| Part of theCounterculture of the 1960s and thehippie movement | |
 Spencer Dryden,Marty Balin, andPaul Kantner ofJefferson Airplane performing at theFantasy Fair, early June 1967 | |
| Date | 1967 |
|---|---|
| Location | Haight-Ashbury,Golden Gate Park,San Francisco |
| Participants | ~100,000 (estimated) |
| Outcome |
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TheSummer of Love was a major social phenomenon that occurred inSan Francisco during thesummer of 1967. As many as 100,000 people, mostly young people,hippies,beatniks, and1960s counterculture figures, converged in San Francisco'sHaight-Ashbury district andGolden Gate Park.[1][2]
More broadly, the Summer of Love encompassed hippie culture, spiritual awakening, hallucinogenic drugs, anti-war sentiment, andfree love throughout theWest Coast of the United States, and as far away asNew York City.[3][4] An episode of thePBS documentary seriesAmerican Experience referred to the Summer of Love as "the largest migration of young people in the history of America".[5]
Hippies, sometimes calledflower children, were an eclectic group. Manyopposed the Vietnam War, weresuspicious of government, andrejected consumerist values. In the United States, counterculture groups rejectedsuburbia and theAmerican way and instead opted for a communal lifestyle. Some hippies were active in political organization, whereas others were passive and more concerned with art (music, painting, poetry in particular) or spiritual and meditative practices.[4] Many hippies took interest inancient Indian religions, such asHinduism andBuddhism.
Inspired byJack Kerouac'sOn the Road[3] (1957) and theBeat Generation of authors of the 1950s, who had flourished in theNorth Beach area of San Francisco, those who gathered in Haight-Ashbury during 1967 allegedly rejected the conformist and materialist values of modern life and adhered to thepsychedelic movement; there was an emphasis on sharing and community.[6] TheDiggers established a Free Store, andHaight Ashbury Free Clinics was founded on June 7, 1967, where medical treatment was provided.[7]
The prelude to the Summer of Love was a celebration known as theHuman Be-In atGolden Gate Park on January 14, 1967,[8] which was produced and organized by artistMichael Bowen.[9][10][11]
It was at this event thatTimothy Leary voiced his phrase, "turn on, tune in, drop out".[12] This phrase helped shape the entire hippie counterculture, as it voiced the key ideas of 1960s rebellion. These ideas included experimenting withpsychedelics, communal living, political decentralization, and dropping out of society. The term "dropping out" became popular among many high school and college students, many of whom would abandon their conventional education for a summer or more of hippie culture.
The event was announced by the Haight-Ashbury's hippie newspaper, theSan Francisco Oracle:
A new concept of celebration beneath the human underground must emerge, become conscious, and be shared, so a revolution can be formed with a renaissance of compassion, awareness, and love, and the revelation of unity for all mankind.[13]
The gathering of approximately 30,000 at the Human Be-In helped publicize hippie fashions.[14]
The term "Summer of Love" originated with the formation of theCouncil for the Summer of Love during the spring of 1967 as a response to the convergence of young people on the Haight-Ashbury district. The council was composed of theFamily Dog hippie commune, The Straight Theatre, The Diggers,The San Francisco Oracle, and approximately 25 other people, who sought to alleviate some of the problems anticipated from the influx of young people expected during the summer. The council also assisted the Free Clinic and organized housing, food, sanitation, music and arts, along with maintaining coordination with local churches and other social groups.[15] Psychedelic poster artist Bob Schnepf was commissioned by Chet Helms to create the official Summer of Love poster, which became a lasting icon of the era.[16]
College students,high school students, andrunaways began streaming into the Haight during thespring break of 1967.John F. Shelley, the then-Mayor of San Francisco and theSan Francisco Board of Supervisors,[3] determined to stop the influx of young people once schools ended for the summer, unwittingly brought additional attention to the scene, and a series of articles in theSan Francisco Examiner andSan Francisco Chronicle alerted the national media to the hippies' growing numbers.[citation needed] By spring, some Haight-Ashbury organizations includingDiggers theater and about 25 residents[22] responded by forming theCouncil of the Summer of Love, giving the event a name.[23][24]
"You only had to walk out your door to join the fun"—Mike Lafavore[25]
The media's coverage of hippie afflux in the Haight-Ashbury drew the attention of youth from all over America.Hunter S. Thompson termed the district "Hashbury" inThe New York Times Magazine.On February 6, 1967,Newsweek printed a four-page four-color article titled "Dropouts on a Mission".[26]On March 17, 1967,Time magazine printed an article "Love on Haight".[26]On June 6, 1967,Newsweek printed "The Hippies are Coming".[26]The activities in the area were reported almost daily.[27]
The event was also reported by the counterculture's own media, particularly theSan Francisco Oracle, the pass-around readership of which is thought to have exceeded a half-million people that summer,[28] and theBerkeley Barb.
The media's reportage of the "counterculture" included other events in California, such as theFantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival in Marin County and theMonterey Pop Festival, both during June 1967. As many as 40,000 people may have attended the Magic Mountain festival.[29] At Monterey, approximately 30,000 people gathered for the first day of the music festival, with the number increasing to 60,000 on the final day.[30] Additionally, media coverage of the Monterey Pop Festival facilitated the Summer of Love as large numbers of hippies traveled to California to hear favorite bands such asthe Who,Grateful Dead,the Animals,Jefferson Airplane,Quicksilver Messenger Service,the Jimi Hendrix Experience,Otis Redding,the Byrds, andBig Brother and the Holding Company featuringJanis Joplin.[31]
In August of 1967,George Harrison visited San Francisco to visit the group of Haight-Ashbury hippies. He walked around the area strumming his guitar and interacted with the group. Many of the hippies asked him questions and were very excited to meet him as well as feeling that they had a kinship to him.[32] He later described this experience in not the best light, as to him this environment was horrible and filled with bums.[33]
The musicianJohn Phillips of the bandthe Mamas & the Papas wrote the song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)" for his friendScott McKenzie. It served to promote both theMonterey Pop Festival that Phillips was helping to organize, and to popularize theflower children of San Francisco.[34] Released on May 13, 1967, the song was an instant success. By the week ending July 1, 1967, it reached number four on theBillboard Hot 100 in the United States, where it remained for four consecutive weeks.[35] Meanwhile, the song charted at number one in the United Kingdom and much of Europe. The single is purported to have sold more than 7 million copies worldwide.[36]
The radical activist group called TheDiggers embedded themselves in San Francisco in 1966. This group were anarchists that wanted to help other youth find liberation in this city.[37] In addition to their free store, this group created a free publication called "The Digger Papers," where they spread their message further.[38] In "The Digger Papers," the group provided information on resources for food, shelter, drug use, and human rights information. Their crucial message in San Francisco is to define a free society, everything they created or endorsed was free, and to further their messages about life and how to live it.[32]
In Manhattan, near the Greenwich Village neighborhood, during a concert inTompkins Square Park onMemorial Day of 1967, some police officers asked for the music's volume to be reduced.[4] In response, some people in the crowd threw various objects, and 38 arrests ensued.[4] A debate about the "threat of the hippie" ensued between MayorJohn Lindsay and Police CommissionerHoward R. Leary.[4] After this event, Allan Katzman, the editor of theEast Village Other, predicted that 50,000 hippies would enter the area for the summer.[4][39]
Double in size of the Tompkins Square Park concert, as many as 100,000 young people from around the world flocked to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, as well as to nearbyBerkeley and to otherSan Francisco Bay Area cities, to join in a popularized version of the hippie culture.[40] AFree Clinic was established for free medical treatment, and aFree Store gave away basic necessities without charge to anyone who needed them.[41][42][43][44]
The Summer of Love attracted a wide range of people of various ages: teenagers and college students drawn by their peers and the allure of joining an alleged cultural utopia; middle-class vacationers; and even partying military personnel from bases within driving distance. The Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate this influx of people, and the neighborhood scene quickly deteriorated, with overcrowding, homelessness, hunger, drug problems, and crime afflicting the neighborhood.[41]
Chet Helms,Barry Fey and others who were constructingThe Family Dog Denver in the summer of 1967 also held aHuman Be-In, in Denver'sCity Park, with the goal of harnessing the Summer of Love vibe to promote Helm's new Family Dog Productions venture, which opened in September, 1967. 5,000 people attended the Be-In, with performances by bands like theGrateful Dead,Odetta andCaptain Beefheart.Ken Kesey andTimothy Leary were also reportedly in attendance. As Denver native Bruce Bond states in the 2021 documentaryThe Tale of the Dog,[45] "It's not like the Summer of Love ended in Frisco. It just moved east, to Denver."
| Part ofa series on |
| Psychedelia |
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Psychedelic drug use became common.Grateful Dead guitaristBob Weir commented:
Haight Ashbury was a ghetto of bohemians who wanted to do anything—and we did but I don't think it has happened since. Yes there was LSD. But Haight Ashbury was not about drugs. It was about exploration, finding new ways of expression, being aware of one's existence.[46]
After losing his untenured position as an instructor on the Psychology faculty atHarvard University,Timothy Leary became a major advocate for the recreational use of psychedelic drugs.[12] After starting takingpsilocybin in the late fifties, a psychoactive chemical produced by certainmushrooms that causes effects similar to those of LSD, Leary endorsed the use of all psychedelics for personal development. He often invited friends as well as an occasional graduate student to consume such drugs along with him and colleagueRichard Alpert.
On the West Coast, authorKen Kesey, a prior volunteer for aCIA-started LSD experiment in 1959, advocated the use of LSD.[12] Soon after participating, he was inspired to write the bestselling novelOne Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest.[12] Subsequently, after buying an old school bus, painting it with psychedelic graffiti and attracting a group of similarly minded individuals he dubbed theMerry Pranksters, Kesey and his group traveled across the country, hosting "acid tests" where they would fill a large container with a diluted low dose form of the drug and give out diplomas to those who passed their test.[12]
Along with LSD,cannabis started to be much used during this period. However, new laws were subsequently enacted to control the use of both drugs. The users thereof often had sessions to oppose the laws, including The Human Be-In referenced above as well as various "smoke-ins" during July and August;[47] however, their efforts at repeal were unsuccessful.
By the end of summer, many participants had left the scene to join theback-to-the-land movement of the late 1960s, to resume school studies, or simply to "get a job".[citation needed] Those remaining in the Haight wanted to commemorate the conclusion of the event. A mock funeral entitled "The Death of the Hippie" ceremony was staged on October 6, 1967, and organizer Mary Kasper explained the intended message:[23]
We wanted to signal that this was the end of it, to stay where you are, bring the revolution to where you live and don't come here because it's over and done with.[48]
In New York, the rock musical dramaHair, which told the story of the hippie counterculture and sexual revolution of the 1960s, beganOff-Broadway on October 17, 1967.[49]
The "Second Summer of Love" (a term which generally refers to the summers of both 1988 and 1989) was a renaissance ofacid house music and rave parties in Britain.[50] The culture supportedMDMA use and someLSD use. The art had a generally psychedelic emotion reminiscent of the 1960s.[51][52][53]
Behind the Iron Curtain, hippies inspired a counter-cultural movement, "Flower Children", nicknamed for the flowers typically in their hair.[54] The hippies' boho fashion style, anti-war, and even expressions, such as "Make love, not war," were used by the Flower Children.[55] While they took inspiration from hippies in fashion, beliefs and protest, they used it to protest the particular repression they faced under a pre-Perestroika Soviet Union.[56]
During the summer of 2007, San Francisco celebrated the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events around the region, culminating on September 2, 2007, when over 150,000 people attended the 40th anniversary of the Summer of Love concert, held in Golden Gate Park in Speedway Meadows. It was produced by 2b1 Multimedia and the Council of Light.[57][58][59]
In 2016, 2b1 Multimedia and The Council of Light, once again, began the planning for the 50th Anniversary of the Summer of Love in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco. By the beginning of 2017, the council had gathered about 25 poster artists, about 10 of whom submitted their finished art, but it was never printed. The council was also contacted by many bands and musicians who wanted to be part of this historic event, all were waiting for the date to be determined before a final commitment.[60] New rules enforced by the San Francisco Parks and Recreational Department (PRD) prohibited the council from holding a free event of the proposed size. There were many events planned for San Francisco in 2017, many of which were 50th Anniversary-themed. However, there was no free concert. The PRD later hosted an event originally called "Summer Solstice Party," but it was later renamed "50th Anniversary of the Summer of Love" two weeks before commencement. The event had fewer than 20,000 attendees from the local Bay Area.
In frustration, producer Boots Hughston put the proposal of what was by then to be a 52nd anniversary free concert into the form of an initiative intended for the November 6, 2018, ballot.[61][62] The issue did not make the ballot; however, a more generic Proposition E provides for directing hotel tax fees to a $32 million budget for "arts and cultural organizations and projects in the city."[63]
During the summer of 2017, San Francisco celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love by holding numerous events and art exhibitions.[64]In Liverpool, the city has staged a 50 Summers of Love festival based on the 50th anniversary of the June 1, 1967, release of the albumSgt Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, bythe Beatles.[65]
With the 50th anniversary of the Summer of Love sparking celebrations and events throughout San Francisco, we invite the New York Times best-selling author of Summer of Love: The Inside Story of LSD, Rock & Roll, Free Love and High Times in the Wild West and former San Francisco Chronicle senior pop music critic Joel Selvin to offer his insights into the lasting impact of the 1967 cultural revolution that was born in the Haight-Ashbury.
Anti-Vietnam war demonstrators fill Fulton Street in San Francisco on April 15, 1967. The five-mile march through the city would end with a peace rally at Kezar Stadium. In the background is San Francisco City Hall. (AP Photo)
