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| Stenberg v. Carhart | |
|---|---|
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| Argued April 25, 2000 Decided June 29, 2000 | |
| Full case name | Don Stenberg, Attorney General of Nebraska, et al. v. LeRoy Carhart |
| Docket no. | 99-830 |
| Citations | 530U.S.914 (more) 120 S. Ct. 2597; 147L. Ed. 2d 743; 2000U.S. LEXIS 4484;68 U.S.L.W. 4702; 2000 Cal. Daily Op. Service 5252; 2000 Daily Journal DAR 6977; 2000 Colo. J. C.A.R. 3802; 13 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 496 |
| Case history | |
| Prior | Judgment for plaintiff, 11F. Supp. 2d1099 (D. Neb. 1998); affirmed, 192F.3d1142 (8th Cir. 1999);cert. granted,528 U.S. 1110 (2000). |
| Holding | |
| Laws banning partial-birth abortion are unconstitutional if they do not make an exception for the woman's health, or if they cannot be reasonably construed to apply only to the partial-birth abortion (intact D&X) procedure and not to other abortion methods. | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Breyer, joined by Stevens, O'Connor, Souter, Ginsburg |
| Concurrence | Stevens, joined by Ginsburg |
| Concurrence | O'Connor |
| Concurrence | Ginsburg, joined by Stevens |
| Dissent | Rehnquist |
| Dissent | Scalia |
| Dissent | Kennedy, joined by Rehnquist |
| Dissent | Thomas, joined by Rehnquist, Scalia |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amend. XIV; Neb. Rev. Stat. Ann. §28—328 | |
Superseded by | |
| Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization (2022) | |
Stenberg v. Carhart, 530 U.S. 914 (2000), was alandmark decision of theUnited States Supreme Court dealing with aNebraska law which made performing "partial-birth abortion" illegal, without regard for the health of the mother.[1] Nebraskaphysicians who performed the procedure contrary to the law were subject to having their medical licenses revoked. The Court struck down the law, finding the Nebraska statute criminalizing "partial birth abortion[s]" violated theDue Process Clause of theUnited States Constitution, as interpreted inPlanned Parenthood v. Casey andRoe v. Wade.
The Court would later uphold a similar, albeit federal statute, inGonzales v. Carhart (2007).
LeRoy Carhart, a Nebraska physician who specialized in late-term abortions, brought suit againstDon Stenberg, theAttorney General of Nebraska, seekingdeclaratory judgment that a state law banning certain forms ofabortion was unconstitutional, based on the undue burden test mentioned by a dissenting opinion inAkron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health[2] and by the Court inPlanned Parenthood v. Casey.[3] Both afederal district court and theU.S. Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Carhart before the case was appealed to the Supreme Court.[4]
The Nebraska statute prohibited "partial birth abortion", which it defined as any abortion in which the physician "partially delivers vaginally a living unborn child before killing the unborn child and completing the delivery."[5] The most common type of abortion performed issuction-aspiration abortion which consists of a vacuum tube inserted into theuterus; others consist of what is known as "D&E" (dilation and evacuation), which is usually used during the second trimester because of the increased size of the fetus. The procedure dilates thecervix, dismembers the fetus, and then removes the body parts with non-vacuum instruments, and, in some cases, uses curettage inside the uterus so that the remaining fetus can be evacuated. Dr. Carhart wanted to use a modified version of this called "D&X" (Dilation and Extraction), which, rather than commencing curettage inside the uterus, extracts part of the fetus first and then begins the process of dismemberment. Carhart stated that he wanted to perform this procedure because he believed it would be safer and would involve fewer risks for the women; it lowered the risk of leaving potentially harmful fetal tissue in the uterus, and it minimized the number of instruments physicians needed to use.
Experts in fetal development provide markedly different assessments of the kind and degree of pain (if any) experienced by the fetus (seeFetal pain). Although in the second and third trimesters thenervous system is largely in place, the level of consciousness or awareness of the fetus is a matter of debate. Experiments aimed at measuring fetal pain have yielded results that are somewhat open to interpretation, given that measurable reactions of the fetus to stimuli may not correspond directly to an adult experience of pain.
The medical and scientific questions surrounding partial-birth abortion are impacted in the public arena by political and special interest considerations, resulting in a certain degree of media hype surrounding this case. Proponents of abortion rights on the one hand and those in opposition to abortion rights on the other both decry what they describe as myths regarding this procedure that have passed into mainstream American debate on the issue.
The case was argued in 2000. The first issue was the lack of an exception for the woman's health. The state of Nebraska took the position that D&X abortions were never medically necessary, meaning that an exception was not needed. Secondly, it was inquired on whether or not the law could be construed to apply to other forms of abortion, in which case it would violate the "right to privacy" interpreted from the Constitution, as described in theRoe andCasey decisions. The law had never been certified to the Supreme Court of Nebraska, as it had been challenged two days after the law was passed.
JusticeStephen Breyer, in writing the opinion of the Court, citedPlanned Parenthood v. Casey and said that any abortion law that imposed an undue burden on a woman's "right to choose" (right to abortion) was unconstitutional. He said that causing those who procure abortions to "fear prosecution, conviction, and imprisonment" was an undue burden, and therefore declared the law to be against the Constitution. JusticesJohn Paul Stevens,Ruth Bader Ginsburg,David Souter, andSandra Day O'Connor all agreed that the law was unconstitutional, but Ginsburg wrote a separate opinion, as did O'Connor. Ginsburg stated plainly that a state could not force physicians to use procedures other than what they felt in their own judgment to be the safest, that this was part of the "life and liberty" protected under the Constitution. O'Connor agreed, saying that any such procedural law would have to be applied only to prevent unnecessary partial-birth abortions, and would have to include an exception for the health of the woman (as this law did not). Justice Stevens also filed a separate opinion. He noted that government had no right to force doctors to perform any procedure other than what they felt would be the safest.
JusticeAnthony Kennedy dissented. Kennedy claimed this type of law was allowed by their ruling inPlanned Parenthood v. Casey, which allowed laws to preserve prenatal life to a certain extent. He calledSandra Day O'Connor's opinion a "repudiation" of the understandings and assurances given inCasey. Justice Kennedy also detailed what he deemed a constitutionally protected alternative to partial-birth abortion. In a short separate opinion, Chief Justice Rehnquist stated that he did not joinCasey but felt that Justice Kennedy had applied its precedent correctly, and thus joined his opinion.
JusticeClarence Thomas read his dissent from the bench when the decision was announced, stating that abortion was not a right contained in the Constitution, and sharply criticized the majority and concurring opinions. Chief JusticeWilliam Rehnquist, along withAntonin Scalia, and Thomas had consistently said that they did not believe abortion is a protected right, and had pointed out that "privacy" is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. Thomas also pointed out in his dissenting opinion that even if abortion was a woman's right, the law in question was not designed to strike at the right itself. He reminded the others that many groups, including theAmerican Medical Association, had concluded that partial-birth abortion was very different from other forms of abortion, and was often consideredinfanticide. Thomas further noted that the gruesome nature of some partial-birth abortions has caused personal trauma in the doctors performing them.
In his dissent, Justice Scalia recalled his prior dissent inCasey in which he had criticized the undue burden standard as "doubtful in application as it is unprincipled in origin." What constitutes an undue burden is a value judgment, argued Scalia; it should therefore be no surprise that the Court split on whether the Nebraska statute constitutes an undue burden. Scalia moreover chastised Kennedy for feeling betrayed by the majority. Scalia declared that theStenberg decision was not "a regrettable misapplication ofCasey,"—as Kennedy claimed—but "Casey's logical and entirely predictable consequence". Denouncing the undue burden standard ofCasey as illegitimate, Scalia called forCasey to be overruled.
By a 5–4 majority, the Nebraska law was struck down, as were all other state laws banning partial-birth abortion. Three years later, however, the federal government enacted aPartial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. This law did not include an exception for the health of the woman, as Justice O'Connor said it must. Congress inserted findings into the law saying that the procedure is never needed to protect maternal health. Although several federal judges struck down this federal law, citing the precedent ofStenberg v. Carhart, it was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court inGonzales v. Carhart.
