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State Defense Guard (inCzechStráž obrany státu,SOS, inSlovakStráž obrany štátu) was a military service established in 1936 to protect borders ofCzechoslovakia.
From 1918 to 1936 border of Czechoslovakia was protected by "finance guard" (finanční stráž), an armed branch of theMinistry of Finance. Their main task was to carry on customs duty, border protection was secondary. For over decade army and police leadership had suggested to set up an organisation of higher military value. Amid international tensions the new service was established in 1936.
The roles of the defense guard were:
Members of the guard were local gendarmes (četníci), existing finance guards and members of state police. Later citizens loyal to Czechoslovakia were incorporated (for example, many members of thesports organisationSokol or active anti-fascist Germans). Plans were created to support the guard with regular army units to handle local conflicts.
Planned size of the service were 38 battalions, but only 31 had been mustered (one of these inland, in Prague). Their equipment were pistols, rifles, light machine guns and grenades. There was not enough of time to equip the units with heavy machine guns. In case of attack, the guard was to delay the enemy until the army could respond.
Manpower of the guard in September 1938 was 29,611 men (4,917 local policemen, 1,674 members of state police, 6,438 finance guards, 14,755 army reservists, 1,827 army members).
As the tensions between Czechoslovakia, local Germans and Nazi Germany grew, the guard was deployed on the border during May 1938 and stayed there until end of September, whenSudetenland was ceded to Germany. During September the guard fought low-level warfare against local German partisans (Sudetendeutsches Freikorps) and commandos from Germany. After the loss of borderland, SOS moved inland to new positions. The clashes had still occurred but on smaller level.
As a result ofFirst Vienna Award Czechoslovakia was forced to give up territory toPoland andHungary (southernSlovakia andCarpathian Ruthenia). While conflicts with Polish forces were minor, clash with Hungarian forces and partisans (Szabadczapatok) was more intense (starting in November 1938). From January to March 1939 (until Czechoslovakia was dissolved) heavy clashes occurred between Hungarian forces and guard and the army in Ruthenia. Czechoslovakian units were forced to withdraw in three directions - to Slovakia, Poland andRomania. During March the units also faced local insurgents (Sičovci) attempting to establish an independentRuthenian state.
Estimated warfare losses (both guard and the army) from May 1938 to April 1939 are 171 dead, 404 injured, over thousand of soldiers taken prisoner and abducted to Germany proper. Losses in Ruthenia are estimated to 40 dead, 120 injured, 17 missing.
On December 21, 1939, the government of theProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia disbanded remaining parts of the guard. InSlovak State the guard was disbanded a little later. After thewar the organisation was not restored. After communist takeover of power in 1948 special branch of the army calledBorder Guard (Pohraniční služba) was tasked with border protection.
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