| Stonewall National Monument | |
|---|---|
 Stonewall Inn the day after President Obama's dedication on June 24, 2016 | |
 Interactive map of Stonewall National Monument | |
| Type | Cultural |
| Location | West Village,Manhattan, New York City |
| Coordinates | 40°44′1.939″N74°0′7.83″W / 40.73387194°N 74.0021750°W /40.73387194; -74.0021750 |
| Area | 7.7 acres (3.1 ha) near the intersection ofChristopher Street and7th Avenue South |
| Built |
|
| Visitors | 1,581,961 (in 2022) |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | |
| Designated | June 28, 1999 (1999-06-28)[a] |
| Designated | February 16, 2000 (2000-02-16)[1][a] |
| Designated | June 24, 2016 (2016-06-24) |
Stonewall National Monument is a 7.7-acre (3.1 ha)U.S. national monument in theWest Village neighborhood ofGreenwich Village inLower Manhattan, New York City.[2] The designated area includes theStonewall Inn, the 0.19-acre (8,300 sq ft; 770 m2) Christopher Park, and nearby streets includingChristopher Street, the site of theStonewall riots of June 28, 1969, widely regarded as the start of the modernLGBTQ rights movement in the United States.
Stonewall National Monument is the first U.S. national monument dedicated toLGBTQ rights andhistory. PresidentBarack Obama designated it as a national monument on June 24, 2016.
Stonewall National Monument includes and surrounds the 0.19-acre (8,300 sq ft; 770 m2)[3][4] Christopher Park (also known as Christopher Street Park), apark originally built on a lot thatNew Netherland Director-GeneralWouter van Twiller settled as atobacco farm from 1633 to 1638, when he died. The land was subsequently split up into three different farms.Trinity Church's and Elbert Herring's farms were located in the southern part of van Twiller's former farm, andSir Peter Warren's farm was located in the northern portion.[5]
Because of the unusual street grid that already existed in much of Greenwich Village, theCommissioners' Plan of 1811 would not quite fit into the pre-existing street grid. This resulted in severalblocks with oblique angles, as well as many triangular street blocks. The former farms of Christopher Street were split into small lots from 1789 to 1829.[5][6]: 37 After a subsequent large population increase in the early 19th century, the buildings on Christopher Street were dense with people.[5][6]: 37
In 1835, theGreat Fire of New York spread through the area and destroyed many city blocks. The little triangle of land bounded by Christopher, Grove, and4th Streets, which was burned down, was condemned and turned into a park.[5][6]: 37 The new Christopher Street Park, designed by architectsCalvert Vaux andSamuel Parsons Jr.,[7] was opened in 1837.[5][6]: 37 TheStonewall Inn, which then consisted simply of two adjacentstables, opened across Christopher Street in 1843.[6]: 35
The widening of7th Avenue South, and the construction of theIRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line of theNew York City Subway, effectively split the neighborhood into two pieces, separated by the now-widened avenue. By the 1940s, the area had deteriorated somewhat as people moved away.[5][6] However, during the 1950s, the social demographics were transformed, as "Beat poets" moved into Greenwich Village.[8]: 68–69 Meanwhile, the Stonewall Inn had changed uses; many different restaurants were housed in the inn from the 1930s through 1966.[6]: 35
In 1966, the Stonewall Inn Restaurant—which had been located within the inn since the 1950s—closed for renovations due to a fire that devastated the space. The restaurant re-opened as a tavern on March 18, 1967,[9] under ownership of theGenovese crime family of theMafia.[10]: 183 The tavern was breaking rules on the sale ofliquor, as it had noliquor license, but one officer of theNew York City Police Department (NYPD) was reportedly accepting once-monthly bribes in exchange for allowing the tavern to go unlicensed.[6]: 35 [10]: 185 [11]: 68
On June 28, 1969, the NYPD conducted a raid on the inn, then operating as agay bar, under the pretense that the inn did not have a liquor license. Riots started in the ensuing days, where thousands of riotersprotested against the NYPD's raid.[5][6]: 35–36 The riots solidified the Stonewall Inn's status as a gay icon.[5] The park also played a significant role in the riots—people had gathered at the park the morning after the first day of rioting, discussing the events of the previous day.[11]: 180
The park itself was in dire need of renovation, and so in the 1970s, the Friends of Christopher Park, which consisted entirely of volunteers mainly from the surrounding community, was created to oversee the park's upkeep. In 1983,NYC Parks embarked on a three-year, $130,000 project (equivalent to $410,414 in 2024[b]) to rebuild the park to its original condition. Architect Philip Winslow planted new greenery and replaced the park's benches, walkways, light fixtures, and gates.[5]
In 1992, theGay Liberation statue byGeorge Segal was placed in Christopher Park, mirroring a near-identical statue atStanford University.[5][12] The statue consists of four white figures (two standing men and two seated women) positioned in "natural, easy" poses.[9] Non-LGBT-related monuments in the park include two 1936 works that commemoratedAmerican Civil War fighters: a pole that honors theFire Zouaves, as well as a statue made of bronze that honors Union generalPhilip Sheridan.[5][12] The park is surrounded by a fence that dates back to at least the late 19th century.[5][12] In 2023,Randy Wicker launched a petition to remove the GeneralPhil Sheridan statue from the park because of "Sheridan's massacre of Indigenous people."[13]
Meanwhile, across the street, the Stonewall Inn had changed hands many times from 1969 to the 1990s, finally resuming the role of a gay bar by the 1990s.[6]: 36
In 1999, David Carter,Andrew Dolkart, Gale Harris, and Jay Shockley researched and wrote theNational Register of Historic Places (NRHP) report for Stonewall, which was officially sponsored by theGreenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation. When the listing was designated on June 29, 1999, it included the Stonewall Inn building, Christopher Park, and nearby streets.[14] It became the nation's first NRHP listing, out of more than 70,000 listings at the time, dedicated exclusively to LGBT accomplishments.[15] That same area was declared aNational Historic Landmark on February 16, 2000.[1][16][17] On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn became aNew York City designated landmark,[18][19][20] making it the first city landmark to commemorate an LGBT icon.[21]
After Stonewall Inn was designated as a city landmark,Greenwich Village residents lobbied for the bar and the adjacent park to be labeled anational monument.[22] Some members ofManhattan Community Board 2 wrote a letter to theNational Park Service (NPS) to request such a status for the Stonewall site.[22] The GVSHP also supported a national monument designation for the site.[4] In 2016,The Trust for Public Land helped New York City prepare the property for transfer.[23] The Trust for Public Land worked with the NPS and NYC Parks to preserve the Stonewall Inn and recast Christopher Park as the Stonewall National Monument.[24]
On June 24, 2016, PresidentBarack Obama officially designated the Stonewall National Monument,[25] making it the United States' first national monument designated for an LGBT historic site.[26] The dedication ceremony was attended by New York City mayorBill de Blasio; SenatorKirsten Gillibrand; Secretary of the InteriorSally Jewell; and the Stonewall Inn's owners.[27] Some attendees saw the dedication as important because theOrlando, Florida, nightclub shooting, which had occurred two weeks prior to the dedication, had claimed the lives of 49 people, many of them gay Latino Americans.[28] The national monument encompasses a 7.7-acre (340,000 sq ft; 31,000 m2) area[27] that includes the Stonewall Inn, Christopher Street Park, the block of Christopher Street bordering the park, and segments of some adjacent streets.[29][30] Only the park was transferred to NPS ownership. TheNational Park Foundation formed a new nonprofit organization to raise $2 million[31] in funds for a ranger station, visitor center, community activities, and interpretive exhibits for the monument.[31][32] In October 2017, arainbow LGBT flag was raised on the monument, making it the first officially maintained LGBT flag at a federal monument.[33]
The LGBT+ rights organizationPride Live tried to develop a visitor center for the monument for several years after its designation. Pride Live began negotiating with the owner of the property at 51 Christopher Street in 2019;[34][35] that building included a vacant storefront that had formerly been part of the inn.[36] The building was placed for sale in June 2021,[34][35] but Pride Live and the property owner ultimately came to an agreement.[34] In June 2022, Pride Live announced that it would build the visitor center at 51 Christopher Street.[36][37]MBB Architects was hired to design the visitor center, while Local Projects was responsible for designing the exhibits.[34][38] Pride Live raised $3.2 million for its construction and development and plans to operate the center in cooperation with the NPS.[39] The visitor center opened on June 28, 2024, as the first official national visitors center dedicated to the LGBTQ+ experience to open anywhere in the world. Numerous politicians and celebrities participated in the inauguration ceremonies,[40][41] and theNew York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed theChristopher Street–Stonewall station on the same day.[40][42]
Originally, the U.S.National Park Service (NPS) website for the monument discussed thetransgender andqueer communities. After U.S. presidentDonald Trump signedExecutive Order 14168 in 2025, mandating that the federal government and federally funded entities cease any promotion of "gender ideology", all references to transgender and queer people were removed from the website.[43] The news was first reported on February 13, 2025.[44] The Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative and The Stonewall Inn issued a joint statement the same day, saying:
"This blatant act of erasure not only distorts the truth of our history, but it also dishonors the immense contributions of transgender individuals — especially transgender women of color — who were at the forefront of the Stonewall Riots and the broader fight for LGBTQ+ rights."[45]
The statement went on to spotlightMarsha P. Johnson,Sylvia Rivera, and "countless other trans and gender-nonconforming individuals" as "central to the resistance we now celebrate as the foundation of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement."[45] Rallies were held to protest the erasure of trans and queer history from the Stonewall National Monument website,[46] although New York State's own official LGBTQ Monument on theHudson River shoreline has deliberately preserved all trans and queer references.[47]
In mid-2025, references tobisexuality were also seemingly removed from the NPS website.[48][49] The term LGB was largely changed to "lesbian and gay", with only two mentions being made to bisexuality compared to the previous eight.[48]SFist described these removals as examples ofLGBT erasure.[50]
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