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Stenosis

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Medical condition

Stenosis
Other names	Stenoses

CT scan of abronchial stenosis (arrow) that resulted fromtracheobronchial injury
Pronunciation	/stəˈnoʊsɪs/^[1]^[2]

Stenosis (from Ancient Greek στενός (stenós) 'narrow') is the abnormal narrowing of ablood vessel or other tubularorgan or structure such as foramina and canals. It is also sometimes called astricture (as inurethral stricture).^[3]

Stricture as a term is usually used when narrowing is caused by contraction ofsmooth muscle (e.g.achalasia,prinzmetal angina);stenosis is usually used when narrowing is caused by lesion that reduces the space oflumen (e.g.atherosclerosis).^[4] The termcoarctation is another synonym,^[5] but is commonly used only in the context ofaortic coarctation.^[6]^[7]

Restenosis is the recurrence of stenosis after a procedure.^[8]

Examples

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Examples of vascular stenotic lesions include:

Intermittent claudication (peripheral artery stenosis)
Angina (coronary artery stenosis)
Carotid artery stenosis which predispose to (strokes andtransient ischemic episodes)^[9]
Renal artery stenosis

Types

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Vascular Stenosis

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Arterial stenosis

Carotid artery stenosis
Coronary artery stenosis
Renal artery stenosis
Peripheral artery stenosis
Vertebral artery stenosis
Cerebral artery stenosis
Pulmonary artery stenosis
- Congenital or acquired abnormal narrowing ofpulmonary arteries along any portion of the pulmonary artery tree

Venous stenosis

Jugular venous stenosis
Central venous stenosis

Cardiac Valve Stenosis

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Animated representation ofaortic stenosis

In order from most to least common:

Aortic valve stenosis
- Normal aorticvalves are estimated to be less than a millimeter thick.^[10] Subsequentfibrosis andcalcification of the valve leads to narrowing of the valve and therefore decreased blood flow out of the heart.^[10]
Mitral valve stenosis
- thickening of themitral valve (of theleft heart), therefore causing narrowing
Tricuspid valve stenosis
- thickening of thetricuspid valve (of theright heart), therefore causing narrowing
Pulmonary valve stenosis
- thickening of thepulmonary valve, therefore causing narrowing

Animated representation ofspinal stenosis

Neurologic/Spine Stenosis

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Spinal canal stenosis
- Cervical stenosis
- Thoracic stenosis
- Lumbar stenosis
Foraminal stenosis
Aqueductal stenosis

Animated representation ofpyloric stenosis

Gastrointestinal Stenosis

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Esophageal stenosis
- Acongenital or acquired fixednarrowing of theesophagus.^[11]
  - Congenital subtypes
    - Tracheobronchial remnants
    - Fibromuscular thickening / fibromuscular stenosis
    - Membranous webbing or esophageal membrane
  - Acquired^[12]
    - Injury (example: swallowing button battery^[13])
    - Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
    - Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE)
    - Achalasia
Pyloric stenosis (infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis)
- Relatively uncommon disorder of infants, usually between the ages of 2-12 weeks, caused by abnormal thickening of thepylorus muscle in the stomach at the junction between the end of the stomach and the beginning of theduodenum.^[14]^[15]
Small-bowel stenosis
Colonic stenosis (bowel obstruction)
Anal stricture
Rectal stricture

Respiratory Stenosis

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Subglottic stenosis
- Congenital or acquired narrowing of airway diameter in anatomic area below thevocal cords.^[16]
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Bronchial stenosis

Genitourinary Stenosis

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Ureteral stenosis
Urethral stenosis
Cervical canal stenosis
Meatal stenosis
Vaginal stenosis
- Abnormal shortening or tightening of thevaginal canal.^[17]

Others

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Biliary duct stenosis

Causes

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Diagnosis

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Stenoses of thevascular type are often associated withunusual blood sounds resulting from turbulent flow over the narrowed blood vessel. This sound can be made audible by astethoscope, but diagnosis is generally made or confirmed with some form ofmedical imaging (such asultrasound).^[18]

References

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^OED 2nd edition, 1989, as/stɪˈnəʊsɪs/.
^"Definition of STENOSIS".www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved2023-02-16.
^"Dorlands Medical Dictionary:stenosis". www.mercksource.com. Retrieved2010-05-05.
^"Atherosclerosis - What Is Atherosclerosis?".National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 24 March 2022.
^"coarctation" atDorland's Medical Dictionary
^"Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA)".American Heart Association.
^Groenemeijer, B. E.; Bakker, A.; Slis, H. W.; Waalewijn, R. A.; Heijmen, R. H. (July 2008)."An unexpected finding late after repair of coarctation of the aorta".Netherlands Heart Journal.16 (7):260–263.doi:10.1007/bf03086158.PMC 2516290.PMID 18711614.
^Forgos, Richard N. (August 2004)."Restenosis After Angioplasty and Stenting".
^"Carotid Artery Stenosis".The Lecturio Medical Concept Library. 15 March 2021. Retrieved6 July 2021.
^^a ^bGoody, Philip Roger; Hosen, Mohammed Rabiul; Christmann, Dominik; Niepmann, Sven Thomas; Zietzer, Andreas; Adam, Matti; Bönner, Florian; Zimmer, Sebastian; Nickenig, Georg; Jansen, Felix (April 2020)."Aortic Valve Stenosis".Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.40 (4):885–900.doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313067.
^Brzački, Vesna; Mladenović, Bojan; Jeremić, Ljiljana; Živanović, Dragoljub; Govedarović, Nenad; Dimić, Dragan; Golubović, Mladjan; Stoičkov, Viktor (November 2019)."Congenital esophageal stenosis: a rare malformation of the foregut".Nagoya Journal of Medical Science.81 (4):535–547.doi:10.18999/nagjms.81.4.535.ISSN 2186-3326.PMC 6892676.PMID 31849372.
^Collins, Margaret H.; Alexander, Eileen S.; Martin, Lisa J.; Grotjan, Tommie M.; Mukkada, Vincent A.; Sheil, Amy; Abonia, Juan P.; Putnam, Philip E.; Rothenberg, Marc E. (2022)."Acquired Esophageal Strictures in Children: Morphometric and Immunohistochemical Analyses".Pediatric and Developmental Pathology: The Official Journal of the Society for Pediatric Pathology and the Paediatric Pathology Society.25 (2):124–133.doi:10.1177/10935266211041086.ISSN 1615-5742.PMC 10102868.PMID 34515576.
^Leinwand, Kristina; Brumbaugh, David E.; Kramer, Robert E. (January 2016)."Button Battery Ingestion in Children: A Paradigm for Management of Severe Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestions".Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America.26 (1):99–118.doi:10.1016/j.giec.2015.08.003.ISSN 1558-1950.PMC 5425245.PMID 26616899.
^Li, Annie; Bhurawala, Habib (October 2021). "Pyloric stenosis in an infant".Australian Journal of General Practice.50 (10):744–746.doi:10.31128/AJGP-10-20-5667.ISSN 2208-7958.PMID 34590095.
^Garfield, Karen; Sergent, Shane R. (2025),"Pyloric Stenosis",StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,PMID 32310391, retrieved2025-11-17
^Hanlon, Katherine; Boesch, R. Paul; Jacobs, Ian (April 2018). "Subglottic Stenosis".Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care.48 (4):129–135.doi:10.1016/j.cppeds.2018.03.007.ISSN 1538-3199.PMID 29801771.
^Morris, Lucinda; Do, Viet; Chard, Jennifer; Brand, Alison H. (2017)."Radiation-induced vaginal stenosis: current perspectives".International Journal of Women's Health.9:273–279.doi:10.2147/IJWH.S106796.ISSN 1179-1411.PMC 5422455.PMID 28496367.
^Takekawa, Hidehiro; Tsukui, Daisuke; Kobayasi, Saro; Suzuki, Keisuke; Hamaguchi, Hirotoshi (October 2022). "Ultrasound diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis and occlusion".Journal of Medical Ultrasonics.49 (4):675–687.doi:10.1007/s10396-022-01259-7.PMID 36175716.S2CID 252622616.

External links

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"Tracheal Stenosis Audio and Video". Archived fromthe original on 2007-01-12.
"Symptoms of Urethral Stricture". 20 May 2011.Archived from the original on July 17, 2016.

Classification	D MeSH:D003251

Cardiovascular disease (vessels)

Arteries,arterioles
andcapillaries

Inflammation	Arteritis Aortitis Buerger's disease
Arteriosclerosis	Atherosclerosis Foam cell Fatty streak Atheroma Cholesterol LDL Oxycholesterol Trans fat Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis Hyaline arteriolosclerosis Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
Peripheral artery disease	Stenosis Carotid artery stenosis Renal artery stenosis Aortoiliac occlusive disease Critical limb ischemia Degos disease Erythromelalgia Fibromuscular dysplasia Hepatic artery thrombosis Intermittent claudication Raynaud's phenomenon
Aneurysm /dissection / pseudoaneurysm	torso:Aortic aneurysm Abdominal aortic aneurysm Thoracic aortic aneurysm Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva Aortic dissection Aortic rupture Coronary artery aneurysm head / neck:Intracranial aneurysm Intracranial berry aneurysm Carotid artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection Familial aortic dissection legs:Popliteal artery aneurysm
Vascular malformation	Arteriovenous fistula Arteriovenous malformation Telangiectasia Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia Generalized essential telangiectasia
Vascular nevus	Cherry hemangioma Halo nevus Spider angioma

Veins

Inflammation	Phlebitis
Venous thrombosis / Thrombophlebitis	primarily lower limb Deep vein thrombosis abdomen Hepatic veno-occlusive disease Budd–Chiari syndrome May–Thurner syndrome Portal vein thrombosis Renal vein thrombosis upper limb / torso Mondor's disease Paget–Schroetter disease Pulmonary embolism head Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis Post-thrombotic syndrome
Varicose veins	Gastric varices Portacaval anastomosis Caput medusae Esophageal varices Hemorrhoid Varicocele
Other	Chronic venous insufficiency Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency Superior vena cava syndrome Inferior vena cava syndrome Venous ulcer

Arteries or veins

Blood pressure

Hypertension	Hypertensive heart disease Hypertensive emergency Hypertensive nephropathy Essential hypertension Secondary hypertension Renovascular hypertension Benign hypertension Pulmonary hypertension Systolic hypertension White coat hypertension
Hypotension	Orthostatic hypotension Shock (circulatory)