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Stucco orrender is aconstruction material made ofaggregates, abinder, and water. Stucco is applied wet and hardens to a very dense solid. It is used as a decorative coating for walls and ceilings, exterior walls, and as a sculptural and artistic material in architecture. Stucco can be applied on construction materials such asmetal,expanded metal lath,concrete,cinder block, or claybrick andadobe for decorative and structural purposes.[2]
In English, "stucco" sometimes refers to a coating for the outside of a building and "plaster" to a coating for interiors. As described below, however, the materials themselves often have little or no difference. Other European languages, notably Italian, do not have the same distinction: In Italian,stucco meansplaster, and serves for both.[3]
The basic composition of stucco islime, water, and sand.[4]
The difference in nomenclature between stucco,plaster, andmortar is based more on use than composition. Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, it was common that mortar as well asplaster, which was used inside a building, and stucco, which was used outside, would consist of the same primary materials:lime andsand.
Animal orplant fibers were often added for additional strength. Sometimes additives such asacrylics andglass fibers are added to improve the structural properties of the stucco. This is usually done with what is considered a one-coat stucco system, as opposed to the traditional three-coat method.
In the latter nineteenth century,Portland cement was added with increasing frequency to cover surfaces in contact with soil or water. At the same time, traditionallime plasters were often being replaced bygypsum plaster.Lime is almost as good in balancing humidity as clay. It prevents moisture accumulation inside the building as well as in the wall by its excellent permeability, and is more elastic and workable than cement render.
Lime itself is usually white; color comes from the aggregate or any addedpigments. Lime stucco has the property of being self-healing to a limited degree because of the slight watersolubility of lime (which in solution can be deposited in cracks, where it solidifies). Portland cement stucco is very hard and brittle and can easily crack and separate from the surface if the base on which it is applied is not stable. Typically, its color was gray, from the innate color of most Portland cement, but white Portland cement is also available. Today's stucco manufacturers offer a very wide range of colors that can be mixed integrally in the finish coat. Other materials such as stone and glass chips are sometimes "dashed" onto the finish coat before drying, with the finished product commonly known as "rock dash", "pebble dash", or also asroughcast if the stones are incorporated directly into the stucco, used mainly from the early 20th through the early 21st centuries.
As a building material, stucco is a durable, attractive, and weather-resistant wall covering. It was traditionally used as both an interior and exterior finish applied in one or two thin layers directly over a solidmasonry,brick, or stone surface. The finish coat usually contained an integral color and was typically textured for appearance.
Then with the introduction and development of heavy timber and light wood-framed construction methods, stucco was adapted for this new use by adding a reinforcement lattice, orlath, attached to and spanning between the structural supports and by increasing the thickness and number of layers of the total system. The lath added support for the wet plaster and tensile strength to the brittle, cured stucco; while the increased thickness and number of layers helped control cracking.
The traditional application of stucco and lath occurs in three coats—the scratch coat, the brown coat and the finish coat. The two base coats of plaster are either hand-applied or machine sprayed. The finish coat can be troweled smooth, hand-textured,floated to a sand finish or sprayed.
Originally, the lath material was strips of wood installed horizontally on the wall, with spaces between, that would support the wet plaster until it cured. Thislath and plaster technique became widely used.
In exterior wall applications, the lath is installed over a weather-resistantasphalt-impregnatedfelt orpaper sheet that protects the framing from the moisture that can pass through the porous stucco.
FollowingWorld War II, the introduction of metal wiremesh, or netting, replaced the use of wood lath.Galvanizing the wire made itcorrosion resistant and suitable for exterior wall applications. At the beginning of the 21st century, this "traditional" method of wire mesh lath and three coats of exterior plaster was still widely used.
In some parts of the United States with a warmer climate (likeCalifornia,Nevada,Arizona,New Mexico andFlorida), stucco is the predominant exterior for both residential and commercial construction. Stucco exterior (with wood frame interior) became a popular alternative in the southwestern United States during the 1970s, as the masonry labor costs foradobe rose.[5]
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Stucco has also been used as a sculptural and artistic material. Stucco relief was used in the architectural decoration schemes of many ancient cultures. Examples ofEgyptian,Minoan, andEtruscan stucco reliefs remain extant. In theart of Mesopotamia and ancientPersian art there was a widespread tradition of figurative and ornamental internal stucco reliefs, which continued intoIslamic art, for example inAbbasid Samarra, now using geometrical and plant-based ornament. As thearabesque reached its full maturity, carved stucco remained a very common medium for decoration and calligraphic inscriptions.Indian architecture used stucco as a material for sculpture in an architectural context. It is rare in the countryside.
In Roman art of the late Republic and early Empire, stucco was used extensively for the decoration of vaults. Though marble was the preferred sculptural medium in most regards, stucco was better for use in vaults because it was lighter and better suited to adapt to the curvature of the ceiling.Baroque andRococo architecture makes heavy use of stucco. Examples can be found in churches and palaces, where stucco is mostly used to provide a smooth, decorative transition from walls to ceiling, decorating and giving measure to ceiling surfaces. Stucco is an integral part of the art ofbelcomposto, the Baroque concept that integrates the threeclassic arts,architecture,sculpture, andpainting.
TheGreco-Buddhist art of modernAfghanistan and northernPakistan made extensive use in monasteries and temples of stucco for three-dimensionalmonumental sculpture as well as reliefs. These were usually carved from a rough modelling over a framework and then painted. Similar techniques are used for the life-size statues decorating thegopurams ofHindu temples in modernSouth Asia.
Since stucco can be used for decoration as well as for figurative representation, it provides an ideal transitive link from architectural details towall paintings such as the typically Baroquetrompe-l'œil ceilings, as in the work of theWessobrunner School. Here, the real architecture of the church is visually extended into a heavenly architecture with a depiction ofChrist, theVirgin Mary or theLast Judgment at the center. Stucco is used to form a semi-plastic extension of the real architecture that merges into the painted architecture.
Because of its "aristocratic" appearance, Baroque-looking stucco decoration was used frequently in upper-class apartments of the 19th and early 20th century.
Beginning in the 1920s, stucco, especially in itsNeo-Renaissance andNeo-Baroque materialization, became increasingly unpopular with modern architects in some countries, resulting not only in new buildings without stucco but also in a widespreadMovement [de] to remove the stucco from existing tenements.
Stucco was still employed in the 1950s in molded forms for decorating the joints between walls and ceilings inside houses. It was generally painted the same colour as the ceiling and used in designs where apicture rail orrat rail was in use.
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Modern stucco is used as an exteriorcement plaster wall covering. It is usually a mix ofsand,Portland cement,lime and water, but may also consist of a proprietary mix of additives including fibers and syntheticacrylics that add strength and flexibility. Modern synthetic stucco can be applied as one base layer and a finish layer, which is thinner and faster to apply, compared to the traditional application of three-coat stucco. Imitation stone stucco can also be produced using the traditional application, but with marble dust being added to the mixture.
As with any cement-based material, stucco must be reinforced to resist movement cracking. Plastic or wiremeshlath, attached with nails or screws to the structural framing, is embedded into the base coat to provide stiffening for the stucco.
Where stucco is to be applied to a structure of wood-framing or light-gauge steel framing, the framing is protected from moisture damage by applying a cement based primer, or a vapor-permeable, water-resistant weather barrier; typically anasphalt-saturatedpaper or one of a variety of manufactured plastic-based sheets, known as "building wraps" or "stucco wraps". The properties of the weather barrier must not only protect the framing from rain and moisture, but at the same time allow the free passage of any water vapor generated inside the building to escape through the wall.
A wide variety of stucco accessories, such as weepscreeds, control and expansion joints, corner-aids and architectural reveals are sometimes also incorporated into the lath. Wire lath is used to give the plaster something to attach to and to add strength. Types include expanded-metal lath, woven-wire lath, and welded-wire lath.
If applied during very dry weather, the layers of stucco are sprayed with water for one or more days to keep a level of moisture within the stucco while it cures, a process known as "moist curing". If the stucco dries too soon, the chemical hardening ("hydration") will be incomplete, resulting in a weaker and brittler stucco.
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