Meeting of heads of state or government
Asummit orsummit meeting is an international meeting ofheads of state orgovernment , usually with considerable media exposure, tight security, and a prearrangedagenda .
Notable summit meetings include those ofFranklin D. Roosevelt ,Winston Churchill , andJoseph Stalin duringWorld War II , although the termsummit was not commonly used for such meetings until the1955 Geneva Summit .[ 1] Cold War , whenAmerican presidents joined withSoviet orChinese counterparts for one-on-one meetings, the media labelled the event as a summit. Thepost–Cold War era has produced an increase in the number of events described as summits. International summits are now the most common expression forglobal governance .[ 2] [ 3]
U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1) (January 29 – March 27, 1941)Atlantic Conference (August 9–12, 1941)Moscow Conference (September 29 – October 1, 1941)Arcadia Conference (December 22, 1941 – January 14, 1942)Second Washington Conference (June 20–25, 1942) Second Moscow Conference (August 12–19, 1942)Cherchell Conference (October 21–22, 1942)Casablanca Conference (January 14–24, 1943)Bermuda Conference (April 19, 1943)Third Washington Conference (May 12–27, 1943) Quebec Conference (August 17–24, 1943)Third Moscow Conference (October 18 – November 1, 1943)Cairo Conference (November 22–26, 1943)Tehran Conference (November 28 – December 1, 1943)Second Cairo Conference (December 4–6, 1943)Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference (May 1–16, 1944)United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (Bretton Woods) (July 1–15, 1944)Dumbarton Oaks Conference (August 21–29, 1944)Second Quebec Conference (September 12–16, 1944)Fourth Moscow Conference (October 9, 1944)Malta Conference (January 30 – February 2, 1945)Yalta Conference (February 4–11, 1945)United Nations Conference on International Organization (April 25 – June 26, 1945)Potsdam Conference (July 17 – August 2, 1945)Geneva Summit (July 18–23, 1955)Washington and Camp David Summit (September 15, 26–27, 1959) Paris Summit (May 16–17, 1960) Vienna Summit (June 3–4, 1961)Glassboro Summit Conference (June 23 and 25, 1967)Moscow Summit (SALT I ) (May 22–30, 1972)Washington Summit (June 18–25, 1973)Moscow Summit (June 28 – July 3, 1974) Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control (November 23–24, 1974)Helsinki Summit (July 30 and August 2, 1975) Vienna Summit (SALT II ) (June 15–18, 1979) Geneva Summit (November 19–21, 1985)Reykjavík Summit (October 10–12, 1986)Washington Summit (December 7–10, 1987)Moscow Summit (May 29 – June 1, 1988)Governors Island Summit (December 7, 1988)Malta Summit (December 2–3, 1989)Washington Summit (May 30 – June 3, 1990)Helsinki Summit (September 9, 1990)Paris Summit (November 19, 1990) London Summit (July 17, 1991) Moscow Summit (START I ) (July 30–31, 1991) Madrid Summit (October 29–30, 1991) Group of Six (G6),heads of government Group of Seven (G7) , heads of government1976 –2nd G7 summit , San Juan 1977 –3rd G7 summit , London 1978 –4th G7 summit , Bonn 1979 –5th G7 summit , Tokyo 1980 –6th G7 summit , Venice 1981 –7th G7 summit , Montebello 1982 –8th G7 summit , Versailles 1983 –9th G7 summit , Williamsburg 1984 –10th G7 summit , London 1985 –11th G7 summit , Bonn 1986 –12th G7 summit , Tokyo 1987 –13th G7 summit , Venice 1988 –14th G7 summit , Toronto 1989 –15th G7 summit , Grande Arche 1990 –16th G7 summit , Houston 1991 –17th G7 summit , London 1992 –18th G7 summit , Munich 1993 –19th G7 summit , Tokyo 1994 –20th G7 summit , Naples 1995 –21st G7 summit , Halifax 1996 –22nd G7 summit , Lyon Group of Eight (G8) , heads of government1997 –23rd G8 summit , Denver 1998 –24th G8 summit , Birmingham 1999 –25th G8 summit , Cologne 2000 –26th G8 summit , Okinawa 2001 –27th G8 summit , Genoa 2002 –28th G8 summit , Kananaskis, Alberta 2003 –29th G8 summit , Évian-les-Bains 2004 –30th G8 summit , Sea Island, Georgia 2005 –31st G8 summit , Gleneagles 2006 –32nd G8 summit , Saint Petersburg 2007 –33rd G8 summit , Heiligendamm 2008 –34th G8 summit , Tōyako 2009 –35th G8 summit , L'Aquila, Abruzzo 2010 –36th G8 summit , Huntsville, Ontario 2011 –37th G8 summit , Deauville 2012 –38th G8 summit , Camp David, Maryland 2013 –39th G8 summit , Lough Erne in County Fermanagh Group of Seven (G7) , heads of government2014 –40th G7 summit , Brussels 2015 –41st G7 summit , Schloss Elmau, Bavaria 2016 –42nd G7 summit , Shima, Mie Prefecture 2017 –43rd G7 summit , Taormina, Sicily 2018 –44th G7 summit , La Malbaie, Quebec 2019 –45th G7 summit , Biarritz, Nouvelle-Aquitaine 2021 –47th G7 summit , Cornwall, South West England 2022 –48th G7 summit , Schloss Elmau, Bavaria 2023 –49th G7 summit , Hiroshima 2024 –50th G7 summit , Fasano, Apulia 2025 –51st G7 summit , Kananaskis, Alberta Group of Twenty , heads of government1969 – The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement. 1974 – Paris: Creation of the Council. 1985 – Milan: InitiateIGC leading to theSingle European Act . 1991 – Maastricht: Agreement on theMaastricht Treaty . 1997 – Amsterdam: Agreement on theAmsterdam Treaty . 1998 – Brussels: Selected member states to adopt theeuro .
2000 – 2000 South American Summit, Brasília 2002 – South American Summit, Guayaquil
Roles
Diplomatic
Multilateral Bilateral-national Bilateral-subnational Bilateral-insular By portfolio (Attaché )
Other roles Classification
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