_from_Pictorial_History_(Lossing%2c_1866).jpg) Contemporaneous wood engraving ofStar of the West | |
| History | |
|---|---|
| Owner |
|
| Operator | U.S. Department of War (1861–) |
| Builder | Jeremiah Simonson |
| Launched | 17 June 1852 |
| Fate | Sunk |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Steamship |
| Tonnage | 1,172 tons |
| Length | 228.3 ft (69.6 m) |
| Beam | 32.7 ft (10.0 m) |
| Propulsion | Paddlewheels |
Star of the West was an American merchant steamship that was launched in 1852 and scuttled byConfederate forces in 1863. In January 1861, the ship was hired by the government of theUnited States to transport military supplies and reinforcements to the U.S. military garrison ofFort Sumter. A battery onMorris Island, South Carolina handled by cadets from theSouth Carolina Military Academy (nowThe Citadel) fired upon the ship, considered by some scholars to have been effectively the first shots fired in theAmerican Civil War.[1][2]
The ship was later captured by Confederate forces, then used for several purposes including as a hospital ship and a blockade runner, and finally scuttled in defense of Vicksburg in 1863.
Star of the West was a 1,172-ton steamship built by Jeremiah Simonson, ofNew York City forCornelius Vanderbilt, and launched on June 17, 1852. Its length was 228.3 feet (69.6 m) and its beam 32.7 feet (10.0 m), with wooden hullsidepaddle wheels and two masts. She started service between New York andSan Juan de Nicaragua on September 20, 1852 and continued the service forCharles Morgan from July 1853 to March 1856. In June 1857, she started the New York-to-Aspinwall service for theU.S. Mail Steamship Company until September 1859, when it went onto the New York,Havana,New Orleans service.[3] In January 1861, she was chartered to theWar Department.
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On January 9, 1861, weeks afterSouth Carolina declared that ithad seceded from the United States, but before other states had done so to form the Confederacy,Star of the West arrived atCharleston Harbor to resupplyMajor Robert Anderson's garrison at Fort Sumter. The ship was fired upon by cadets from the Citadel Academy and was hit three times by what were effectively the first shots of theAmerican Civil War.[4][5] AlthoughStar of the West suffered no major damage, her captain, John McGowan, considered it to be too dangerous to continue and turned about to leave the harbor. The mission was abandoned, andStar of the West headed for her home port of New York Harbor.
The ship was then hired out of New York City as atroop transport for $1,000 a day under its master, Elisha Howes.Star of the West sailed for Texas to pick up seven companies ofUnion Army troops, assembled atIndianola. On April 18, 1861, while anchored off Pass Caballo bar leading intoMatagorda Bay, the ship was captured by ColonelEarl Van Dorn and members of twoGalvestonmilitia units, the Wigfall Guards and the Island City Rifles. Two days later, the ship was taken toNew Orleans, whereLouisiana GovernorThomas Overton Moore changed its name to CSSSt. Philip. The old name persisted, however, andStar of the West served as a naval station andhospital ship until AdmiralDavid Farragut captured New Orleans.
Still under Confederate control,Star of the West escaped recapture when she was sent to transport gold, silver, and paper currency worth millions of dollars. After delivering that cargo toVicksburg, she continued toYazoo City, Mississippi. When federal Lieutenant Commander Watson Smith tried to lead twoironclads and five smaller vessels through theYazoo Pass into theTallahatchie River to attack Vicksburg from the rear, Confederate defenders hurriedly constructed Fort Pemberton, and Major GeneralWilliam W. Loring hadStar of the West sunk broadside in the Tallahatchie nearGreenwood to block the passage of the Union flotilla. In a skirmish on April 12, 1863, the Union forces suffered heavy casualties and were forced to withdraw.
After the war, the owners ofStar of the West collected $175,000 in damages from the U.S. government for the loss.
The Star of the West Medal is awarded annually to the "best drilled cadet" atThe Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina.[6] In June 1893, The Citadel Superintendent, Colonel Asbury Coward, took the corps toAiken, South Carolina, for their annual encampment and graduation exercises. The excellent military work of the cadets suggested to Dr. Benjamin H. Teague, a Confederate Veteran and a collector of Confederate relics, to present to the Citadel a medal for the winner of the Best Drilled Cadet competition. Among his many curios, Teague had a piece of oak from the Steam ShipStar of the West. He sawed a small piece of this wood into the shape of a star and had it mounted on a gold medal. The recipient would wear the medal for one year and then pass it to the next recipient. The winner's names are inscribed on the "Star of the West" monument on the college grounds. However, the original medal with the wood has been lost to history.
The incident looms large in a novel byJohn Updike,Memories of the Ford Administration (1992).[7] Although Updike's protagonist is trying (in the early 1990s) to write about the mid-1970s, he spent those years seeking to write a book about President Buchanan, and his mind keeps reverting to the 19th century and, among other incidents, the mission of the sloop to Fort Sumter.
Media related toStar of the West (ship, 1852) at Wikimedia Commons33°31′39″N90°14′02″W / 33.527401°N 90.233874°W /33.527401; -90.233874