is this?" Sun Hao replied, "If a subordinate planned to murder his emperor or was treacherous, I would use those punishments on him." Jia Chong, who was instrumental in the Wei emperorCao Mao'sdeath, felt humiliated and did not respond.
Sima Yan pardoned Sun Hao and further granted the latter the title "Marquis Guiming" (literally "the marquis who resigns to his fate") on 9 July 280.[9] Sun Hao's sons were made junior officials in the Jin government. Sun Hao died in early 284.
Emperor Yuanzong of Eastern Wu Born: 243 Died: 284 | ||
| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Emperor of Eastern Wu 264–280 | Abolished |
| Titles in pretence | ||
| Preceded by | — TITULAR — Emperor of China 264–280 Reason for succession failure: Conquest of Wu by Jin | Succeeded by |