The federal districts are groupings of thefederal subjects of Russia. Federal districts are not mentioned in the nation's constitution, do not have competences of their own, and do not manage regional affairs. They exist solely to monitor consistency between the federal and regional bodies of law, and ensure governmental control over the civil service, judiciary, and federal agencies operating in the regions.[1] The federal district system was established on 13 May 2000. There are total eight federal districts.
Autonomous okrugs are the only ones that have an unusual status of being federal subjects in their own right, yet at the same time they are considered to be administrative divisions of other federal subjects (with theChukotka Autonomous Okrug being the only exception).
Status of the Ukrainian territories occupied by Russia
On 18 March 2014, as a part of theannexation of Crimea and following the establishment of theRepublic of Crimea (an independent entity that was recognized only by Russia), a treaty was signed between Russia and the Republic of Crimea incorporating the Republic of Crimea and the City ofSevastopol as constituent members of the Russian Federation.[9] According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a federal subject with the status of arepublic while the City of Sevastopol has receivedfederal city status.[9] Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia bymost countries.[10]
a.^ The largest city is also listed when it is different from the capital/administrative centre.
b.^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city ofSaint Petersburg. However, Saint Petersburg is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.
c.^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, the governing bodies of the oblast are located in the city ofMoscow and throughout the territory of Moscow Oblast. However, Moscow is not officially the administrative centre of the oblast.
e.^ In February 2000, the former code of 20 for the Chechen Republic was cancelled and replaced with code 95. License plate production was suspended due to the Chechen Wars, causing numerous issues, which in turn forced the region to use a new code.
f.^ Claimed, but only partially controlled by Russia.
g.^ As Russia only partially controls the region, this is a claimed figure.
Prior to the adoption of the 1993Constitution of Russia, the administrative-territorial structure of Russia was regulated by the Decree of the Presidium of theSupreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 17 August 1982 "On the Procedures of Dealing with the Matters of the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the RSFSR".[19] The 1993 Constitution, however, did not identify the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions as the responsibility of the federal government nor as the joint responsibility of the federal government and the subjects. This was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects.[19] As a result, the modern administrative-territorial structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. While the implementation details may be considerably different, in general, however, the following types of high-level administrative divisions are recognized:
Autonomous okrugs andokrugs are intermediary units of administrative divisions, which include some of the federal subject's districts and cities/towns/urban-type settlements of federal subject significance.
Autonomous okrugs, while being under the jurisdiction of another federal subject, are still constitutionally recognized as federal subjects on their own right.Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is an exception in that it is not administratively subordinated to any other federal subject of Russia.
Okrugs are usually former autonomous okrugs that lost their federal subject status due to a merger with another federal subject.
In the course of the Russian municipal reform of 2004–2005, all federal subjects of Russia were to streamline the structures of local self-government, which is guaranteed by theConstitution of Russia. The reform mandated that each federal subject was to have a unified structure of municipal government bodies by 1 January 2005, and a law enforcing the reform provisions went into effect on 1 January 2006. According to the law, the units of the municipal division (called "municipal formations") are as follows:[20]
Municipal district, a group of urban and rural settlements, often along with the inter-settlement territories. In practice, municipal districts are usually formed within the boundaries of existing administrative districts (raions).
Urban okrug, an urban settlement not incorporated into a municipal district. In practice, urban okrugs are usually formed within the boundaries of existingcities of federal subject significance.
Intra-urban territory (intra-urban municipal formation) of a federal city, a part of afederal city's territory. In Moscow, these are calledmunicipal formations (which correspond to districts); in St. Petersburg—municipal okrugs,towns, andsettlements. InSevastopol (located on theCrimean Peninsula, which is a territory disputed between Russia andUkraine), they are known asmunicipal okrugs and atown.[21]
Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known asinter-settlement territories [ru], a concept introduced in 2019.[22]
The Federal Law was amended on 27 May 2014 to include new types of municipal divisions:[23]
Urban okrug with intra-urban divisions, an urban okrug divided into intra-urban districts at the lower level of the municipal hierarchy
Intra-urban district, a municipal formation within an urban okrug with intra-urban divisions. This municipal formation type would typically be established within the borders of existing city districts (i.e., the administrative divisions in some of thecities of federal subject significance).
Federal legislation introduced on May 1, 2019, added an additional territorial unit:[25]
Municipal okrug, a grouping of several settlements without municipal status. Municipal okrugs formally exercise local self-government either through direct means or through electoral and other institutions.
For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions.[26] Economic regions and their parts sharing commoneconomic trends are in turn grouped intoeconomic zones and macrozones.
In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of military units, their training, and other operational activities, the federal subjects are grouped into five military districts.[28] Each military district operates under the command of the districtheadquarters, headed by the districtcommander, and is subordinated to theGeneral Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
^Walker, Shaun (September 23, 2022)."'Referendums' on joining Russia under way in occupied Ukraine".the Guardian.Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2022.So-called "referendums" are under way in areas of Ukraine occupied by Russian troops, with residents told to vote on proposals for the four Ukrainian regions to declare independence and then join Russia.
^ab"Энциклопедический словарь конституционного права". Статья "Административно-территориальное устройство". Сост. А. А. Избранов. — Мн.: Изд. В.М. Суров, 2001.
^Государственная Дума Российской Федерации. Федеральный Закон №131-ФЗ от 6 октября 2003 г. «Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального Закона №243-ФЗ от 28 сентября 2010 г. (State Duma of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #131-FZ of 6 October 2003On the General Principles of Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Law #243-FZ of 28 September 2010. ).
^Федеральный Закон №136-ФЗ от 27 мая 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в статью 26.3 Федерального Закона "Об общих принципах организации законодательных (представительных) и исполнительных органов государственной власти субъектов Российской Федерации" и Федеральный Закон "Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: Официальный интернет-портал правовой информацииhttp://www.pravo.gov.ru, 27 мая 2014 г. (Federal Law #136-FZ of 27 May 2014On Amending Article 26.3 of the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of Legislative (Representative) and Executive Bodies of State Power in the Subjects of the Russian Federation" and the Federal Law "On the General Principles of Organization of the Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
^Законодательное Собрание Челябинской области. Закон №706-ЗО от 10 июня 2014 г. «О статусе и границах Челябинского городского округа и внутригородских районов в его составе». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Южноуральская панорама", №87 (спецвыпуск №24), 14 июня 2014 г. (Legislative Assembly of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Law #706-ZO of 10 June 2014On the Status and Borders of Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug and the City Districts It Comprises. Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
^Государственная Дума Российской Федерации. Федеральный Закон №87-ФЗ от 1 мая 2019 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об общих принципах организации местного самоуправления в Российской Федерации"». (State Duma of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #87-FZ of May 1, 2019On Changes to the Federal Law "On General Principles of the Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation". ).
^"Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов" (ОК 024-95) введённый 1 января 1997 г., в ред. Изменения № 05/2001. Секция II. Экономические районы (Russian Classification of Economic Regions (OK 024-95) of January 1, 1997 as amended by the Amendments #1/1998 through #5/2001. Section II. Economic Regions)
^Президент Российской Федерации. Указ №900 от 27 июль 1998 г. «О военно-административном делении Российской Федерации», в ред. Указа №1144 от 20 сентябрь 2010 г. Вступил в силу 27 июль 1998 г.. (President of the Russian Federation. Decree #900 of July 27, 1998On Military Administrative Division of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Decree #1144 of September 20, 2010. Effective as of July 27, 1998.).
12 декабря 1993 г. «Конституция Российской Федерации», в ред. Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от 30 декабря 2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская газета", №237, 25 декабря 1993 г. (December 12, 1993Constitution of the Russian Federation, as amended by the Federal Constitutional Law #7-FKZ of December 30, 2008. Effective as of the official publication date.).
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