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Acottage, duringEngland's feudal period, was the holding by a cottager (known as acotter orbordar) of a small house with enough garden to feed a family and in return for the cottage, the cottager had to provide some form of service to themanorial lord.[1] However, in time cottage just became the general term for a small house. In modern usage, a cottage is usually a modest, often cosydwelling, typically in a rural or semi-rural location and not necessarily in England. Thecottage orné, often quite large and grand residences built by the nobility, dates back to a movement of "rustic" stylised cottages of the late 18th and early 19th century during the Romantic movement.
InBritish English the term now denotes a small, cosy dwelling of traditional build, although it can also be applied to modern construction designed to resemble traditional houses ("mock cottages"). Cottages may be detached houses, orterraced, such as those built to house workers in mining villages. Thetied accommodation provided to farm workers was usually a cottage, seecottage garden. In England the termholiday cottage now denotes a specialised form of residential let property, attracting various tax benefits to the owner.
Theholiday cottage exists in many cultures under different names. InCanadian English andAmerican English, "cottage" is one term for such holiday homes, although they may also be called a "cabin", "chalet", or even "camp". In Australia, the term "cabin" is common, cottage usually referring to a smaller pre-modern period dwelling. In certain countries (e.g.Nordics,Baltics, and Russia) the term "cottage" has local synonyms: In Finnishmökki, in Estoniansuvila, in Latvianvasarnīca, in Livoniansõvvõkuodā, in Swedishstuga, in Norwegianhytte (from the German wordHütte), in Czech or Slovakchata orchalupa, in Russianдача (dacha).[2]
In places such as Canada, "cottage" carries no connotations of size (compare withvicarage orhermitage).
The wordcottage (Medieval Latincotagium) derives fromOld Englishcot, cote "hut" andOld Frenchcot "hut, cottage", fromOld Norsekot "hut" and related toMiddle Low Germankotten (cottage, hut). Examples of this may be found in 15th centurymanor court rolls.[citation needed] The house of the cottage bore the Latin name: "domus",[3] while the barn of the cottage was termed "grangia".
The word originally referred to a humble rural detached dwelling of acotter, a semi-independent resident of amanor who had certain residential rights from thelord of the manor, and who in the social hierarchy was a grade above the slave (mentioned in theDomesday Book of 1086), who had no right of tenure and worked full-time to the orders of the lord. In the Domesday Book, they were referred to asCoterelli.[4] The cottage had a small amount of surrounding agricultural land, perhaps two or three acres, from which the resident gained his livelihood and sustenance. It was defined by its function of housing a cotter, rather than by its form, which varied, but it was certainly small and cheaply built and purely functional, with no non-essential architectural flourishes. It would have been built from the cheapest locally available materials and in the local style, thus in wheat-growing areas, it would be roofed in thatch, and in slate-rich locations, such as Cornwall, slates would be used for roofing. In stone-rich areas, its walls would be built of rubble stone, and in other areas, such as Devon, was commonly built fromcob.[5]
In England from about the 18th century onwards, the development of industry led to the development ofweavers' cottages andminers' cottages.[6]Friedrich Engels cites 'Cottages' as a poor quality dwelling in his 1845 workThe Condition of the Working Class in England.
Over the years various Englishacts of Parliament removed the right of the cottager to hold land. According toJohn Lawrence Hammond andBarbara Hammond in their bookThe Village Labourer, before aninclosure act a cottager was a farm labourer with land, and after aninclosure act the cottager was a farm labourer without land.[7]
In the law of England and Wales the definition of a cottage is "a small house or habitation without land".[4] However, originally under anElizabethan statute, the cottage had to be built with at least 4 acres (0.02 km2; 0.01 sq mi) of land.[4]
The WelshTŷ unnos or "house in a night", was built by squatters on a plot of land defined by the throw of anaxe from each corner of the property. InWelsh a cottage is known asbwthyn and its inhabitantpreswlydd.[8]
In Scotland the equivalent to cottager would be the crofter and the term for the building and its land would becroft.[9]
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Irish cottages, known asIrish:teachín, were historically the homes of farmworkers and labourers, but in recent years the term has assumed a romantic connotation especially when referring to cottages withthatched roofs (Irish:teach ceann tuí). These thatched cottages were once to be seen all over Ireland, but most have become dilapidated due to newer and modern developments. However, there has been a recent revival of restoring these old cottages, with people wanting a more traditional home. Today, thatched cottages are now mostly built for the tourist industry and many can be let out as accommodation.[10]
In popular modern culture, the termcottage is used in a more general and romantic context and can date from any era but the term is usually applied to pre-modern dwellings. Older, pre-Victorian cottages tend to have restricted height, and often have construction timber exposed, sometimes intruding into the living space. Modern renovations of such dwellings often seek to re-expose timber purlins, rafters, posts, etc. which have been covered, in an attempt to establish perceived historical authenticity.
Older cottages are typically modest, often semi-detached or terraced, with only four basic rooms ("two up, two down"), although subsequent modifications can create more spacious accommodation. A labourer's or fisherman's one-roomed house, often attached to a larger property, is a particular type of cottage and is called apenty. The term cottage has also been used for a larger house that is practical rather than pretentious: seeChawton Cottage.
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Although theOxford English Dictionary states that the termcottage is used in North America to represent "a summer residence (often on a large and sumptuous scale) at a watering-place or a health or pleasure resort," most Americans expect a cottage, particularly a summer cottage, to be a relatively small, possibly unfinished house. Various editions of the quintessentially AmericanWebster's Dictionary define it as "a small house; any modest country or suburban dwelling," (fifth edition) with the eleventh edition describing even a vacation cottage as "a usu. small house for vacation use."
In North America, most buildings known as cottages are used for weekend or summer getaways by city dwellers. Cottage owners often rent their properties to tourists as a source of revenue. InSaint John, U.S. Virgin Islands, most cottages are vacation rentals used for weekend or summer getaways. In Michigan, a cottage normally means a summer residence farther north near or on a lake. An example of acolonial era cottage in North America is a smallfieldstone house calledBoelson Cottage inFairmount Park,Philadelphia—one of the oldest extant houses within the city (c.1678–84).
In the jargon ofEnglish-speakingQuebec's real-estate industry, a cottage is any two-storey house, as opposed to abungalow. However, "cottages" in Eastern Canada are generally located next to lakes, rivers, or the ocean in forested areas. They are used as a place to spend holidays with friends and family; common activities include swimming, canoeing, waterskiing, fishing,hiking, andsailing. There are also many well-knownsummer colonies. Cottage living is one of the most popular tourist draws inOntario, Canada, parts of which have come to be known ascottage country. This term typically refers to the north and south shores ofGeorgian Bay, Ontario;Muskoka, Ontario;Haliburton, Ontario; and theKawartha Lakes, Ontario; but has also been used to describe several other Canadian regions. The practice of renting cottages has become widespread in these regions, especially with rising property taxes for waterfront property.
What Eastern Canadians refer to as "cottages" (seasonal-use dwellings), are generally referred to as "cabins" in most of North America. This is most notable in theMidwest and the Western United States, and Western Canada. In much ofNorthern Ontario,New England, andupstate New York, a summer house near a body of water is known as a camp.[citation needed] In the 1960s and 1970s, theA-Frame house became a popular cottage style in North America.
In the 1920s and 30s manygas stations were built in the style of Old World cottages. Comprising about a third of the stations built in the United States in those years, cottage-patterned facilities evoked a picturesque homeyness and were easier to gain approval for than the more stylized or attention-grabbing designs also commonly used at the dawn of the automobile era.[11]
In Australia, the term "cabin" or "shack" is commonly used for a small dwelling, the former more often for a place of residence or tourist accommodation and the latter for a simple recreational shelter, typically not continuously occupied. The term cottage usually refers to historic smaller residential buildings, commonly stone or brick, typically from Georgian or Victorian. More recently, cabins are often also referred totiny houses, however, cabins are built at a permanent site on proper footings, while the term tiny house often implies that the dwelling is built on a trailer platform and can be relocated.
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Statistics Finland defines a cottage (Finnish:mökki,Finland Swedish:stuga orvilla) as "a residential building that is used as a holiday or free-time dwelling and is permanently constructed or erected on its site".[12] Finnish cottages are traditionally built of logs but other wood constructions have become common. They are usually situated close to water and almost all have asauna.
There are 474,277 cottages in Finland (2005), a country with 187,888 lakes and 179,584 islands, including rentalholiday cottages owned by hospitality companies but excluding holiday villages and buildings on garden allotments. Reports have 4,172 new cottages built in 2005.[citation needed] Most cottages are situated in the municipalities ofKuusamo (6,196 cottages on 1 January 2006),Kuopio (5,194),Ekenäs (Tammisaari – 5,053),Mikkeli (4,649), andMäntyharju (4,630).[citation needed]
The formal Swedish term for cottages isfritidshus (vacation house) orstuga, of which there are 680.000 in Sweden (2007). According to Statistics Sweden, about 50% of the Swedish population has access to a vacation house.[13] In everyday talk, Swedes refer to their cottages aslantstället (the country house) orstugan (the cottage). Most vacation houses in Sweden are to be found along the coasts and around the major cities. Prices vary a lot depending on location; a modern seaside house near Stockholm may cost 100 times as much as a simple cottage in the inner regions of northern Sweden.
Until the end of World War II, only a small wealthy Swedish elite could afford vacation houses—often both a large seaside house and a hunting cabin up north. During the rapid urbanisation in the 1950s and 1960s, many families were able to retain their old farmhouses, village cottages, and fisherman cabins and convert them into vacation houses. In addition, economic growth made it possible even for low-income families to buy small lots in the countryside where they could erect simple houses. Former vacation houses near the large cities have gradually been converted into permanent homes as a result ofurban sprawl.
The traditional Swedish cottage is a simple paneled house made of wood and painted inred. They may contain 1–3 small bedrooms and also a small bathroom. In the combined kitchen and living room (storstuga) there is usually a fireplace. Today, many cottages have been extended with "outdoor rooms" (semi-heated external rooms with glass walls and a thin roof) and large wood terraces. As a result of thefriggebod reform in 1979, many cottage owners have built additional guesthouses on their lots.
The formal Norwegian term for cottages ishytte orfritidsbolig (vacation house). In Norway, cabins are often built near leisure activities such as hunting, fishing, and outdoor life / outdoor sports, or in areas with particularly beautiful nature, such as in the woods, in the mountains, or by the sea. In the most attractive areas, it has become increasingly common with regulated fields where the cabins are very close together, in so-called "cabin villages". Chained cabins and holiday apartments are also being built here, similar to a normal city.
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The first known "cottages" were built in Russia in the 19th century,[14] when British culture was popular. Today many large cities in Russia are surrounded by cottage villages. So it is legitimate to talk about the appearance of the term "Russian cottage" – a house, comparable in size to a British villa or even a mansion, and includes a corresponding piece of land.[15]
Much like in the rest of the world, cottages in South Africa housed agricultural workers and their friends and families. A number of cottages were also constructed for fishermen along the West and South Coasts of the country throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. Most cottages are single-story two to four-room structures, sometimes with an attic for storing supplies. Most cottages in the Western Cape area of South Africa havethatched roofs and stone oradobe walls which were traditionallywhitewashed. A large number of the remaining cottages in the country are listed heritage sites.[citation needed]
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