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Steny Hoyer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
American politician (born 1939)

Steny Hoyer
Official portrait, 2019
House Majority Leader
In office
January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2023
SpeakerNancy Pelosi
WhipJim Clyburn
Preceded byKevin McCarthy
Succeeded bySteve Scalise
In office
January 3, 2007 – January 3, 2011
SpeakerNancy Pelosi
WhipJim Clyburn
Preceded byJohn Boehner
Succeeded byEric Cantor
House Minority Whip
In office
January 3, 2011 – January 3, 2019
LeaderNancy Pelosi
Preceded byEric Cantor
Succeeded bySteve Scalise
In office
January 3, 2003 – January 3, 2007
LeaderNancy Pelosi
Preceded byNancy Pelosi
Succeeded byRoy Blunt
Chair of the House Democratic Caucus
In office
June 21, 1989 – January 3, 1995
LeaderTom Foley
Preceded byBill Gray
Succeeded byVic Fazio
Vice Chair of the House Democratic Caucus
In office
January 3, 1989 – June 21, 1989
LeaderJim Wright
Preceded byMary Rose Oakar
Succeeded byVic Fazio
Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromMaryland's5th district
Assumed office
May 19, 1981
Preceded byGladys Spellman
President of the Maryland Senate
In office
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1978
Preceded byWilliam S. James
Succeeded byJames Clark Jr.
Member of theMaryland Senate
from the 26th district
In office
January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1978
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byMike Donovan
Member of theMaryland Senate
from the 4C district
In office
January 1967 – January 1975
Preceded byConstituency established
Succeeded byConstituency abolished
Personal details
BornSteny Hamilton Hoyer
(1939-06-14)June 14, 1939 (age 86)
Political partyDemocratic
Spouse(s)
Judith Pickett
​
​
(m. 1961; died 1997)​

Children3
EducationUniversity of Maryland, College Park (BA)
Georgetown University (JD)
Signature
WebsiteHouse website
Campaign website

Steny Hamilton Hoyer (/ˈstɛniˈhɔɪər/STEN-eeHOY-ər; born June 14, 1939) is an American politician and retired attorney who has served as theU.S. representative forMaryland's 5th congressional district since 1981. He also served asHouse Majority Leader from 2007 to 2011 and again from 2019 to 2023. Hoyer first attained office through a special election on May 19, 1981, and is in his 23rd House term. His district includes a large swath of rural and suburban territory southeast ofWashington, D.C. Hoyer is the dean of theMaryland congressional delegation since 2017 when SenatorBarbara Mikulski retired and the mostsenior Democrat in the House.[1]

From 2003 to 2023, Hoyer was the second-ranking Democrat in the House of Representatives behindNancy Pelosi. He is a two-timeHouse majority leader, having served in the post from 2007 to 2011 underSpeaker Pelosi.[2][3] During two periods of Republican House control (2003–2007 and 2011–2019), Hoyer served asHouse minority whip, both times under Minority Leader Pelosi. Following the2018 midterm elections in which the Democrats took control of the House, Hoyer was reelected majority leader in 2019 for the116th Congress; he remained the number two House Democrat behind Speaker Pelosi. He announced on November 17, 2022, that he, along with Pelosi, would not seek a leadership position in the 118th Congress, though he would remain a member of the House.[4][5]

Early life and education

[edit]

Hoyer was born inNew York City but grew up inMitchellville, Maryland, the son of Jean (née Baldwin) and Steen Theilgaard Høyer. His father was Danish and a native ofCopenhagen; "Steny" is a variant of his father's name, "Steen".[6] His mother was an American with Scottish, German, and English ancestry and a descendant ofJohn Hart, a signer of theUS Declaration of Independence.[7]

Steny Hoyer graduated fromSuitland High School inSuitland, Maryland. In 1963, Hoyer received hisBachelor of Arts degreemagna cum laude and graduatedOmicron Delta Kappa from theUniversity of Maryland, College Park. He was a member of theSigma Chi fraternity.[8] He earned hisJuris Doctor from theGeorgetown University Law Center in 1966.[8]

Early political career

[edit]

From 1962 to 1966, Hoyer was a member of the staff of U.S. senatorDaniel Brewster; also on Brewster's staff at that time wasNancy Pelosi.[9]

In 1966, Hoyer won a newly created seat in theMaryland State Senate, representingPrince George's County–based Senate district 4C.[10] The district, created in the aftermath ofReynolds v. Sims, was renumbered as the 26th in 1975,[8][11] the same year that Hoyer was electedpresident of the Maryland State Senate, the youngest in state history.[12]

From 1969 to 1971, Hoyer served as the first vice president of theYoung Democrats of America.[13]

In 1978, Hoyer sought the Democratic nomination forlieutenant governor of Maryland as the running mate of then acting GovernorBlair Lee III, but lost toSamuel Bogley, 37%–34%.[14] The same year, Hoyer was appointed to the Maryland Board of Higher Education, a position he held until 1981.[8]

U.S. House of Representatives

[edit]
Congressional portrait of Hoyer, circa 1981
Hoyer in 2007 asHouse Majority Leader
Hoyer speaks during thesecond day of the2008 Democratic National Convention inDenver, Colorado.
Hoyer withBarbara Mikulski presenting a photo toQueen Elizabeth II andPrince Philip inGreenbelt, Maryland

Elections

[edit]

Fifth district CongresswomanGladys Spellman fell into a coma shortly before the 1980 election. She was reelected, but it soon became apparent that she would never regain consciousness, and Congress declared her seat vacant by resolution in February 1981. Hoyer narrowly won a crowded seven-way Democraticprimary, beating Spellman's husband, Reuben, by only 1,600 votes. He defeated a better-fundedRepublican,Bowie Mayor[15] Audrey Scott, in the May 19special election. 56%–44%, earning himself the nickname "boy wonder".[16][17][18] In the 1982 general election, Hoyer was reelected to a full term with 80% of the vote.[19] He has faced only one relatively close contest since then, when he defeated futureGovernor of MarylandLarry Hogan with 53% of the vote in 1992.[20] His second-lowest margin of victory was his 1996 race against Republican State DelegateJohn Morgan, when he received 57% of the vote.[21] Hoyer has been reelected 14 times with no substantive opposition and is the longest-serving House member ever from Maryland.[12]

Tenure

[edit]

Domestic issues

[edit]

Hoyer supports and has led theMake It In America plan linking the domestic manufacturing industry and overall U.S. economic success.[22]

Hoyer ispro-choice onabortion rights.[23] He voted against thePartial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003. (However, at the height of national polarization after theSupreme Court's intention to overturnRoe v. Wadeleaked, Hoyer controversially endorsed a pro-life incumbent House member over his pro-choiceprimary challenger.[24]) Hoyer supportsaffirmative action andLGBT rights. He is rated "F" by theNRA Political Victory Fund, indicating that he tends to vote in favor ofgun control.[25][26][27]

In 2008, Hoyer said he opposed providing immunity to telecom companies, but then negotiated a bill, which SenatorsPatrick Leahy andRuss Feingold called a "capitulation", that would provide immunity to any telecom company[28] that had been told by theGeorge W. Bush administration that its actions were legal.[29][30][31] "No matter how they spin it, this is still immunity", saidKevin Bankston, a senior lawyer for theElectronic Frontier Foundation, aprivacy rights group that sued over Bush's wiretapping program. "It's not compromise, it's pure theater."[32]

In June 2010, Hoyer brought up the idea that Congress could temporarily extend middle-class tax cuts set to expire at the end of the year, suggesting that making them permanent would cost too much. President Obama wanted to extend them permanently for people making less than $200,000 a year and families making less than $250,000.[33]

Hoyer voted against the impeachment of PresidentBill Clinton in 1999. In 2019 and 2021, Hoyer voted to impeach PresidentDonald Trump.[34]

In February 2021, Hoyer made a speech in Congress that has been viewed online more than two million times, criticizing a Facebook post by U.S. RepresentativeMarjorie Taylor Greene. The post featured a gun-toting Greene next to three members of the "Squad"—RepresentativesIlhan Omar,Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, andRashida Tlaib—with the caption "Democrats' Worst Nightmare". In his speech, Hoyer compared Greene's words with those of RepresentativeSteve King, who was removed from the Judiciary and Agriculture Committees in 2019 after comments he made toThe New York Times questioning whywhite supremacy was considered offensive. Hoyer said that, in both posts, Greene had promoted baseless conspiracy theories far more offensive and incendiary than the comment that led Republicans to strip King of his committee roles. He asked his colleagues on both sides of the aisle to "do the decent thing" and strip Greene of her committee roles. The vote succeeded, with 11 Republicans joining Democrats to pass the motion to remove.[35]

Foreign issues

[edit]

Hoyer supports civilian nuclear cooperation with India.[36]

Hoyer initially supported theIraq War and was recognized by the DLC for his vocal leadership on this issue. After the war became publicly unpopular, he said he favored a "responsible redeployment".[37] But he repeatedly supported legislation to continue funding the war without deadlines for troop withdrawal, most recently in return for increased funding of domestic projects.[38]

Hoyer is a supporter of Israel, and has often been allied withAmerican Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC). In September 2007, he criticized RepresentativeJim Moran for suggesting that AIPAC "has pushed [the Iraq] war from the beginning", calling the comment "factually inaccurate".[39] In January 2017, he voted for a House resolution condemningUN Security Council Resolution 2334, which calledIsraeli settlement building in the occupiedPalestinian territories a flagrant violation of international law and a major obstacle to peace.[40]

Hoyer supported President Trump's decision torecognize Jerusalem as Israel's capital.[41] In 2023, he voted with an overwhelming bipartisan majority to provide Israel with whatever support is necessary in the "barbaric war" in Gaza started by Hamas and other terrorists following theOctober 7 attacks.[42][43]

Hoyer has said that a nuclear Iran is "unacceptable" and that the use of force remains an option.[44]

In January 2019, Hoyer opposed Trump's planned withdrawal ofU.S. troops from Syria andAfghanistan as "impulsive, irresponsible, and dangerous".[45] He supports former PresidentObama's call for authorizing limited but decisive military action in response to the Assad regime's alleged use of chemical weapons.

Hoyer is a former chair of theCommission on Security and Cooperation in Europe. During a AIPAC-led August 2025 summer trip to Israel amid theGaza humanitarian crisis, Hoyer said in a video recorded for AIPAC, "What we found is that contrary to world opinion, Israel has been doing everything it possibly can to ensure that there’s minimal damage to civilians who are not part of Hamas's army, Unfortunately, the world is not seeing that. The world has got a view that I don't think is accurate." Hoyer was referred to as an long-term unofficial leader to AIPAC-led trips.[46]

Maritime law

[edit]

Hoyer voted for theAbandoned Shipwrecks Act of 1987.[47] The Act asserts United States title to certain abandoned shipwrecks located on or embedded in submerged lands under state jurisdiction, and transfers title to the respective state, thereby empowering states to manage these cultural and historical resources more efficiently, with the goal of preventingtreasure hunters and salvagers from damaging them. PresidentRonald Reagan signed it into law on April 28, 1988.[48]

Legislation

[edit]

On February 28, 2014, Hoyer introduced the billto amend the National Law Enforcement Museum Act to extend the termination date (H.R. 4120; 113th Congress).[49] The bill would extend until November 9, 2016, the authority of the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, a nonprofit organization, to construct a museum on federal lands in theDistrict of Columbia honoring law enforcement officers.[50]

Fundraising

[edit]

Hoyer is a prolific fundraiser for House Democrats. He has been the top giver to fellow party members in the House. In the 2008 election cycle, he contributed more than $1 million to the party and individual candidates as of July 14, 2008.[51]

Committee assignments

[edit]

For the119th Congress:[52]

Caucus memberships

[edit]

Party leadership

[edit]
Then-PresidentGeorge W. Bush meets with soon to be Speaker of the HouseNancy Pelosi and soon to be House Majority Leader Steny Hoyer on November 9, 2006.
Hoyer with PresidentDonald Trump in 2019

Hoyer served as chair of theDemocratic Caucus, the fourth-ranking position among House Democrats, from 1989 to 1994; a former co-chair of the Democratic Steering Committee; and as the chief candidate recruiter for House Democrats from 1995 to 2000. He also served as Deputy MajorityWhip from 1987 to 1989.[8]

WhenDavid E. Bonior resigned as minority whip in early 2002, Hoyer ran in the race to succeed him but lost toNancy Pelosi. After the 2002 midterm elections, Pelosi ran to succeedDick Gephardt as minority leader, leaving the minority whip post open again.[55] On November 14, 2002, Hoyer's colleagues in the Democratic Caucus unanimously elected him minority whip, the second-highest-ranking position among House Democrats.[12]

Pelosi became theSpeaker of the House in January 2007. Hoyer was elected by his colleagues to be House Majority Leader for the 110th Congress, defeatingJohn Murtha ofPennsylvania by a vote of 149–86 within thecaucus, despite Pelosi's endorsement of Murtha.[2][56] Hoyer was the first Marylander to become Majority Leader[57] and became the highest-ranking federal lawmaker in Maryland history.[12] In this post, Hoyer was the House Democrats' floor leader and ranked second in the leadership, after the Speaker.

The day after the 2010 midterm elections, in which the Democrats lost control of the House, Hoyer had a private conversation with Pelosi and said he would not challenge her for minority leader.[58] He ran for minority whip, but was challenged by outgoing Majority WhipJim Clyburn (the top House Democrats wanted to remain in the leadership, but the minority party in the House has one less position). Hoyer is moderate while Pelosi and Clyburn are more liberal, and a significant number of Hoyer's would-be supporters in the House who were moderate and conservative Democrats had been defeated for reelection.[59][60][61] TheCongressional Black Caucus backed Clyburn, while 30 House Democrats have supported Hoyer.[62][63] Hoyer received further support from outgoing Foreign Affairs Committee ChairmanHoward L. Berman, Financial Services Committee ChairmanBarney Frank, and outgoing Energy and Commerce Committee ChairmanHenry A. Waxman.[64] Pelosi intervened in the contest by supporting Hoyer as Minority Whip, while creating an "Assistant Leader" position for Clyburn, which would keep him as the third-ranking Democrat in the House behind Pelosi and Hoyer (the existing "Assistant to the Leader" post formerly held byChris Van Hollen is not officially part of the House leadership and was directly appointed by the Minority Leader).[65][66]

Hoyer and theDemocratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) have been criticized for picking their preferred candidates through an undemocratic process. In 2018, it was reported that Hoyer sought to influence the primary race inColorado's 6th congressional district. He was recorded urging progressive candidateLevi Tillemann to drop out of the race. Hoyer acknowledged that the DCCC had already identified its preferred candidate and discouraged a candid discussion about his weaknesses.[67] On November 28, 2018, Hoyer was selected to return as House Majority Leader.[4][5]

Electoral history

[edit]

[68][69]

YearOfficeElectionSubjectPartyVotes%OpponentPartyVotes%OpponentPartyVotes%OpponentPartyVotes%
1981Congress, 5th districtSpecialSteny HoyerDemocratic42,57355.81Audrey ScottRepublican33,70844.19
1982Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic83,93779.58William GuthrieRepublican21,53320.42
1984Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic116,31072.18John RitchieRepublican44,83927.82
1986Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic82,09881.93John SellnerRepublican18,10218.07
1988Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic128,43778.63John SellnerRepublican34,90921.37
1990Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic84,74780.66Lee BreuerRepublican20,31419.34
1992Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic113,28055.0Larry J. Hogan, Jr.Republican92,63645.0
1994Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic98,82158.81Donald DevineRepublican69,21141.19
1996Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic121,28856.92John S. MorganRepublican91,80643.08
1998Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic126,79265.37Robert OstromRepublican67,17634.36
2000Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic166,23165.09Thomas HutchinsRepublican89,01934.86
2002Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic137,90369.27Joseph CrawfordRepublican60,75830.52
2004Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic204,86768.72Brad JewittRepublican87,18929.25Bob AuerbachGreen4,2241.42Steve KrukarConstitution1,8490.62
2006Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic168,11482.69Steve WarnerGreen33,46416.46Peter KuhnertConstitution6350.31Other write-ins1,1100.55
2008Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic253,85473.65Collins BaileyRepublican82,63123.97Darlene NicholasLibertarian7,8292.27Write-ins3770.11
2010Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic155,11064.26Charles LollarRepublican83,57534.62H. Gavin ShickleLibertarian2,5781.07Write-ins1200.05
2012[70]Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic238,61869.40Tony O'DonnellRepublican95,27127.71Bob AuerbachGreen5,0401.47Arvin VohraLibertarian4,5031.31
2014[71]Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic144,72564.03Chris ChafeeRepublican80,75235.72Write-ins5630.25
2016[72]Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic242,98967.38Mark ArnessRepublican105,93129.37Jason SummersLibertarian11,0783.07Write-ins6060.18
2018Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic213,79670.28William Devine IIIRepublican82,36127.07Patrick ElderGreen4,0821.34Jacob PulcherLibertarian3,5921.18
2020[73]Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic274,21068.75Chris PalombiRepublican123,52530.97Write-ins1,1040.28
2022Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic182,47865.90Chris PalombiRepublican94,00033.94Write-ins4420.16
2024Congress, 5th districtGeneralSteny HoyerDemocratic283,61967.75Michelle TalkingtonRepublican133,98532.01Write-ins9990.24

Personal life

[edit]

Hoyer has three daughters from his marriage to Judy Pickett Hoyer, who died of cancer in February 1997.[74] In June 2012, after Hoyer announced his support ofsame-sex marriage, his daughter Stefany Hoyer Hemmer came out as a lesbian in an interview with theWashington Blade.[75] A widower for 26 years, Hoyer married Elaine Kamarck, a Clinton administration official and the director of the Center for Effective Public Management at theBrookings Institution, in June 2023.[76][77]

Judy Hoyer was an advocate ofearly childhood education, and child development learning centers in Maryland have been named in her honor ("Judy Centers").[78] She also suffered fromepilepsy, and theEpilepsy Foundation of America sponsors an annual public lecture in her name.[79] Steny Hoyer, too, has been an advocate for research in this area, and in 2002 the Epilepsy Foundation gave him its Congressional Leadership Award.[80]

Hoyer serves on the board of trustees forSt. Mary's College of Maryland[8] and is a member of the board of theInternational Foundation for Electoral Systems, a nonprofit that supports international elections.[81] He is also an Advisory Board Member for theCenter for the Study of Democracy.[82]

Hoyer is a member of a Baptist church.[83]

On August 13, 2024, Hoyer suffered a mild stroke.[84]

References

[edit]
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Political offices
Preceded byPresident of the Maryland Senate
1975–1978		Succeeded by
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of theU.S. House of Representatives
fromMaryland's 5th congressional district
1981–present		Incumbent
Preceded by Chair of theJoint Helsinki Commission
1987–1989		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chair of theJoint Helsinki Commission
1991–1993
Preceded by Ranking Member of theHouse Administration Committee
1999–2003		Succeeded by
Preceded byHouse Minority Whip
2003–2007		Succeeded by
Preceded byHouse Majority Leader
2007–2011		Succeeded by
Preceded by
Eric Cantor
House Minority Whip
2011–2019		Succeeded by
Preceded by House Majority Leader
2019–2023
Party political offices
Preceded byVice Chair of the House Democratic Conference
1989		Succeeded by
Preceded byChair of the House Democratic Conference
1989–1995
Preceded byHouse Democratic Deputy Leader
2003–2023		Succeeded by
Honorary titles
Preceded by Most seniorDemocrat in theU.S. House of Representatives
2017–present		Incumbent
U.S. order of precedence (ceremonial)
Preceded byUnited States representatives by seniority
3rd		Succeeded by
Preceded byOrder of precedence of the United States
Senators
Representatives
(ordered by district)
Majority
Speaker:Mike Johnson ‧Majority Leader:Steve Scalise ‧Majority Whip:Tom Emmer
Minority
Minority Leader:Hakeem Jeffries ‧Minority Whip:Katherine Clark
Seal of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the United States House of Representatives
Seal of the United States House of Representatives
Maryland's delegation(s) to the 97th–presentUnited States Congresses(ordered by seniority)
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