Suffolk became anincorporated town in 1808. Suffolk became a stop on theAtlantic and Danville Railway in 1890.[6] In 1910, it incorporated as a city and separated from Nansemond County. However, it remained the seat of Nansemond County until 1972, when its former county became theindependent city of Nansemond. In 1974, the independent cities of Suffolk and Nansemond merged under Suffolk's name and charter.
Peanuts grown in the surrounding areas became a major agricultural industry for Suffolk. Notably,Planters' Peanuts was established in Suffolk beginning in 1912. Suffolk was the 'birthplace' ofMr. Peanut, the mascot of Planters' Peanuts. For many years, the call-letters of localAM radio station WLPM stood forWorld'sLargestPeanutMarket. (WLPM's license was cancelled in 1996[7])In 1918, Suffolk did its part in the war effort when it became the home of the Nansemond Ordinance Depot. Formally named Pin Point under the Confederacy during the Civil War, the United States Government purchased the land and used it as a weapons depot until the site's closure in 1960.[8]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 429 square miles (1,110 km2), of which 400 square miles (1,000 km2) is land and 29 square miles (75 km2) (6.7%) is water.[9] It is the largest city in Virginia by land area and second largest by total area. Part of theGreat Dismal Swamp is located in Suffolk.
Suffolk city, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
As of thecensus[18] of 2010, there were 84,585 people, 23,283 households, and 17,718 families residing in the city. The population density was 159.2 inhabitants per square mile (61.5/km2). There were 24,704 housing units at an average density of 61.8 per square mile (23.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 50.1%White, 42.7%Black or African American, 0.3%Native American, 1.6%Asian, 0.1%Pacific Islander, 0.8% fromother races, and 2.3% from two or more races.Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 2.9% of the population.
There were 23,283 households, out of which 36.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.1% weremarried couples living together, 16.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.9% were non-families. 20.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.09.
The age distribution was 27.8% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 31.1% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.4 males. For every 100 females aged 18 and over, there were 87.4 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $41,115, and the median income for a family was $47,342. Males had a median income of $35,852 versus $23,777 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $18,836. About 10.8% of families and 13.2% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 18.2% of those under age 18 and 11.2% of those age 65 or over.
As of 2005, the city's median income jumped to $60,484. A number of government-related, contractor high-tech jobs had developed with new businesses in the city's northern corridor, bringing in wealthier residents. Suffolk ranked a close second in median income to its neighbor Chesapeake in South Hampton Roads.[19]
The citywas hit by an EF3tornado which produced a large swath of extensive damage through the city and nearby communities during the late afternoon of April 28, 2008.[20] After 4:00 PM EDT on April 28, a tornado touched down multiple times, causing damage and leaving more than 200 injured in Suffolk. the path of the storm passed north and west of the downtown area, striking near Sentara Obici Hospital and in the neighborhood ofDriver. The storm seriously damaged more than 120 homes and 12 businesses. The subdivisions of Burnett's Mill and Hillpoint Farms were severely damaged, as were several older historic structures in Driver. Near Driver, the large radio and television broadcast towers, which were located in an antenna farm serving most of Hampton Roads, were spared serious damage.
GovernorTim Kaine declared a state of emergency and directed state agencies to assist the recovery and cleanup efforts. Police officers and firefighters from across Hampton Roads were sent to Suffolk to help in a quarantine and cleanup of the damaged areas. On May 1, the state estimated property damages at $20 million.
Suffolk's early growth depended on its waterfront location, with access to the waterways for power and transportation. Subsequent transportation infrastructure upgraded its connections with other markets. These continue to be major factors in the 21st century.
The Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge includes dozens of miles of trails accessible via White Marsh Road at Washington Ditch and other entry sites. Additional bike trails can be found at Lone Star Lakes City Park off Godwin Blvd. This city park provides over 4 miles (6.4 km) of rock trails. There are many rural roads with light traffic available for road riding. Adjacent to Suffolk is Isle of Wight County, where a county facility called Nike Park includes a bike trail approximately 21⁄2 miles in a loop.
The tworailroads completed through Suffolk before theAmerican Civil War were later joined by four more. These were eventually consolidated during the modern merger era of North American railroads which began around 1960. Suffolk was served by several passenger lines, concluding with Amtrak'sMountaineer, which ended in 1977. At least two former passenger stations are still standing, theSeaboard Coast Line station, now the Seaboard Station Railroad Museum, and theNorfolk and Western Railway station at 100 Hollady Street. The N&W station was used byAmtrak (as "Holiday Street"[21]) until 1977 when theMountaineer was replaced by a bus connection to theHilltopper.[22] Currently, Amtrak'sNortheast Regional betweenNorfolk andPetersburg passes by the N&W station without stopping.
In 2006, Suffolk assumed control of its road system from theVirginia Department of Transportation, which is customary among Virginia'sindependent cities. Since theByrd Road Act of 1932 created Virginia's Secondary Roads System, the state maintains the roads in most counties and towns. An exception was made by the General Assembly when the former Nansemond County became an independent city and consolidated Suffolk in the 1970s. The state maintained the primary and secondary routes in Suffolk until July 1, 2006.
The city and VDOT have had disputes over ownership and responsibility for theKings Highway Bridge (circa 1928) across the Nansemond River onState Route 125. VDOT closed it in 2005 for safety reasons.[23][24]
About 3,300 motorists a day used the bridge that connectedChuckatuck andDriver. The closure forced detours of as much as 19 miles (31 km). The cost of a new bridge for the King's Highway crossing is estimated at $48 million, far more than could be recovered through collection of tolls at that location.[25] In 2007, VDOT announced that it would contract for demolition and removal of the bridge. According to newspaper accounts, this was the first time in VDOT's history that it did not plan for a replacement facility.[26]
Virginia is reviewing proposals under apublic-private partnership for a major realignment and upgrade of U.S. 460 from Suffolk west toInterstate 295 nearPetersburg. In 1995, theVirginia General Assembly passed the Public-Private Transportation Act, allowing private entities to propose innovative solutions for designing, constructing, financing, and operating transportation improvements. The new roadway would be funded through collection oftolls.
As part of the Suffolk 2026 Comprehensive Plan, the city plans to bypass the crossroads community of Whaleyville in southwestern Suffolk City.US 13 (along withNC Highway 11) is a strategic highway corridor in North Carolina towardGreenville.[27][28]
In modern times, Suffolk remains a majorpeanut processing center and railroad and highway transportation hub. It hosts a diverse combination of industrial, manufacturing, distribution, retail, and hospitality businesses, as well as active farming.
In 2002, the new Louise Obici Memorial Hospital was completed and dedicated. It was acquired in 2005 by theSentara Health System.Planters' Peanuts has been a major employer, now owned byKraft Foods. Each fall since 1977, the City of Suffolk hosts Suffolk Festivals Incorporated's annual Peanut Fest.
Other large employers in the City of Suffolk includeUnilever,Lipton Tea,Massimo Zanetti Beverage Group,Wal-Mart,Target,QVC, and two major modeling and simulation companies,Lockheed Martin andRaytheon. Lockheed Martin built its "Center for Innovation" around a lighthouse in Suffolk, for which the campus is called 'The Lighthouse'. Raytheon won a DoD contract to manufacture 'Miniature Air-Launched Decoy Jammers'(MALD-J), which it has been producing with Cobham Composite Products: 202 vehicles for a price of $81 million.[30]
TheU.S. Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) facility, near the intersection of US 17 and Interstate 664, has resulted in a growth in defense contracting and high-tech jobs since 1999. Through the following decade, JFCOM employed a growing number ofdefense contractors until it reached over 3,000.[citation needed] By September 2010, US Secretary of DefenseRobert Gates recommended to decommission JFCOM, as a matter of reallocating and rebalancing the U.S. Department of Defense budget, to better address changing needs and fiscal demands.
The announcement led to speculation about the effects the loss of JFCOM would have on the Hampton Roads economy in general and (more specifically), on the future of related businesses located in the Harborview section of Suffolk. In August 2011 JFCOM was disestablished. But many critical JFCOM functions, such as joint training, joint exercises, and joint development were retained in the buildings vacated by JFCOM, under the auspices of the Joint Staff J7 Directorate, referred to as either "Pentagon South"[30] or "Joint and Coalition Warfighting".
By summer 2013, city officials expected the Naval Network Warfare Command, NNWC Global Network Operations Center Detachment, Navy Cyber Defense Operations Command and Navy Cyber Forces to occupy buildings vacated by JFCOM. These commands have been considered a boon to north Suffolk, bringing an estimated 1,000 additional employees, counting military, civilians and contractors, with an estimated annual payroll of $88.9 million.[30] The buildup in these defense functions resulted in Suffolk's median income increasing markedly in this period.
Suffolk's daily newspapers are the localSuffolk News-Herald, theVirginian-Pilot from Norfolk and theDaily Press of Newport News. Other papers include theNew Journal and Guide, andInside Business.[31]Coastal Virginia Magazine serves as a bi-monthly regional magazine for Suffolk and theHampton Roads area.[32]Hampton Roads Times serves as an online magazine for all the Hampton Roads cities and counties. Suffolk is served by a variety of radio stations on the AM and FM dials, with towers located around theHampton Roads area.[33]
Suffolk is also served by several television stations. The Hampton Roadsdesignated market area (DMA) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes (0.64% of the total U.S.).[34] The major network television affiliates areWTKR-TV 3 (CBS),WAVY 10 (NBC),WVEC-TV 13 (ABC),WGNT 27 (CW),WTVZ 33 (MyNetworkTV),WVBT 43 (FOX), andWPXV 49 (ION Television). ThePublic Broadcasting Service station isWHRO-TV 15. Suffolk residents also can receive independent stations, such asWSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from the Outer Banks of North Carolina andWGBS-LD broadcasting on channel 11 fromHampton. Suffolk is served by Charter Communications.[35] The City of Suffolk Media & Community Relations Department operates Municipal Channel 8 on the localCharterCable television system. Programming includes television coverage of many City activities and events, including liveGovernment-access television (GATV) broadcasts of all regular City Council meetings, and special features including "On The Scene", "Suffolk Seniorcize", and "Suffolk Business Today".DirecTV andDish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Suffolk.
In 1981, the county ofSuffolk in England became Suffolk's first sister city as a result of the personal interest in the Sister Cities concept by Virginia's Governor, Mills E. Godwin. A native of the city, Governor Godwin believed that Sister Cities would benefit the community culturally and educationally. Suffolk's second sister city relationship with Oderzo, Italy, began in 1995 because of one man, Amedeo Obici. Mr. Obici was a native of Oderzo and the founder of Planters Nut and Chocolate Company in Suffolk.
Suffolk Sister Cities International, Inc. (SSCI) is a 501 (c)(3) nonprofit established to promote international relationships as directed by Suffolk City Council through its appointed Suffolk Sister Cities Commission. Its membership is open to all who are interested in fostering the goals of the organization.
SSCI and its international youth association, SIYA, have won national awards for Youth and Education and for the Best Overall Program for cities with populations less than 100,000.[45]
The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to theKöppen Climate Classification system, Suffolk has ahumid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.[47]
Climate data for Suffolk, Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present)
Throughout most of the early 20th century, Suffolk was a Democratic stronghold, similar to the rest of the South at the time. As it grew rapidly throughout the century due to the defense and logistics industries,[50] it became more of a swing city and a bellwether, voting for the national winner every time between 1952 and 2012 (with the exception of 1952 and 2000). Since then, Suffolk has followed the trend of more urbanized areas in Virginia and become a reliable Democratic stronghold, although Republicans still consistently achieve 40%, much better than many other independent cities in Virginia, something that can be attributed to Suffolk's consolidation with more rural areas of Nansemond County in 1974. Today, the more rural boroughs of Whaleyville, Holy Neck, and Chuckatuck lean Republican, while the more urban boroughs of Nansemond, Suffolk, Sleepy Hole, and Cypress lean Democratic.[51]
United States presidential election results for Suffolk, Virginia[52]
Core cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.