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In theUnited States, astate supreme court (known byother names in some states) is thehighest court in thestate judiciary of aU.S. state. On matters ofstate law, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts.

Generally, a state supreme court, like most appellate tribunals, is exclusively for hearingappeals of legal issues. Although state supreme court rulings on matters of state law are final, rulings on matters of federal law (generally made under the state court'sconcurrent jurisdiction) can be appealed to theSupreme Court of the United States. Each state supreme court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in thestate constitution. Among the most common methods for selection are gubernatorial appointment, non-partisan election, and partisan election, but the different states follow a variety of procedures.

Under the system of federalism established by theUnited States Constitution, federal courts havelimited jurisdiction, and state courts handle many more cases than do federal courts.^[1] Each of the fifty states has at least one supreme court that serves as thehighest court in the state; two states, Texas and Oklahoma, have separate supreme courts for civil and criminal matters. The five permanently inhabitedU.S. territories, as wellWashington, D.C., each have comparable supreme courts. On matters ofstate law, the judgment of a state supreme court is considered final and binding in both state and federal courts. State supreme courts are completely distinct from any United States federal courts located within the geographical boundaries of a state's territory, or the federal-level Supreme Court.

The exact duties and powers of the state supreme courts are established bystate constitutions and state law.^[2] Generally, state supreme courts, like most appellate tribunals, are exclusively for hearingappeals on decisions issued by lower courts, and do not make any finding of facts or hold trials.^[3] They can, however, overrule the decisions of lower courts, remand cases to lower courts for further proceedings, and establish binding precedent for future cases. Some state supreme courts do haveoriginal jurisdiction over specific issues; for example, theSupreme Court of Virginia has original jurisdiction over cases ofhabeas corpus,mandamus,prohibition, and writs of actual innocence based onDNA or other biological evidence.^[4]

As the highest court in the state, a state supreme court hasappellate jurisdiction over all matters of state law. Many states have two or more levels of courts below the state supreme court; for example, in Pennsylvania, a case might first be heard in one of thePennsylvania courts of common pleas, be appealed to theSuperior Court of Pennsylvania, and then finally be appealed to theSupreme Court of Pennsylvania. In other states, including Delaware, the state supreme court is the only appellate court in the state and thus has direct appellate jurisdiction over all lower courts.

Like the U.S. Supreme Court, most state supreme courts have implemented "discretionary review." Under such a system,intermediate appellate courts are entrusted with deciding the vast majority of appeals. Intermediate appellate courts generally focus on the mundane task of what appellate specialists call "error correction,"^[5] which means their primary task is to decide whether the record reflects that the trial court correctly applied existing law. In a few states without intermediate appellate courts, the state supreme court may operate under "mandatory review", in which itmust hear all appeals from the trial courts.^[6] This was the case, for example, in Nevada prior to 2014.^[7] For certain categories of cases, many state supreme courts that otherwise have discretionary review operate under mandatory review, usually with regard to cases involving the interpretation of the state constitution orcapital punishment.^[6]

One of the informal traditions of the American legal system is that all litigants are entitled to at least one appeal after a final judgment on the merits.^[8] However, appeal is merely aprivilege provided by statute, court rules, or custom;^[8] theU.S. Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that there is no federal constitutionalright to an appeal.^[9]

Iowa,Nevada, andOklahoma have a unique procedure for appeals. In those states,all appeals are filed with the appropriate Supreme Court (Iowa and Nevada each have a single Supreme Court, while Oklahoma has separate civil and criminal Supreme Courts) which then keeps all cases of first impression for itself to decide. It forwards the remaining cases – which deal with points of law it has already addressed – to the intermediate Court of Appeals. Under this so-called "push-down" or "deflection" model of appellate procedure, the state supreme court can immediately establish final statewide precedents on important issues of first impression as soon as they arise, rather than waiting several months or years for the intermediate appellate court to make a first attempt at resolving the issue (and leaving the law uncertain in the interim).

Notably, theSupreme Court of Virginia has always operated under discretionary review for nearly all cases, but from its creation in 1985, the intermediateCourt of Appeals of Virginia heard appeals as a matter of right only in family and administrative cases. After two other states adopted appeals of right in the late 2000s, this left Virginia as the only state in the Union withno first appeal of right for the vast majority of civil and criminal cases. Appellants were still free to petition for review, but such petitions were subject to severe length constraints (6,125 words or 35 pages in Virginia) and necessarily were more narrowly targeted than an opening brief in an appeal of right to an intermediate appellate court (in contrast, an appellant's opening brief to a California intermediate appellate court can run up to 14,000 words). The vast majority of decisions of Virginia circuit courts in civil and criminal cases were thereby insulated from appellate review on the merits. In March 2021, Virginia enacted a comprehensive reform package allowing for appeals of right to the Court of Appeals in civil and criminal cases. The same bill expanded the Court of Appeals from 11 to 17 judges to handle the increased workload.^[10]

Under Americanfederalism, a state supreme court's ruling on a matter of purely state law is final andbinding and must be accepted in both state and federal courts. However, when a case involves federal statutory or constitutional law, review of state supreme court decisions may be sought by way of a petition for writ ofcertiorari to theSupreme Court of the United States. The U.S. Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although other federal courts are sometimes allowed "collateral review" of state cases in specific situations, for example regarding individuals on death row.^[11]

As the U.S. Supreme Court recognized inErie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), no part of the federal Constitution actually grants federal courts or the federal Congress the power to directly dictate the content of state law (as distinguished from creating altogether separate federal law that in a particular situation may override state law). Clause 1 of Section 2 ofArticle Three of the United States Constitution describes the scope of federal judicial power, but only extended it to "the Laws of the United States" and not the laws of the several or individual states. It is this silence on that latter issue that gave rise to the American distinction between state and federal common law not found in other English-speaking common law federations likeAustralia andCanada.

In theory, state supreme courts are bound by the precedent established by the U.S. Supreme Court as to all issues of federal law, but in practice, the Supreme Court reviews very few decisions from state courts. For example, in 2007 the Court reviewed 244 cases appealed from federal courts and only 22 from state courts. Despite the relatively small number of decisions reviewed, Professors Sara Benesh and Wendy Martinek found that state supreme courts follow precedent more closely than federal courts in the area ofsearch and seizure and appear to follow precedent inconfessions as well.

Additionally, some scholars have argued that state and federal courts should judge according to different judicial theories on topics such as statutory interpretation^[12] and stare decisis.^[13][14]

State supreme court judges are selected in a variety of ways, with the method of selection often depending on the circumstances in which the seat is filled. Under one common method, theMissouri Plan, the governor fills judicial vacancies by choosing from a list compiled by a non-partisan commission. These judges serve an interim term until they stand in aretention election, in which they win a full term if a majority of voters vote for retention. Many other states elect judges through non-partisan elections in which multiple candidates appear on the ballot without their partisan affiliation listed. Most of the remaining states base their judicial selection system on gubernatorial appointments or partisan elections, although several states use a mix of different methods. South Carolina and Virginia use a system of legislative appointment, while in Vermont, the governor makes the initial appointment of judges, but the legislature has the power to re-appoint judges to new terms.^[15]

Various other factors can influence the appointment and re-appointment of state supreme court judges. Most judicial selection systems involving gubernatorial appointment make use of anominating commission to recommend a list of candidates from which the governor must choose, but a minority of states allow the governor to nominate candidates even if they were not recommended by the commission. Many of the states that use gubernatorial appointment require the appointment to be confirmed by the state legislature or some other body, such as theMassachusetts Governor's Council. Although most states limit judicial terms to a set number of years, judges in Massachusetts and New Hampshire serve until they reach a mandatory retirement limit, while in Rhode Island, judges serve lifetime appointments. Most judges represent the entire state, but in Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Mississippi, judges represent districts of the state. Many states, including some states in which the governor is not otherwise involved in the appointment process, allow the governor to make interim appointments to fill judicial vacancies.^[15]

In many states with judicial elections, political contributions from groups such as trade associations and political action committees are allowed.^[16]

The various states provide different methods for the removal of state supreme court judges during their terms, with many states providing multiple methods. Two common methods of removal are impeachment by the state legislature, and removal by state judicial boards or commissions. Other states provide for the removal of judges throughrecall elections, court action, gubernatorial action (with legislative consent), or through a resolution passed by a super-majority in both houses of the state legislature.^[17]

Traditionally, state supreme courts are headquartered in the capital cities of their respective states,^[18] though they may occasionally hold oral arguments elsewhere. The six main exceptions are:

• Alaska, whose supreme court is located in and usually sits in its largest city,Anchorage (monthly), but also sits inFairbanks and the state capitalJuneau (quarterly), and in other Alaskan communities on an as-needed basis.
• California, whose supreme court is headquartered inSan Francisco and maintains only branch offices in the state capitalSacramento, and the state's largest city,Los Angeles, and hears argument at all three locations each year.
• Louisiana, whose supreme court is headquartered inNew Orleans'French Quarter and not in the capital cityBaton Rouge.
• Maine, whose supreme court is headquartered inPortland, the state's largest city, and not the state capitalAugusta.
• Pennsylvania, whose supreme court has facilities at three coequal locations: the state capitalHarrisburg, the largest cityPhiladelphia, and the second-largest cityPittsburgh.
• Tennessee, whose state constitution requires its supreme court to sit atthree coequal locations ofNashville (capital,Middle Tennessee),Knoxville (East Tennessee), andJackson (West Tennessee).

As for the court's actual facilities, a state supreme court may be housed in the state capitol, in a nearby state office building shared with other courts or state executive branch agencies, or in a smallcourthouse reserved for its exclusive use. State supreme courts normally require a courtroom for oral argument, private chambers for all justices, a conference room, offices forlaw clerks and other support staff, alaw library, and a lobby with a filing window where the court clerk can accept filings and release new decisions in the form of "slip opinions" (that is, in looseleaf format held together only by a staple).

Because state supreme courts generally hear only appeals, some courts have names which directly indicate their function – in the state ofNew York and in theDistrict of Columbia, the highest court is called the "Court of Appeals".^[e] In New York, the "Supreme Court" is thetrial court of general unlimited jurisdiction and the intermediate appellate court is called the "Supreme Court—Appellate Division".

West Virginia mixes the two; its highest court is called the "Supreme Court of Appeals".

Other states' supreme courts have used the term "Appeals": Pennsylvania'scourt of last resort from 1780-1808;New Jersey's supreme courts under the 1844 constitution; andDelaware's supreme court were all called the "Court of Errors and Appeals". The term "Errors" refers to the now-obsoletewrit of error, which was used by state supreme courts to correct certain types of egregious errors committed by lower courts.

Massachusetts andNew Hampshire originally named their highest courts the "Superior Court of Judicature." Since 1780, Massachusetts has used the name "Supreme Judicial Court" (to distinguish itself from the state legislature, which is called theMassachusetts General Court); New Hampshire uses the name "Supreme Court". Additionally the highest court inMaine is named the "Supreme Judicial Court". This similar terminology is probably a holdover from the time when Maine was part of Massachusetts. In Pennsylvania, Connecticut, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, the highest courts formerly used variations of the term "Court of Errors," which indicated that the court's primary purpose was to correct the errors of lower courts.^{[22][23][24][25]}

• Supreme Court of theCherokee Nation of Oklahoma (formerly the Judicial Appeals Tribunal)
• Supreme Court of theEastern Band of Cherokee Indians (North Carolina)^[29]
• Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation (formerly the "Court of Appeals")

• United States court of appeals
• United States district court
• United States federal courts
• Supreme Court of the United States
• List of female state supreme court justices

• State supreme courts Ballotpedia
• Your State-by-State Guide to Every State Supreme CourtBolts

• State court systems of the United States
• State supreme courts of the United States
• Subnational supreme courts

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