| Gray brocket | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Male | |
_young_female.JPG) | |
| Young female ThePantanal,Brazil | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Artiodactyla |
| Family: | Cervidae |
| Subfamily: | Capreolinae |
| Tribe: | Odocoileini |
| Genus: | Subulo Smith, 1827[2] |
| Species: | S. gouazoubira |
| Binomial name | |
| Subulo gouazoubira (Fischer, 1814) | |
 | |
| Synonyms | |
Mazama gouazoupira(lapsus) | |
Thegray brocket (Subulo gouazoubira), also known as thebrown brocket, is a species ofbrocket deer[3] from northernArgentina,Bolivia, southernPeru, eastern and southernBrazil,Paraguay, andUruguay. It formerly included theAmazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga)[4] and sometimes also theYucatan brown brocket (Odocoileus pandora) assubspecies.[5] Unlike other species of brocket deer in its range, the gray brocket has a gray-brown fur without reddish tones.[6]
The scientific name of the gray brocket deer comes fromFélix de Azara'sgouazoubira. Azara was the first to provide a quality description of the small deer in the Americas, and he referred to thered brocket asgouazoupita, while he referred to the gray brocket asgouazoubira, which has been maintained in the current species name,Mazama gouazoubira. Though sometimes it is seen asMazama gouazoupira, this is incorrect, perhaps mistakenly replacing a "b" with a "p" from Azara's name for the red brocket, Gouazoupita.[7]
However recent genomic studies have found this species to not be related to the other brocket deer species, and in 2023 it has since been allocated to the genusSubulo.[8]
The coat of a gray brocket can range from gray-brown to dark brown. Lighter, browner coats are seen in those that live in grasslands, whereas grayer, darker colors are more prevalent in forest regions. Significant variation can be seen between individuals of the same population, as well.[1] Their tails are white on the bottom, and on their flanks the hair is of a lighter color than that of the rest of the body. The body length of a gray brocket deer can range from 85 to 105 cm (33 to 41 in) and the weight from 11 to 25 kg (24 to 55 lb).[6]
In addition to the obvious differences in color, the gray brocket is generally smaller than the red brocket.[6] Separation of the gray brocket and the Amazonian brown brocket using external features is far harder, but the former has a more orange rump, bigger, more rounded ears, widerauditory bullae, and smaller eyes.[1]
The gray brocket is found in northern Argentina, Bolivia, southern Peru, eastern and southern Brazil, Uruguay, and Paraguay.[1] They range from the western part of South America, in the EastAndes foothills in Bolivia, Peru, and Argentina. From there, it extends eastward, through semiopen regions such as theGran Chaco,Cerrado, andCaatinga, to the Atlantic Ocean. It does not live in theAmazon Rainforest region (where it is replaced by the Amazonian brown brocket), and its distribution runs south to the mouth of theParaná River in Argentina.[1]
It is found in brushy vegetation and forest edge, but typically avoids both open habitats without cover and dense forest.[6]
Gray brockets are active during the day, but generally only appear in the open at night.[6] They are solitary and territorial, with the male defending a larger territory and the female a smaller core area.[6]
Unless under cover, they are very shy and nervous when held captive.[citation needed]
The gray brocket is aherbivore that chooses what it eats selectively, though it does eat a wide variety of plants. During some periods, the grays brocket may becomeprimarily fruit-eating, but this depends on the season, area, and availability of fruits. Many of the fruits are in dense forests, which it for the most part avoids, but it does find other sources of fruits and also other sources of food.[1] In the dry season, they eat the fruit from trees suchCaesalpinia paraguariensis, which produce dry, tough fruits.[9] Periodically and locally, they also eat cacti,bromeliad fruits, and leaves and roots fromsucculents to satisfy their water requirements.[9]
The gray brocket reaches sexual maturity around 18 months old.[10] No distinct breeding season is seen. Thegestation periods lasts around 7 months, andpost partumestrus occurs.[1] Thus, a gray brocket can produce two offspring in a year.[11] After birth, the doe takes care of the fawn until it is weaned, though the time until it is weaned is unknown. During this time, the fawn remains hidden and is fed by the doe.
Hybrids of this species andMazama nemorivaga are documented.[12]
Four types ofscent marking have been observed as a means of communication, due to their performance of these behaviors in concurrence with certain postures. These scent-marking behaviors includeurination,defecation, thrashing, and forehead rubbing. Such scent-marking tactics can be part of a claim on territory if a number of markings are placed within a concentrated area by a single gray brocket.[1]
Overall, the gray brocket remains widespread and common, but it has decreased or even disappeared in areas close to human populations.[1] In Bolivia, the population appears to remain constant despite great hunting pressure, and it is the most common deer in Brazil, though it is declining in some regions. In Argentina, it is declining due to habitat loss and hunting, and in Paraguay, it has declined from regions with high human densities.[1] The primary motive for hunting gray brockets is not pest control, as they cause a minimal amount of crop damage.[9]
The gray brocket occurs in 14 national and provincial reserves in Argentina, as well as seven reserves in Bolivia, and numerous reserves in Paraguay and Brazil. Though hunting is illegal in many areas in the gray brocket's range, bans are generally not enforced.[1] To prevent further population declines, hunting laws need to be enforced, stray dogs from human populations should be controlled, and local village populations should be educated to preserve the gray brocket populations.[1] Additionally, population studies are needed to determine the status of the gray brocket, to be better equipped to help it.[13]
