Thesubsequent Nuremberg trials (alsoNuremberg Military Tribunals; 1946–1949) were twelvemilitary tribunals forwar crimes committed by the leaders ofNazi Germany (1933–1945). The Nuremberg Military Tribunals occurred after theNuremberg trials, held by the International Military Tribunal, which concluded in October 1946. The subsequent Nuremberg trials were held by U.S. military courts and dealt with the cases ofcrimes against humanity committed by the business community of Nazi Germany, specifically the crimes of usingslave labor andplundering occupied countries, and the war-crime cases ofWehrmacht officers who committed atrocities against Allied prisoners of war,partisans, andguerrillas.[1]
The Allies had initially planned to convene several international trials for war crimes at the International Military Tribunal, but failed because the Allies could not agree upon the proper legal management and disposition of military and civilian war criminals; however, the Control Council Law No. 10 (20 December 1945) of theAllied Control Council empowered the military authorities of every occupation zone in Germany to place on trial people and soldiers suspected of being war criminals. Based on this law, the U.S. authorities proceeded after the end of the initial Nuremberg Trial against the major war criminals to hold another twelve trials in Nuremberg. The judges in all these trials were American, and so were the prosecutors; the chief of counsel for the prosecution was Brigadier GeneralTelford Taylor. In the other occupation zones, similar trials took place.[2]
The twelve U.S. trials after the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT) took place from 9 December 1946 to 13 April 1949.[2] The trials were as follows:
| # | Designations | Dates | Defendants |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Doctors' Trial | 9 December 1946 – 20 August 1947 | 23 Nazi physicians of theAktion T4 |
| 2 | Milch Trial | 2 January – 14 April 1947 | Field MarshalErhard Milch of theLuftwaffe |
| 3 | Judges' Trial | 5 March – 4 December 1947 | 16 Nazi German "racial purity" jurists |
| 4 | Pohl Trial | 8 April – 3 November 1947 | Oswald Pohl and 17 SS officers |
| 5 | Flick Trial | 19 April – 22 December 1947 | Friedrich Flick and 5 directors of his companies |
| 6 | IG Farben Trial | 27 August 1947 – 30 July 1948 | 24 directors ofIG Farben, maker ofZyklon B |
| 7 | Hostages Trial | 8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948 | 12 German generals of theBalkan Campaign |
| 8 | RuSHA Trial | 20 October 1947 – 10 March 1948 | 14 racial cleansing and resettlement officials |
| 9 | Einsatzgruppen Trial | 29 September 1947 – 10 April 1948 | 24 officers ofEinsatzgruppen |
| 10 | Krupp Trial | 8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948 | 12 directors of theKrupp Group |
| 11 | Ministries Trial | 6 January 1948 – 13 April 1949 | 21 officials ofReich ministries |
| 12 | High Command Trial | 30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948 | 13 generals and 1 admiral of the High Command |
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The Nuremberg process initiated 3,887 cases of which about 3,400 were dropped. 489 cases went to trial, involving 1,672 defendants. A total of 1,416 of them were found guilty; fewer than 200 were executed, and another 279 defendants were sentenced to life in prison. By the 1950s almost all of them had been released.[3]
Many of the longer prison sentences were reduced substantially by an amnesty under the decree of high commissionerJohn J. McCloy in 1951, after intense political pressure. Ten outstanding death sentences from theEinsatzgruppen Trial were converted to prison terms. Many others who had received prison sentences were released outright.
Some of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals have been criticised for their conclusion that "morale bombing" of civilians, including itsnuclear variety, was legal, and for their judgment that, in certain situations, executing civilians in reprisal was permissible.[4]
subsequent nuremberg trials 200 nazi.
