Thesubjunctive (also known as theconjunctive in some languages) is agrammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it. Subjunctive forms ofverbs are typically used to express various states ofunreality, such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action, that has not yet occurred. The precise situations in which they are used vary from language to language. The subjunctive is one of theirrealis moods, which refer to what is not necessarily real. It is often contrasted with theindicative, arealis mood which principally indicates that something is a statement of fact.
InModern English, subjunctive forms are usually marked by the use of thebare form of the verb in the present subjunctive, with thethird person singular lacking the-s ending, or by the use ofwere instead ofwas in past subjunctive constructions.
Subjunctives occur most often, although not exclusively, insubordinate clauses, particularlythat-clauses. Examples of thesubjunctive in English are found in the sentences "I suggest that yoube careful" and "It is important that shestay by your side."
TheProto-Indo-European language, the reconstructed common ancestor of theIndo-European languages, had two closely related moods: the subjunctive and theoptative. Many of its daughter languages combined or merged these moods.
In Indo-European, the subjunctive was formed by using the fullablaut grade of the root of the verb and appending thethematic vowel *-e- or *-o- to the root stem, with the full, primary set of personal inflections. The subjunctive was the Indo-Europeanirrealis, used for hypothetical or counterfactual situations.
The optative mood was formed with a suffix *-ieh1 or *-ih1 (with alaryngeal). The optative used theclitic set[clarification needed] of secondary personal inflections. The optative was used to express wishes or hopes.
Among the Indo-European languages, onlyAlbanian,Avestan,Ancient Greek, andSanskrit kept the subjunctive and the optative fully separate and parallel. However, in Sanskrit, use of the subjunctive is found only in the Vedic language of the earliest times, and the optative andimperative are comparatively less commonly used. In the later language (from c. 500 BC), the subjunctive fell out of use, with the optative or imperative being used instead, or merged with the optative as in Latin. However, the first-person forms of the subjunctive continue to be used as they are transferred to the imperative, which formerly, like Greek, had no first person forms.
In theGermanic languages, subjunctives are also usually formed from oldoptatives (a mood that indicates a wish or hope), with the present subjunctive marked with *-ai- and the past with *-ī-. InGerman, these forms have been reduced to aschwa, spelled-e. The past tense, however, often displays i-umlaut. InOld Norse, both suffixes evolved into-i-, but i-umlaut occurs in the past subjunctive, which distinguishes them.[1]
| Present | Past | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Person | Indicative | Subjunctive | Indicative | Subjunctive |
| 1st singular | gref | grafa | gróf | grœfa |
| 2nd singular | grefr | grafir | gróft | grœfir |
| 3rd singular | grefr | grafi | gróf | grœfi |
| 1st plural | grǫfum | grafim | grófum | grœfim |
| 2nd plural | grafið | grafið | grófuð | grœfið |
| 3rd plural | grafa | grafi | grófu | grœfi |
InModern English, the subjunctive is realised as afinite but tenselessclause where the main verb occurs in the bare form. Since the bare form is also used in a variety of other constructions, the English subjunctive is reflected by a clause type rather than a distinct inflection.[2]
German has:
If the Konjunktiv II of the Futur I (e.g. "ich würde gehen") and of the Futur II (e.g. "ich würde gegangen sein") are called "conditional", the numbers (I, II) can be dropped.
The present subjunctive occurs in certain expressions (e.g.Es lebe der König! 'Long live the king!') and in indirect (reported) speech. Its use can frequently be replaced by the indicative mood. For example,Er sagte, er sei Arzt ('He said he was a physician') is a neutral representation of what was said and makes no claim as to whether the speaker thinks the reported statement is true or not.
The past subjunctive can often be used to express the same sentiments:Er sagte, er wäre Arzt. Or, for example, instead of the formal, writtenEr sagte, er habe keine Zeit 'He said he had no time' with present subjunctivehabe, one can use past subjunctivehätte:Er sagte, erhätte keine Zeit.
However, in speech the past subjunctive is common without any implication that the speaker doubts the speech he is reporting. As common is use of the indicativeEr sagte, er ist Arzt andEr sagte, er hat keine Zeit. This is often changed in written reports to the forms using present subjunctive.
The present subjunctive is regular for all verbs except the verbsein ('to be'). It is formed by adding-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en to the stem of the infinitive. The verbsein has the stemsei- for the present subjunctive declension, but it has no ending for the first and third person singular. While the use of present subjunctive for reported speech is formal and common in newspaper articles, its use in colloquial speech is in continual decline.
It is possible to express the subjunctive in various tenses, including the perfect (er sei da gewesen 'he has [apparently] been there') and the future (er werde da sein 'he will be there'). For the preterite, which forms the Konjunktiv II with a somewhat other meaning, indirect speech has to switch to the perfect tense, so that:Er sagte: "Ich war da." becomesEr sagte, er sei da gewesen.
TheKII, or past subjunctive, is used to form the conditional and, on occasion, as a replacement for the present subjunctive when both indicative and subjunctive moods of a particular verb are indistinguishable.
Every German verb has a past subjunctive conjugation, but in spoken German, the conditional is most commonly formed usingwürde (Konjunktiv II form ofwerden which in here is related to the Englishwill orwould rather than the literalto become; dialect:täte, KII oftun 'to do') with an infinitive. For example:An deiner Stelle würde ich ihm nicht helfen 'I would not help him if I were you'. In the example, the Konjunktiv II form ofhelfen (hülfe) is very unusual. However, using 'würde' instead ofhätte (past subjunctive declension ofhaben 'to have') andwäre (past subjunctive declension ofsein 'to be') can be perceived anywhere from awkward (in-the-present use of the past subjunctive) to incorrect (in the past subjunctive). There is a tendency to use the forms inwürde rather in main clauses as in English; in subclauses even regular forms (which sound like the indicative of the preterite and are, thus, obsolete in any other circumstances) can still be heard.
Some verbs exist where either construction can be used, such as withfinden (fände) andtun (täte). Many dictionaries consider the past subjunctive declension of such verbs the only proper expression in formal written German.
The past subjunctive is declined from the stem of thepreterite (imperfect) declension of the verb with the appropriate present subjunctive declension ending as appropriate. In most cases, anumlaut is appended to the stem vowel if possible (i.e. if it isa,o,u orau), for example:ich war → ich wäre, ich brachte → ich brächte.
Dutch has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above), though they are rare in contemporary speech. The same two tenses as in German are sometimes considered a subjunctive mood (aanvoegende wijs) and sometimesconditional mood (voorwaardelijke wijs). In practice, potential subjunctive uses of verbs are difficult to differentiate from indicative uses. This is partly because the subjunctive mood has fallen together with the indicative mood:
Archaic and traditional phrases still contain the subjunctive mood:
Luxembourgish has the same subjunctive tenses as German (described above). For the periphrasis however,géif is used instead ofwürde or (dialectal)täte.
The subjunctive mood is rarely used in modern Swedish and is limited to a few fixed expressions likeleve kungen, "long live the king". Present subjunctive is formed by adding the-e ending to the stem of a verb:
| Infinitive | Present tense indicative | Present tense subjunctive |
|---|---|---|
| atttala, "to speak" | talar, "speak(s)" | tale, "may speak" |
| attbli, "to become" | blir, "become(s)" | blive, "may become" (the-v- comes from the older formbliva) |
| attskriva, "to write" | skriver, "write(s)" | skrive, "may write" |
| attspringa, "to run" | springer, "run(s)" | springe, "may run" |
| Infinitive | Past tense indicative | Supine indicative | Past tense subjunctive |
|---|---|---|---|
| attfinnas, "to exist (be)" | fanns, "existed (there was)" | funnits, "has existed (there has been)" | om det funnes tid, "if only there were time" (changes past tense-a- to supine-u-) |
| attbli, "to become" | blev, "became" | blivit, "have/has become" | om det bleve så, "if only it became so" (regular: just appends-e to the past tense) |
| attskriva, "to write" | skrev, "wrote" | skrivit, "written" | om jag skreve ett brev, "if I should write a letter" (regular: appends-e) |
The Latin subjunctive has many uses, contingent upon the nature of aclause within a sentence:[3]
Withinindependent clauses:
Withindependent clauses:
Historically, the Latin subjunctive originates from the ancestraloptative inflections, while some of the original subjunctive forms went on to compose the Latinfuture tense, especially in the Latin third conjugation.[citation needed] The *-i- of the old optative forms manifests itself in the fact that the Latin subjunctives typically have ahigh vowel even when the indicative mood has a lower vowel; for example, Latinrogamus 'we ask', in the indicative mood, corresponds to the subjunctiverogemus, 'let us ask', wheree is a higher vowel thana.
| Conjugation | 1st | 2nd | 3rd[4] | 3rdIO | 4th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | rogem | habeam | curram | excipiam | veniam |
| 2nd singular | roges | habeas | curras | excipias | venias |
| 3rd singular | roget | habeat | currat | excipiat | veniat |
| 1st plural | rogemus | habeamus | curramus | excipiamus | veniamus |
| 2nd plural | rogetis | habeatis | curratis | excipiatis | veniatis |
| 3rd plural | rogent | habeant | currant | excipiant | veniant |
The subjunctive mood retains a highly distinct form for nearly all verbs inPortuguese,Spanish andItalian (among otherRomance languages), and for a number of verbs inFrench. All of these languages inherit their subjunctive from Latin, where the subjunctive mood combines both forms and usages from a number of original Indo-European inflection sets, including the original subjunctive and theoptative mood.
In many cases, the Romance languages use the subjunctive in the same ways that English does; however, they use them in other ways as well. For example, English generally uses the auxiliarymay orlet to formdesiderative expressions, such as "Let it snow". The Romance languages use the subjunctive for these; French, for example, says,Qu'il neige andQu'ils vivent jusqu'à leur vieillesse. However, in the case of the first-person plural, these languages have imperative forms: 'Let us go' in French isAllons-y. In addition, the Romance languages tend to use the subjunctive in various kinds of subordinate clauses, such as those introduced by words meaningalthough, e.g. English: "Although I am old, I feel young"; French:Bien que je sois vieux, je me sens jeune.
In Spanish, phrases with words likelo que (that which, what),quien (who), ordonde (where) and subjunctive verb forms are often translated to English with some variation of "whatever" or sometimes an indefinite pronoun. Spanishlo que sea, which is, by a literal interpretation, along the lines of "the thing which is", is translated as English "whatever" or "anything"; similarly, Spanishdonde sea is English "wherever" and Spanishquien sea is English "whoever". For example, Spanishlo que quieras, literally "that which you want", is translated as English "whatever you may want"; Spanishcueste lo que cueste is translated to English as "whatever it may cost"; and Spanishdonde vayas, voy is translated to English as "wherever you go, I go". The acronym W.E.I.R.D.O. is commonly used by English-speaking students of Spanish to learn the subjunctive. It usually stands for Wish Emotion Impersonal Expressions Recommendations Doubt Ojalá. With the exception of negative commands, the subjunctive is always activated in the second clause when a situation of "W.E.I.R.D.O" is present.
Present and past subjunctives
The subjunctive is used mostly with verbs or adverbs expressing desire, doubt or eventuality; it may also express an order. It is almost always preceded by the conjunctionque ('that').
Use of the subjunctive is in many respects similar to English:
Sometimes it is not:
| English | French | |
|---|---|---|
| It is important that shespeak. (subjunctive) | Il est important qu'elle parle | |
| That the bookpleases you does not surprise me. (indicative) | Que le livre te plaise ne me surprend pas. | |
| present subjunctive | ||
French uses a past subjunctive, equivalent in tense to thepassé composé in the indicative mood, calledpassé du subjonctif. It is the only other subjunctive tense used in modern-day conversational French. It is formed with the auxiliaryêtre oravoir and the past participle of the verb. Unlike other Romance languages, such as Spanish, it is not always necessary that the preceding clause be in the past to trigger thepassé du subjonctif in the subordinate clause:
| English | French | |
|---|---|---|
| It is important that shehave spoken. (subjunctive) | Il est important qu'elle ait parlé. | |
| That the bookpleased you does not surprise me. (indicative) | Que le livre t'ait plu ne me surprend pas. | |
| past subjunctive | ||
Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctives
French also has an imperfect subjunctive, which in older, formal, or literary writing, replaces the present subjunctive in a subordinate clause when the main clause is in a past tense (including in theFrench conditional, which is morphologically a future-in-the-past):
| English | French | |
|---|---|---|
| modern spoken | older, formal, or literary | |
| It was necessary that hespeak | Il était nécessaire qu’il parle | Il était nécessaire qu’il parlât |
| I feared that heact so. | Je craignais qu'il agisse ainsi | Je craignais qu'il agît ainsi |
| I would want him todo it. | Je voudrais qu’il le fasse | Je voudrais qu’il le fît |
| present subjunctive | imperfect subjunctive | |
Pour une brave dame, / Monsieur, qui vous honore, et de toute son âme
Voudrait que vous vinssiez, à ma sommation, / Lui faire un petit mot de réparation.
— Jean Racine (1669),Les Plaideurs, 2.4.16–19
[...] je voudrais que vous vinssiez une fois à Berlin pour y rester, et que vous eussiez la force de soustraire votre légère nacelle aux bourrasques et aux vents qui l'ont battue si souvent en France.
— Œuvres complètes de Voltaire (1828), Paris, page 595
J'aimerais qu'ils fissent leur début comme sous-maîtres dans les écoles importantes.
— Théodore Henri Barrau (1842),De l'éducation morale de la jeunesse, page 191
Je craignais que vous ne voulussiez pas me recevoir.
— Eugène Sue (1847),Martin et Bamboche, 3.3.7
Similarly, pluperfect subjunctive replace past subjunctive in same context:
| English | French | |
|---|---|---|
| modern spoken | older, formal, or literary | |
| It was necessary that youhave spoken | Il était nécessaire que tu aies parlé | Il était nécessaire que tu eusses parlé |
| I regretted that youhad acted so. | Je regrettais que tu aies agi ainsi | Je regrettais que tu eusses agi ainsi |
| I would have liked you tohave done it. | J'aurais aimé que tu l'aies fait | J'aurais aimé que tu l'eusses fait |
| past subjunctive | pluperfect subjunctive | |
Ma lettre, à laquelle vous venez de répondre, a fait un effet bien différent que je n'attendois : elle vous a fait partir, et moi je comptois qu'elle vous feroit rester jusqu'à ce que vous eussiez reçu des nouvelles du départ de mon manuscrit; au moins étoit-ce le sens littéral et spirituel de ma lettre.
— Montesquieu,Lettres familières, 18
TheItalian subjunctive (congiuntivo) is commonly used, although, especially in the spoken language, it is sometimes substituted by the indicative.[5]
The subjunctive is used mainly in subordinate clauses following a set phrase or conjunction, such asbenché,senza che,prima che, orperché. It is also used with verbs of doubt, possibility and expressing an opinion or desire, for example withcredo che,è possibile che andritengo che, and sometimes with superlatives and virtual superlatives.
Differently from the French subjunctive, the Italian one is used after expressions likePenso che ('I think that'), where in French the indicative would be used. However, it is also possible to use the subjunctive after the expressionJe ne pense pas que... ('I don't think that...'), and in questions likePenses-tu que... ('Do you think that...'), even though the indicative forms can be correct, too.
The present subjunctive is similar to, but still mostly distinguishable from, the present indicative. Subject pronouns are often used with the present subjunctive where they are normally omitted in the indicative, since in the first, second and third person singular forms they are the same, so the person is not implicitly implied from the verb. Irregular verbs tend to follow the first person singular form, such as the present subjunctive forms ofandare, which goes tovada etc. (first person singular form isvado).
The present subjunctive is used in a range of situations in clauses taking the subjunctive.
The present subjunctive is used mostly in subordinate clauses, as in the examples above. However, exceptions include imperatives using the subjunctive (using the third person), and general statements of desire.
The Italian imperfect subjunctive is very similar in appearance to (but used much more in speech than) the French imperfect subjunctive, and forms are largely regular, apart from the verbsessere, dare andstare (which go tofossi, dessi andstessi etc.). However, unlike in French, where it is often replaced with the present subjunctive, the imperfect subjunctive is far more common. Verbs with a contracted infinitive, such asdire (short fordicere) revert to the longer form in the imperfect subjunctive (to givedicessi etc., for example).
The imperfect subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses taking the subjunctive where the sense of the verb requires the imperfect.
The imperfect subjunctive is used inif clauses, where the main clause is in the conditional tense, as in English and German.
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are formed much like the indicative perfect and pluperfect, except the auxiliary (eitheravere oressere) verb takes the present and imperfect subjunctive respectively.
They are used in subordinate clauses which require the subjunctive, where the sense of the verb requires use of the perfect or pluperfect.
The subjunctive mood (subjuntivo) is a fundamental element of Spanish. Its spoken form makes use of it to a much larger degree than other Latin languages and it is in no case homonymous to any other mood. Furthermore, it is common to find long complex sentences almost entirely in the subjunctive.
The subjunctive is used in conjunction with impersonal expressions and expressions of emotion, opinion, desire or viewpoint. More importantly, it applies to most hypothetical situations, likely or unlikely, desired or not. Normally, only certitude of (or statement of) a fact will remove the possibility of its use. Unlike French, it is also used in phrases expressing the past conditional. The negative of the imperative shares the same form with the present subjunctive.
Common introductions to the subjunctive would include the following:
Nevertheless, the subjunctive can stand alone to supplant other tenses.
For example, "I would like" can be said in the conditionalQuerría or in the past subjunctiveQuisiera, as inQuisiera (past subjunctive)que vinieras (past subjunctive), i.e. "I would like you to come".
Comfort with the subjunctive form and the degree to which a second-language speaker attempts to avoid its use can be an indicator of the level of proficiency in the language. Complex use of the subjunctive is a constant pattern of everyday speech among native speakers but difficult to interiorize even by relatively proficient Spanish learners (e.g. I would have liked you to come on Thursday:Me habría gustado (conditional perfect)que vinieras (past subjunctive)el jueves.
An example of the subtlety of the Spanish subjunctive is the way the tense (past, present or future) modifies the expression "be it as it may" (literally "be what it be"):
The same alterations could be made to the expressionSea como sea or 'no matter how' with similar changes in meaning.
Spanish has two past subjunctive forms. They are almost identical, except that where the first form has-ra-, the second form has-se-. Both forms are usually interchangeable although the-se- form may be more common in Spain than in other Spanish-speaking areas. The-ra- forms may also be used as an alternative to the conditional in certain structures.
Present subjunctive
In Spanish, a present subjunctive form is always different from the corresponding present indicative form. For example, whereas English "that they speak" or Frenchqu'ils parlent can be either indicative or subjunctive, Spanishque hablen is unambiguously subjunctive. (The corresponding indicative would beque hablan.) The same is true for all verbs, regardless of their subject.
When to use:
Examples:
Past (imperfect) subjunctive
Used interchangeably, the past (imperfect) subjunctive can end either in-se or-ra. Both forms stem from the third-person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes) of the preterite. For example, the verbestar, when conjugated in the third-person plural of the preterite, becomesestuvieron. Then, drop the-ron ending, and add either-se or-ra. Thus, it becomesestuviese orestuviera. The past subjunctive may be used with "if... then" statements with the conditional mood. Example:
Future subjunctive
In Spanish, the future subjunctive tense is now rare but still used in certain dialects of Spanish and in formal speech. It is usually reserved for literature,archaic phrases and expressions, and legal documents. (The form is similar to the-ra form of the imperfect subjunctive, but with a-re ending instead of-ra,-res instead of-ras and so on.) Example:
Phrases expressing the subjunctive in a future period normally employ the present subjunctive. For example: 'I hope that itwill rain tomorrow' would simply beEspero que llueva mañana (wherellueva is the third-person singular present subjunctive ofllover, 'to rain').
Pluperfect (past perfect) subjunctive
In Spanish, the pluperfect subjunctive tense is used to describe a continuing wish in the past. For example,Desearía que (tú) hubieras ido al cine conmigo el viernes pasado. ('I wish that you had gone to the movies with me last Friday'). To form this tense, first the subjunctive form ofhaber is conjugated (in the example above,haber becomeshubieras). Then the participle of the main verb (in this case is added,ir becomesido).
Though the-re form appears to be more closely related to the imperfect subjunctive-ra form than the-se form, that is not the case. The-se form of the imperfect subjunctive derives from the pluperfect subjunctive of Vulgar Latin and the-ra from the pluperfect indicative, combining to overtake the previous pluperfect subjunctive ending. The-re form is more complicated, stemming (so to speak) from a fusion of the perfect subjunctive and future perfect indicative—which, though in different moods, happened to be identical in the second and third persons—before losing the perfect in the shift to future subjunctive, the same perfect nature that was the only thing the forms originally shared. So the-ra and-se forms always had a past (to be specific, pluperfect) meaning, but only the-se form always belonged with the subjunctive mood that the-re form had since its emergence.[7]
In Portuguese, as in Spanish, the subjunctive (subjuntivo orconjuntivo) is complex, being generally used to talk about situations which are seen as doubtful, imaginary, hypothetical, demanded, or required. It can also express emotion, opinion, disagreement, denial, or a wish. Its value is similar to the one it has in formal English:
Present subjunctive
Imperfect (past) subjunctive
As in Spanish, the imperfect subjunctive is in vernacular use, and it is employed, among other things, to make the tense of a subordinate clauseagree with the tense of the main clause:
The imperfect subjunctive is also used when the main clause is in theconditional:
There are authors[who?] who regard the conditional of Portuguese as a "future in the past" of the indicative mood, rather than as a separate mood; they call itfuturo do pretérito ('future of the past'), especially in Brazil.
Future subjunctive
Portuguese differs from other Ibero-Romance languages in having retained the medieval future subjunctive (futuro do subjuntivo), which is rarely used in Spanish and has been lost in otherWest Iberic languages. It expresses a condition that must be fulfilled in the future, or is assumed to be fulfilled, before an event can happen. Spanish and English will use the present tense in this type of clause.
For example, inconditional sentences whose main clause is in the conditional, Portuguese, Spanish and English employ the past tense in the subordinate clause. Nevertheless, if the main clause is in the future, Portuguese will employ the future subjunctive where English and Spanish use the present indicative. (English, when being used in a rigorously formal style, takes the present subjunctive in these situations, example: "Should I be, then...") Contrast the following two sentences.
The first situation iscounterfactual; the listener knows that the speaker is not a king. However, the second statement expresses a promise about the future; the speaker may yet be elected president.
For a different example, a father speaking to his son might say:
The future subjunctive is identical in form to the personal infinitive in regular verbs, but they differ in some irregular verbs of frequent use. However, the possible differences between the two tenses are due only to stem changes. They always have the same endings.
The meaning of sentences can change by switching subjunctive and indicative:
Below, there is a table demonstrating subjunctive and conditional conjugation for regular verbs of the first paradigm (-ar), exemplified byfalar (to speak) .
| Grammatical person | Past subjunctive | Present subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional (future of past) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eu | falasse | fale | falar | falaria |
| Tu | falasses | fales | falares | falarias |
| Ele/Ela | falasse | fale | falar | falaria |
| Nós | falássemos | falemos | falarmos | falaríamos |
| Vós | falásseis | faleis | falardes | falaríeis |
| Eles/Elas | falassem | falem | falarem | falariam |
Compound subjunctives
Compound verbs in subjunctive are necessary in more complex sentences, such as subordinate clauses with embedded perfective tenses e.g., perfective state in the future. To form compound subjunctives auxiliar verbs (ter orhaver) must conjugate to the respective subjunctive tense, while the main verbs must take their participles.
| Grammatical person | Past subjunctive | Present subjunctive | Future subjunctive | Conditional |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Eu | houvesse/tivesse falado | haja/tenha falado | houver/tiver falado | haveria/teria falado |
| Tu | houvesses/tivesses falado | hajas/tenhas falado | houveres/tiveres falado | haverias/terias falado |
| Ele/Ela | houvesse/tivesse falado | haja/tenha falado | houver/tiver falado | haveria/teria falado |
| Nós | houvéssemos/tivéssemos falado | hajamos/tenhamos falado | houvermos/tivermos falado | haveríamos/teríamos falado |
| Vós | houvésseis/tivésseis falado | hajais/tenhais falado | houverdes/tiverdes falado | haveríeis/teríeis falado |
| Eles/Elas | houvessem/tivessem falado | hajam/tenham falado | houverem/tivermos falado | haveriam/teriam falado |
Romanian is part of theBalkan Sprachbund and as such uses the subjunctive (conjunctiv) more extensively than other Romance languages. The subjunctive forms always include theconjunctionsă, which within these verbal forms plays the role of a morphological structural element. The subjunctive has two tenses: the past tense and the present tense. It is usually used in subordinate clauses.
Present subjunctive
The present subjunctive is usually built in the 1st and 2nd person singular and plural by adding the conjunctionsă before the present indicative (indicative:am 'I have'; subjunctive:să am '(that) I have'; indicative:vii 'you come'; subjunctive:să vii '(that) you come'). In the 3rd person most verbs have a specific subjunctive form which differs from the indicative either in the ending or in the stem itself; there is however no distinction between the singular and plural of the present subjunctive in the 3rd person (indicative:are 'he has'; subjunctive:să aibă '(that) he has'; indicative:au 'they have'; subjunctive:să aibă '(that) they have'; indicative:vine 'he comes'; subjunctive:să vină '(that) he comes'; indicative:vin 'they come'; subjunctive:să vină '(that) they come').
The present tense is by far the most widely used of the two subjunctive tenses and is used frequently after verbs that express wish, preference, permission, possibility, request, advice, etc.:a vrea 'to want',a dori 'to wish',a prefera 'to prefer',a lăsa 'to let, to allow',a ruga 'to ask',a sfătui 'to advise',a sugera 'to suggest',a recomanda 'to recommend',a cere 'to demand, to ask for',a interzice 'to forbid',a permite 'to allow, to give permission',a se teme 'to be afraid', etc.
When used independently, the subjunctive indicates a desire, a fear, an order or a request, i.e. hasmodal andimperative values. The present subjunctive is used in questions having the modal value ofshould:
The present subjunctive is often used as an imperative, mainly for other persons than the second person. When used with the second person, it is even stronger than the imperative. The first-person plural can be preceded by the interjectionhai, which intensifies the imperative meaning of the structure:
The subjunctive present is used in certain set phrases used as greetings in specific situations:
Past subjunctive
The past tense of the subjunctive mood has one form for all persons and numbers of all the verbs, which issă fi followed by thepast participle of the verb. The past subjunctive is used after the past optative-conditional of the verbs that require the subjunctive (a trebui, a vrea, a putea, a fi bine, a fi necesar, etc.), in constructions that express the necessity, the desire in the past:
When used independently, the past subjunctive indicates a regret related to a past-accomplished action that is seen as undesirable at the moment of speaking:
InWelsh, there are two forms of the subjunctive: present and imperfect. The present subjunctive is barely ever used in spoken Welsh except in certain fixed phrases, and is restricted in most cases to the third person singular. However, it is more likely to be found in literary Welsh, most widely in more old-fashioned registers. The third-person singular is properly used after certain conjunctions and prepositions but in spoken Welsh the present subjunctive is frequently replaced by either the infinitives, the present tense, the conditional, or the future tense (this latter is called the present-future by some grammarians).
| Present indicative | Present subjunctive | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| English | Welsh | English | Welsh |
| I am | (Ry)dw i/... ydw i | (that) I be | bwyf, byddwyf |
| Thou art | (R)wyt ti/... wyt ti | (that) thou be[est] | bych, byddych |
| He is | Mae e/... ydy e Mae o/...ydy o | (that) he be | bo, byddo |
| One is | Ydys | (that) one be | bydder |
| We are | (Ry)dyn ni/...dyn ni (Ry)dan ni/... dan ni | (that) we be | bôm, byddom |
| You are | (Ry)dych chi/...dych chi (Ry)dach chi/... dach chi | (that) you be | boch, byddoch |
| They are | Maen nhw/...dyn nhw | (that) they be | bônt, byddont |
| Literary English | Literary Welsh | Spoken English | Spoken Welsh |
|---|---|---|---|
| When need be | Pan fo angen | When there'll be need | Pan fydd angen |
| Before it be | Cyn (y) bo | Before it's | Cyn iddi fod |
| In order that there be | Fel y bo | In order for there to be | Er mwyn bod |
| She left so that she be safe | Gadawodd hi fel y bo hi'n ddiogel | She left so that she'd be safe | Gadawodd hi fel y byddai hi'n ddiogel |
| It is time that I go | Mae'n amser yr elwyf | It's time for me to go | Mae'n amser imi fynd |
The imperfect subjunctive, as in English, only affects the verbbod ('to be'). It is used afterpe (a form of 'if') and it must be accompanied by the conditional subjunctive e.g.Pebawn i'n gyfoethog, teithiwn i trwy'r byd. ('If Iwere rich, I would travel throughout the world.')
| Imperfect indicative | Conditional subjunctive | Imperfect subjunctive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Welsh | English | Welsh | English | Welsh |
| I was | (R)oeddwn i | I would be | byddwn i | (that) I were | bawn i |
| Thou wast | (R)oeddet ti | Thou wouldst be | byddet ti | (that) thou wert | baet ti |
| He was She was | (R)oedd e/o (R)oedd hi | He would be She would be | byddai fe/fo byddai hi | (that) he were (that) she were | bai fe/fo bai hi |
| One was | (R)oeddid | One would be | byddid | (that) one were | byddid |
| We were | (R)oeddem ni | We would be | byddem ni | (that) we were | baem ni |
| You were | (R)oeddech chi | You would be | byddech chi | (that) you were | baech chi |
| They were | (R)oedden nhw | They would be | bydden nhw | (that) they were | baent hwy |
For all other verbs in Welsh, as in English, the imperfect subjunctive takes the same stems as do the conditional subjunctive and the imperfect indicative.
InScottish Gaelic, the subjunctive does exist but still takes the forms from the indicative: the present subjunctive takes the (dependent) future forms and the past subjunctive takes the conditional forms. The subjunctive is normally used in proverbs or truisms in phrases that start with 'May...' For example:
Or when used as the conjunction, the subjunctive is used, like every other language, in a more demanding or wishful statement:
The subjunctive in Gaelic will sometimes have the conjunctionguncode: gla promoted to code: gd (orgumcode: gla promoted to code: gd before verbs beginning with labial consonants:p,b,m orf) can be translated as 'that' or as 'May ...' while making a wish. For negatives,nachcode: gla promoted to code: gd is used instead.
Note that the present subjunctive is identical to the dependent future tense form, which lacks the ending-idhcode: gla promoted to code: gd.
| Present indicative | Future | Present subjunctive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Gaelic | English | Gaelic | English | Gaelic |
| I am | Tha mi/ Is mise | I will be | Bidh mi | (that) I be | (gum) bi mi |
| Thou art | Tha thu/ Is tusa | Thou wilt be | Bidh tu | (that) thou be[est] | (gum) bi thu |
| He is | Tha e/ Is e | He will be | Bidh e | (that) he be | (gum) bi e |
| One is | Thathar | One will be | Bithear | (that) one be | (gum) bithear |
| We are | Tha sinn/ Is sinne | We will be | Bidh sinn | (that) we be | (gum) bi sinn |
| You are | Tha sibh/ Is sibhse | You will be | Bidh sibh | (that) you be | (gum) bi iad |
| They are | Tha iad/ Is iadsan | They will be | Bidh iad | (that) they be | (gum) bi iad |
In Scottish Gaelic, the past subjunctive of the verbbicode: gla promoted to code: gd 'be' isrobhcode: gla promoted to code: gd, exactly the same as the dependent form of the preterite indicative.
| Preterite indicative | Conditional | Past subjunctive | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | Gaelic | English | Gaelic | English | Gaelic |
| I was | Bha mi/ Bu mhise | I would be | Bhithinn | (that) I were | (gun) robh mi |
| Thou wast | Bha thu/ Bu tusa | Thou wouldst be | Bhiodh tu | (that) thou wert | (gun) robh thu |
| He was | Bha e/ B' e | He would be | Bhiodh e | (that) he were | (gun) robh e |
| One was | Bhathar | One would be | Bhite | (that) one were | (gun) robhas |
| We were | Bha sinn/ Bu sinne | We would be | Bhiodh sinn | (that) we were | (gun) robh sinn |
| You were | Bha sibh/ Bu sibhse | You would be | Bhiodh sibh | (that) you were | (gun) robh sibh |
| They were | Bha iad/ B' iadsan | They would be | Bhiodh iad | (that) they were | (gun) robh iad |
For every other verb in Gaelic, the past subjunctive is identical to the conditional.
Examples:
In theIrish language (Gaeilge), the subjunctive, like in Scottish Gaelic (its sister language), covers the idea of wishing something and so appears in some famous Irish proverbs and blessings. It is considered an old-fashioned tense for daily speech (except in set phrases) but still appears often in print.[9]
The subjunctive is normally formed fromgocode: gle promoted to code: ga (which eclipses and addsn- to a verb beginning with a vowel), plus the subjunctive form of the verb, plus the subject, plus the thing being wished for. For example:
The subjunctive is generally formed by taking the stem of the verb and adding on the appropriate subjunctive ending depending on broad or slender, and first or second conjugation. For example, to the stem ofbogcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to move' is added-a giving as its subjunctive in the first personboga mécode: gle promoted to code: ga:
First conjugation:
| molcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to praise' | mola mé | mola tú | mola sé/sí | molaimid | mola sibh | mola siad |
| briscode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to break' | brise mé | brise tú | brise sé/sí | brisimid | brise sibh | brise siad |
Second conjugation:
| beannaighcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to bless' | beannaí mé | beannaí tú | beannaí sé/sí | beannaímid | beannaí sibh | beannaí siad |
| bailighcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to collect' | bailí mé | bailí tú | bailí sé/sí | bailímid | bailí sibh | bailí siad |
There is also some irregularity in certain verbs in the subjunctive. The verbbícode: gle promoted to code: ga'to be' is the most irregular verb in Irish (as in most Indo-European languages):
| Present indicative | tá mé/táim | tá tú | tá sé/sí | tá muid/táimid | tá sibh | tá siad |
| Present subjunctive | raibh mé | raibh tú | raibh sé/sí | rabhaimid | raibh sibh | raibh siad |
The Irish phrasego raibh maith agatcode: gle promoted to code: ga ('thank you') uses the subjunctive ofbícode: gle promoted to code: ga and literally means 'may there be good at-you'.
Some verbs do not follow the conjugation of the subjunctive exactly as conjugated above. These irregularities apply to verbs whose stem ends already in a stressed vowel and thus due to the rules of Irish orthography and pronunciation, cannot take another. For example:
| Present indicative | Present subjunctive | |
|---|---|---|
| téighcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to go' | téann tú | té tú |
| sáighcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to stab' | sánn tú | sá tú |
| luighcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to lie down' | luíonn tú | luí tú |
| feoighcode: gle promoted to code: ga 'to decay; wither' | feonn tú | feo tú |
Althoughfeoighcode: gle promoted to code: ga doesn't have asíneadh fadacode: gle promoted to code: ga (accent), theo in this position is stressed (pronounced as though it isó) and thus the subjunctive is irregular.
Where the subjunctive is used in English, it may not be used in Irish and another tense might be used instead. For example:
Note that in English, the relative pronounthat can be omitted; in Irish, the correspondinggocode: gle promoted to code: ga must be retained. Also, in English, the present tense is often used to refer to a future state whereas in Irish there is less freedom with tenses (i.e. time is more strictly bound to the appropriate tense, present for present, past for past, future for future). In this particular example,you will be older and it is then thatyou will understand.
There are two subjunctive moods inHindi-Urdu (Hindustani): the regular subjunctive; and the perfective subjunctive, which superficially has the same form as the perfective aspect forms of verbs but still expresses future events. The perfective is only ever used withif clauses andrelative pronouns. In a semantic analysis, this use of the perfective aspect marker would not be considered perfective, since it is more closely related to subjunctive usage. Only the superficial form is identical to that of the perfective.[11]
The regular subjunctive mood can be put in two tenses; present and future.[11] There is another mood, called thecontrafactual mood, which serves as both the past subjunctive and the past conditional mood in Hindustani.[12] Hindi-Urdu, apart from the non-aspectual forms (or the simple aspect) has three grammatical aspects (habitual,perfective &progressive) and each aspect can be put five grammatical moods (indicative,presumptive, subjunctive,contrafactual &imperative). The subjunctive mood can be put in the present tense only for the verbhonā 'to be': for any other verb only the future sujunctive form exists. Subjunctive mood forms for all the three grammatical aspects of Hindustani for the verbshonā 'to be' andkarnā 'to do' are shown in the table below.
| mood | tense | singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Pma͠i | 2Ptum[a] | 3Pyah/ye, vah/vo | 1Pham | |||||||
| 2Pāp[a] | ||||||||||
| 2Ptū | 3Pye, ve/vo | |||||||||
| ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | |||
| subjunctive | regular | present | hū̃ | ho | ho | hõ | ||||
| future | hoū̃ | hoo | hoe | hoẽ | ||||||
| perfective | huā | huī | hue | huī | huā | huī | hue | huī̃ | ||
| contrafactual | past | hotā | hotī | hote | hotī | hotā | hotī | hote | hotī̃ | |
| mood | tense | singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Pma͠i | 2Ptum[a] | 3Pyah/ye, vah/vo | 1Pham | |||||||
| 2Pāp[a] | ||||||||||
| 2Ptū | 3Pye, ve/vo | |||||||||
| ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | |||
| HABITUAL ASPECT[b] | ||||||||||
| subjunctive | regular | present | kartā hū̃ | kartī hū̃ | karte ho | kartī ho | kartā ho | kartī ho | kartā hõ | kartī hõ |
| future[c] | kartā rahū̃ | kartī rahū̃ | karte raho | kartī raho | kartā rahe | kartī rahe | karte rahẽ | kartī rahẽ | ||
| perfective | kartā rahā | kartī rahī | karte rahe | kartī rahī | kartā rahā | kartī rahī | karte rahe | kartī rahī̃ | ||
| contrafactual | past | kartā hotā | kartī hotī | karte hote | kartī hotī | kartā hotā | kartī hotī | karte hote | kartī hotī̃ | |
| PERFECTIVE ASPECT | ||||||||||
| subjunctive | regular | present | kiyā hū̃ | kī hū̃ | kiye ho | kī ho | kiyā ho | kī ho | kiye hõ | kī hõ |
| future[c] | kiyā hoū̃ | kī hoū̃ | kiye hoo | kī hoo | kiyā hoe | kī hoe | kiye hoẽ | kī hoẽ | ||
| perfective | kiyā rahā | kī rahī | kiye rahe | kī rahī | kiyā rahā | kī rahī | kiye rahe | kī rahī̃ | ||
| contrafactual | past | kiyā hotā | kī hotī | kiye hote | kī hotī | kiyā hotā | kī hotī | kiye hote | kī hotī̃ | |
| PROGRESSIVE ASPECT[d] | ||||||||||
| subjunctive | regular | present | kar rahā hū̃ | kar rahī hū̃ | kar rahe ho | kar rahī ho | kar rahā ho | kar rahī ho | kar rahe hõ | kar rahī hõ |
| future | kar rahā hoū̃ | kar rahī hoū̃ | kar rahe hoo | kar rahī hoo | kar rahā hoe | kar rahī hoe | kar rahe hoẽ | kar rahī hoẽ | ||
| perfective | kar rahā huā | kar rahī huī | kar rahe hue | kar rahī huī | kar rahā hua | kar rahī huī | kar rahe hue | kar rahī huī̃ | ||
| contrafactual | past | kar rahā hotā | kar rahī hotī | kar rahe hote | kar rahī hotī | kar rahā hotā | kar rahī hotī | kar rahe hote | kar rahī hotī̃ | |
| mood | tense | singular | plural | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Pma͠i | 2Ptum[a] | 3Pyah/ye, vah/vo | 1Pham | |||||||
| 2Pāp[a] | ||||||||||
| 2Ptū | 3Pye, ve/vo | |||||||||
| ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | ♂ | ♀ | |||
| subjunctive | regular | future | karū̃ | karo | kare | karẽ | ||||
| perfective | kiyā | kī | kiye | kī | kiyā | kī | kiye | kī̃ | ||
| contrafactual | past | kartā | kartī | karte | kartī | kartā | kartī | karte | kartī̃ | |
| Example Sentence | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subjunctive | Regular | Present | |
| Future | |||
| Perfective | Future | ||
| Contrafactual | Past | ||
The Slavic languages lost the Proto-Indo-European subjunctive altogether, while the old optative was repurposed as the imperative mood. Some modern Slavic languages have developed a new subjunctive-like construction,[13][14] although there is no consistent terminology. For example, some authors do not distinguish the subjunctive mood from the optative ("wishing") mood,[15]others do.[16]
The subjunctive mood is formed using theby particle, either alone or forming a single word with the complex conjunctionsżeby, iżby, ażeby, aby, coby.[16][17] The mood does not have its own morphology, but instead a rule that theby-containing particle must be placed in front of the dependent clause.[13] Compare:
The subjunctive mood in the dependent clause is obligatory in the case of certain independent clauses. For example, it is incorrect to say*chcę, że to zrobi. The subjunctive mood must be used instead:chcę, by to zrobił.
The subjunctive can never be mistaken with the conditional,[13] despite that in the case of the conditional mood the cliticby and derivatives can move.
There is no conjunction, which would indicate the subjunctive. In particular, there is nożeby.
Compare to the closely relatedoptative mood, for example the subjunctivenie nalegam, by wysłał list vs the optativeoby wysłał list.
Modal distinctions in subordinate clauses are expressed not through verb endings, but through the choice ofcomplementizer –че(che) orда(da) (which might both be translated with therelative pronoun 'that'). The verbs remain unchanged. In ordinary sentences, the imperfectiveaspect is most often used for the indicative, and the perfective for the subjunctive, but any combination is possible, with the corresponding change in meaning. For example,iskam da stanesh (perfective) oriskam da stavash (imperfective) 'I want you to get up'. The latter is more insisting, since the imperfective is the more immediate construction. Thus:
InClassical Arabic, the verb in itsimperfect aspect (al-muḍāri‘) has a subjunctive form called themanṣūb form (منصوب). It is distinct from the imperfect indicative in most of its forms: where the indicative has-u, the subjunctive has-a; and where the indicative has-na or-ni, the subjunctive has nothing at all. (The-na ending in the second and third-person plural feminine is different: it marks the gender and number, not the mood, and therefore it is there in both the indicative and subjunctive.)
The subjunctive is used inthat-clauses, after Arabican:urīdu an aktuba 'I want to write.' However, in conditional and precative sentences, such as "if he goes" or "let him go", a different mood of the imperfect aspect,the jussive,majzūm, is used.
In many spoken Arabic dialects, there remains a distinction between indicative and subjunctive; however, it is not through a suffix but rather a prefix.
InLevantine Arabic, the indicative hasb- while the subjunctive lacks it:
Egyptian Arabic uses a simple construction that precedes the conjugated verbs withlaw 'if' ormomken 'may'; the following are some examples:
Tunisian Arabic often precedes the imperfective indicative verb by various conjunctions to create the subjunctive:
Literally: not at.yousubj_tool you_write
Ken for wish, hope or opinion:
Taw for a highly expected possibility:
Ra for inevitability (but in most cases it is accompanied withken in the other clause):
Final short vowels were elided inHebrew in prehistoric times, so that the distinction between the Proto-Semitic indicative, subjunctive, and jussive (similar to Classical Arabic forms) had largely been lost, even in Biblical Hebrew. The distinction does remain for some verbal categories, where the original final morphemes effected lasting secondary changes in word-internal syllabic structure and vowel length. These include weak roots with a medial or final vowel, such asyaqūm'he rises / will rise' versusyaqom 'may he rise' andyihye'he will be' versusyehi'may he be', imperfect forms of thehiphil stem, and also generally for first person imperfect forms:אֵשֵׁב (imperfect indicative of 'sit') vs.אֵשְׁבָה (imperfect cohortative=volitive of 'sit'). In modern Hebrew, the situation has been carried even further, with forms likeyaqom andyehi becoming non-productive; instead, the future tense (prefix conjugation) is used for the subjunctive, often with the particleshe- added to introduce the clause, if it is not already present (similar to Frenchque).
Biblical subjunctive forms survive in non-productive phrases in such forms as the third-person singular of'to be' (להיותlihyot,יהי/תהי orיהא/תהא) and'to live' (לחיותlikhyot,יחי/תחי), mostly in a literaryregister:
Subordinate clauses inBabylonian and Standard BabylonianAkkadian are marked with a-u on verbs ending in a consonant, and with nothing after vocalic endings or afterventive endings. Due to the consonantal structure of semitic languages, and Akkadian sound laws, the addition of the-u might trigger short vowels in the middle of the word to disappear.Assyrian Akkadian uses a more complicated system with both-u and-ni as markers of subordination. The ending-ni was used in the instances where-u could not be used as stated above. During Middle and Neo Assyrian the-ni ending became compulsory on all subordinate verbs, even those that already had the-u, resulting in-ni and-ūni as markers of subordination.[18]
This mood in Hungarian is generally used to express polite demands and suggestions. The endings are identical between imperative, conjunctive and subjunctive; it is therefore often called the conjunctive-imperative mood.
Examples:
Note that "demand" is nowhere near as rude as it might sound in English. It is a polite but firm request, but not as polite as, say, "would you...".
The characteristic letter in its ending is-j-, and in the definite conjunctive conjugation the endings appear very similar to those of singular possession, with a leading letter-j-.
An unusual feature of the mood's endings is that there exist a short and a long form for the second person singular. The formation of this for regular verbs differs between the indefinite and definite: the indefinite requires just the addition of-j, which differs from the longer ending in that the last two sounds are omitted (-j and not-jél for example inmenj above, cf.menjél). The short version of the definite form also drops two letters, but another two. It drops, for example: the-ja- in-jad, leaving just-d, as can be seen inadd above (instead ofadjad).
There are several groups of exceptions involving verbs that end in-t. The rules for how this letter, and a preceding letter, should change when the subjunctive endings are applied are quite complicated, see the articleHungarian verbs.As usual, gemination of a final sibilant consonant is demonstrated when aj-initial ending is applied:
When referring to the demands of others, the subjunctive is demonstrated:
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There is no one-to-one relationship between the subjunctive mood in other languages and the moods in Turkish. The subjunctive mood of other languages can be compared with the imperative mood (emir kipi), the necessitative mood (gereklilik kipi), the optative mood (istek kipi), the desiderative mood (dilek kipi), or the conditional mood (şart kipi) in Turkish.
Examples of the optative mood (istek kipi) are:
Suggested actions and desires are expressed with the optative verb. The suffixes-(y)eyim,-(y)elim, and other forms are used to form an optative verb. For example:[20]
An example of a conditional mode (şart kipi) isÇalışırsa kazanır'If he works, he wins. (simple present), he will win (simple future)',çalıştıysa kazanır'If he has worked, he might win. (simple present)'.[21]
Some examples of the necessitative mood (gereklilik kipi) are:
Some examples of the imperative mode (emir kipi) are:
Some examples of the desiderative mood (dilek kipi) are:
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