A derivation of theSeal of Solomon was used for decorative and mystical purposes byKabbalistic Jews andMuslims. The hexagram appears occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity as a decorative motif, such as a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of the 3rd–4th century Khirbet Shura synagogue. A hexagram found in a religious context can be seen in theLeningrad Codex, a manuscript of the Hebrew Bible from 11th-century Cairo.
Star of David at theOshki Monastery, dated CE 973. The monastery is located inTao, modern-day Turkey.
Unlike themenorah,[2] theLion of Judah, theshofar and thelulav, the hexagram was not originally a uniquely Jewish symbol.[6] Thehexagram, being an inherently simple geometric construction, has been used throughout human history in various motifs which were not exclusively religious. Kabbalah scholarGershom Scholem noted how the symbol was found on a Jewish seal inSidon from the 7th-century BCE, and how it was also found alongside other symbols that were known to not be of Jewish origin.[7] It appeared as a decorative motif in both 4th-century synagogues and Christian churches in theGalilee region.[8][9]
Gershom Scholem writes that the term "seal of Solomon" was adopted by Jews from Islamic magic literature, while he could not assert with certainty whether the term "shield of David" originated in Islamic or Jewish mysticism.[2] Scholem noted how the hexagram star was also found in Hinduism, where it is a symbol of the goddessLakshmi, and Buddhism, where it is used as a meditation aid to achieve a sense of peace and harmony.[7] Leonora Leet argues though that not just the terminology, but the esoteric philosophy behind it had pre-Islamic Jewish roots.[10] She also shows that Jewish alchemists were the teachers of their Muslim and Christian counterparts, and that a way-opener such asMaria Hebraea ofAlexandria (2nd or 3rd centuryCE; others date her earlier) already used concepts which were later adopted by Muslim and Christian alchemists and could be graphically associated with the symbolism of the upper and lower triangles constituting the hexagram, which came into explicit use after her time.[10] The hexagram however only becomes widespread in Jewish magical texts and amulets (segulot) in the earlyMiddle Ages, which is why most modern authors have seen Islamic mysticism as the source of the medieval SpanishKabbalists' use of the hexagram.[10][11] The name "Star of David" originates fromKing David of ancient Israel.
Use as Jewish emblem
Only around one millennium later, however, did the star begin to be used as a symbol to identify Jewish communities, a tradition that seems to have started inPrague before the 17th century, and from there spread to much ofEastern Europe.[2][12]
In the 19th century, it came to be adopted by European Jews as a symbol to represent Jewish religion or identity in the same manner theChristian cross identified that religion's believers.[2][13] The symbol became representative of the worldwideZionist community after it waschosen as the central symbol on a flag at theFirst Zionist Congress in 1897, due to its usage in some Jewish communities and its lack of specifically religious connotations.[3][14] It was not considered an exclusively Jewish symbol until after it began to be used on the gravestones of fallen Jewish soldiers inWorld War I.[5]
History of Jewish usage
Early use as an ornament
The hexagram does appear occasionally in Jewish contexts since antiquity, apparently as a decorative motif. For example, in Israel, there is a stone bearing a hexagram from the arch of the 3rd–4th century Khirbet Shura synagogue inGalilee.[15][16] It also appears on a temple onBar Kokhba Revolt coinage which dates from 135 CE.[17] Originally, the hexagram may have been employed as an architectural ornament on synagogues, as it is, for example, on the cathedrals ofBrandenburg andStendal, and on theMarktkirche atHanover. A hexagram in this form is found on theancient synagogue at Capernaum.[15]
The use of the hexagram in a Jewish context as a possibly meaningful symbol may occur as early as the 11th century, in the decoration of thecarpet page of the famousTanakh manuscript, theLeningrad Codex dated 1008. Similarly, the symbol illuminates a medieval Tanakh manuscript dated 1307 belonging to Rabbi Yosef bar Yehuda ben Marvas from Toledo, Spain.[15]
A hexagram has been noted on a Jewishtombstone inTaranto,Apulia in SouthernItaly, which may date as early as the third centuryCE.[18][19] The Jews of Apulia were noted for their scholarship inKabbalah, which has been connected to the use of the Star of David.[20]
Medieval Kabbalisticgrimoires show hexagrams among the tables ofsegulot, but without identifying them as "Shield of David".
In the Renaissance, in the 16th-century Land of Israel, the bookEts Khayim conveys the Kabbalah of Ha-Ari (Rabbi Isaac Luria) who arranges the traditional items on the seder plate forPassover into two triangles, where they explicitly correspond to Jewish mystical concepts. The sixsfirot of the masculine Zer Anpin correspond to the six items on the seder plate, while the seventh sfira being the feminine Malkhut corresponds to the plate itself.[21][22][23]
However, these seder-plate triangles are parallel, one above the other, and do not actually form a hexagram.[24]
According to G. S. Oegema (1996):
Isaac Luria provided the hexagram with a further mystical meaning. In his bookEtz Chayim he teaches that the elements of the plate for the Seder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram: above the three sefirot "Crown", "Wisdom", and "Insight", below the other seven.[25][page needed]
Similarly, M. Costa[full citation needed] wrote that M. Gudemann and other researchers in the 1920s claimed thatIsaac Luria was influential in turning the Star of David into a national Jewish emblem by teaching that the elements of the plate for theSeder evening have to be placed in the order of the hexagram.Gershom Scholem (1990) disagrees with this view, arguing that Isaac Luria talked about parallel triangles one beneath the other and not about the hexagram.[26]
The Star of David at least since the 20th century remains associated with the number seven and thus with theMenorah, and popular accounts[unreliable source?] associate it with the six directions of space plus the center (under the influence of the description of space found in theSefer Yetsira: Up, Down, East, West, South, North, and Center), or the Six Sefirot of the Male (Zeir Anpin) united with the Seventh Sefirot of the Female (Nukva).[27] Some say that one triangle represents the rulingtribe of Judah and the other the former rulingtribe of Benjamin. It is also seen as adalet andyud, the two letters assigned to Judah. There are 12 Vav, or "men", representing the 12 tribes or patriarchs of Israel.
Official usage in Central European communities
Historical flag of the Jewish community in Prague
In 1354,King of BohemiaCharles IV approved for theJews of Prague a red flag with a hexagram.[28] In 1460, the Jews ofOfen (Buda, now part ofBudapest,Hungary) receivedKing Matthias Corvinus with a red flag on which were two Shields of David and two stars.[29] In the firstHebrew prayer book, printed inPrague in 1512, a large hexagram appears on the cover. In thecolophon is written: "Each man beneath his flag according to the house of their fathers...and he will merit to bestow a bountiful gift on anyone who grasps the Shield of David." In 1592, Mordechai Maizel was allowed to affix "a flag of King David, similar to that located on the Main Synagogue" on his synagogue in Prague. Following theBattle of Prague (1648), the Jews of Prague were again granted a flag, in recognition of their contribution to the city's defense. That flag showed a yellow hexagram on a red background, with a "Swedish star" placed in the center of the hexagram.[28]
In the 1650s, the Jews of Vienna adopted a seal with the hexagram on it, likely choosing the motif used on the seal for the Jews of Prague.[17] When a boundary was fixed between Vienna and the Jewishghetto, a marker was fashioned which separated the two communities. The Christians were identified by the cross and the Jews by the hexagram. When the Jews of Vienna were expelled in 1669, many refugees fled to other cities which in turn used the symbol for their community seal.[17]
As a symbol of Judaism and the Jewish community
Herzl's proposed flag, as sketched in his diaries. Although he drew a Star of David, he did not describe it as suchMax Bodenheimer's (top left) and Herzl's (top right) 1897 drafts of the Zionist flag, compared to the final version used at the 1897First Zionist Congress (bottom)
The earlyproto-ZionistHibbat Zion societiesused the Star of David it as a national emblem, although Herzl was not aware of this.[30] The symbol became representative of the worldwide Zionist community, and later the broader Jewish community, after it was chosen to represent theFirst Zionist Congress in 1897.[3][14]
A year before the congress, Herzl had written in his 1896Der Judenstaat:
We have no flag, and we need one. If we desire to lead many men, we must raise a symbol above their heads. I would suggest a white flag, with seven golden stars. The white field symbolizes our pure new life; the stars are the seven golden hours of ourworking-day. For we shall march into the Promised Land carrying the badge of honor.[31]
David Wolffsohn (1856–1914), a businessman prominent in the early Zionist movement, was aware that the nascent Zionist movement had no official flag, and that the design proposed byTheodor Herzl was gaining no significant support, wrote:
At the behest of our leader Herzl, I came to Basle to make preparations for the Zionist Congress. Among many other problems that occupied me then was one that contained something of the essence of the Jewish problem. What flag would we hang in the Congress Hall? Then an idea struck me. We have a flag—and it is blue and white. The talith (prayer shawl) with which we wrap ourselves when we pray: that is our symbol. Let us take this Talith from its bag and unroll it before the eyes of Israel and the eyes of all nations. So I ordered a blue and white flag with the Shield of David painted upon it. That is how the national flag, that flew over Congress Hall, came into being.
In the early 20th century, the symbol began to be used to express Jewish affiliations in sports.Hakoah Vienna was a Jewish sports club founded in Vienna, Austria, in 1909 whose teams competed with the Star of David on the chest of their uniforms, and won the 1925Austrian League soccer championship.[32] Similarly, ThePhiladelphia Sphas basketball team in Philadelphia (whose name was an acronym of its founding South Philadelphia Hebrew Association) wore a large Star of David on their jerseys to proudly proclaim their Jewish identity, as they competed in the first half of the 20th century.[33][34][35][36]
A Star of David, often yellow, was used by theNazis during theHolocaust to identifyJews. After the Germaninvasion of Poland in 1939, local German occupation commanders ordered Jewish Poles to wear an identifying mark (e.g. in theGeneral Government, a white armband with a blue Star of David; in theWarthegau, a yellow badge, in the form of a Star of David, on the left breast and on the back). If a Jew was found in public without the star, he could be severely punished. The requirement to wear the Star of David with the wordJude (German for Jew) was then extended to all Jews over the age of six in theReich and in theProtectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (by a decree issued on September 1, 1941, and signed byReinhard Heydrich)[39] and was gradually introduced in other Nazi-occupied areas. Others, however, wore the Star of David as a symbol of defiance against Nazi antisemitism, as in the case ofUnited States Armyprivate Hal Baumgarten, who wore a Star of David emblazoned on his back during the 1944invasion of Normandy.[40]
Theflag of Israel, depicting a blue Star of David on a white background, between two horizontal blue stripes was adopted on October 28, 1948, five months after the country's establishment. The origins of the flag's design date from theFirst Zionist Congress in 1897; the flag has subsequently been known as the "flag of Zion".
ManyModern Orthodox synagogues, and many synagogues of other Jewish movements, have the Israeli flag with the Star of David prominently displayed at the front of the synagogues near the Ark containing the Torah scrolls.
Magen David Adom (MDA) ("Red Star of David" or, translated literally, "Red Shield of David") is Israel's only official emergency medical, disaster, and ambulance service. It has been an official member of theInternational Committee of the Red Cross since June 2006. According to the Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Magen David Adom was boycotted by the International Committee of the Red Cross, which refused to grant the organization membership because "it was [...] argued that having an emblem used by only one country was contrary to the principles of universality."[41] Other commentators said the ICRC did not recognize the medical and humanitarian use of this Jewish symbol, a Red Shield, alongside the Christian cross and the Muslim crescent.[42]
Since 1948, the Star of David has carried the dual significance of representing both the state of Israel and Jewish identity in general. In the United States especially, it continues to be used in the latter sense by a number of athletes.
In baseball, Jewish major leaguerGabe Kapler had a Star of David tattooed on his left calf in 2000, with the words "strong-willed" and "strong-minded", major leaguerMike "Superjew" Epstein drew a Star of David on his baseball glove, and major leaguerRon Blomberg had a Star of David emblazoned in the knob of his bat which is on display at theBaseball Hall of Fame.[43][44][45][46][47][48]
NBA basketball starAmar'e Stoudemire, who says he is spiritually and culturally Jewish,[49] had a Star of David tattoo put on his left hand in 2010.[50] NFL footballdefensive endIgor Olshansky has Star of David tattoos on each side of his neck, near his shoulders.[51][52][53] Israeli golferLaetitia Beck displays a blue-and-white Magen David symbol on her golf apparel.[54][55]
Maccabi clubs still use the Star of David in their emblems.[70]
Etymology
TheJewish Encyclopedia cites a 12th-centuryKaraite document as the earliest Jewish literary source to mention a symbol called "Magen Dawid" (without specifying its shape).[71]
The name 'Shield of David' was used by at least the 11th century as a title of theGod of Israel, independent of the use of the symbol. The phrase occurs independently as a divine title in theSiddur, the traditional Jewish prayer book, where it poetically refers to the divine protection of ancient King David and the anticipated restoration of his dynastic house, perhaps based on Psalm 18, which is attributed to David, and in which God is compared to a shield (v. 31 and v. 36). The term occurs at the end of the "Samkhaynu/Gladden us" blessing, which is recited after the reading of the Haftara portion on Saturday and holidays.[72]
The earliest known text related to Judaism which mentions a sign called the "Shield of David" isEshkol Ha-Kofer by theKaraiteJudah Hadassi, in the mid-12th century CE:
Seven names of angels precede themezuzah: Michael, Gabriel, etc. ...Tetragrammaton protect you! And likewise the sign, called the "Shield of David", is placed beside the name of each angel.[73]
This book is ofKaraite, and not ofRabbinic Jewish origin, and it does not describe the shape of the sign in any way.
Miscellaneous
InUnicode, the "Star of David" symbol is U+2721 (✡︎).
Somecriminal gangs, including theGangster Disciples and those affiliated with theFolk Nation, use the Star of David as their symbol. In the case of the Gangster Disciples this is a reference to the group's founder,David Barksdale, also known as "King David".
A synagogue inKarlsruhe,Germany, with the outline of a Star of David
A recruitment poster published in American Jewish magazines during WWI. Daughter ofZion (representing the Jewish people):YourOld New Land must have you! Join theJewish regiment.
^"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). "The Star of David became the emblem of Zionist Jews everywhere. Non-Jews regarded it as representing not only the Zionist current in Judaism, but Jewry as a whole."
^"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). "Unlike the menora (candelabrum), the Lion of Judah, the shofar (ram's horn) and the lulav (palm frond), the Star of David was never a uniquely Jewish symbol."
^Scholem 1949, p. 244:"It is not to be found at all in medieval synagogues or on medieval ceremonial objects, although it has been found in quite a number of medieval Christian churches again, not as a Christian symbol but only as a decorative motif. The appearance of the symbol in Christian churches long before its appearance in our synagogues should warn the overzealous interpreters. "
^abcLeet, Leonora (1999). "The Hexagram and Hebraic Sacred Science" in:The Secret Doctrine of the Kabbalah,pp. 212–217. Re-accessed 5 June 2022.
^Scholem 1949, p. 246:"In the beginning these designs had no special names or terms, and it is only in the Middle Ages that definite names began to be given to some of those most widely used. There is very little doubt that terms like these first became popular among the Arabs, who showed a tremendous interest in all the occult sciences, arranging and ordering them systematically long before the Practical Cabalists thought of doing so.It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that for a long time both the five-pointed and the six-pointed stars were called by one name, the "Seal of Solomon," and that no distinction was made between them. This name is obviously related to the Jewish legend of Solomon's dominion over the spirits, and of his ring with the Ineffable Name engraved on it. These legends expanded and proliferated in a marked fashion during the Middle Ages, among Jews and Arabs alike, but the name, "Seal of Solomon," apparently originated with the Arabs. This term they did not apply to any one design exclusively; they applied it to an entire series of seven seals to which they attributed extreme potency in putting to flight the forces of the Demon."
^Scholem 1949, p. 250:"FromPrague this official use of the symbol spread out. In 1655 it is found on the seal of theViennese community, and in 1690 on the seal of the community ofKremsier, in Moravia. On the wall of the old synagogue of the community ofBudweis (Southern Bohemia), which was abandoned by the Jews in 1641, there are representations of Shields of David alternating with roses; apparently, this is the oldest synagogue outside of Prague on which this symbol is to be found. In his youth, R. Jonathan Eybeschuetz might have been able to see it on the seal of the community of EybeSchuetz. A number of communities in Moravia used as a seal the Shield of David alone, with the addition of the name of the community. Others had on their seals a lion holding the Shield of David, like the community ofWeiskirchen at the beginning of the 18th century. In very isolated instances the figure of the Shield of David was used in southern Germany also, doubtless under the influence of the Prague community.In other countries, we do not generally find the Shield of David in use before the beginning of the 19th century, either on community seals, or on the curtains of the Ark, or on Torah mantles."
^"The Flag and the Emblem" (MFA). "According toScholem, the motive for the widespread use of the Star of David was a wish to imitate Christianity. During theEmancipation, Jews needed a symbol of Judaism parallel to the cross, the universal symbol of Christianity."
^abScholem 1949, p. 251:"Then the Zionists came, seeking to restore the ancient glories—or more correctly, to change the face of their people. When they chose it as a symbol for Zionism at the Basle Congress of 1897, the Shield of David was possessed of two virtues that met the requirements of men in quest of a symbol: on the one hand, its wide diffusion during the previous century—its appearance on every new synagogue, on the stationery of many charitable organizations, etc.—had made it known to everybody; and on the other, it was not explicitly identified with a religious association in the consciousness of their contemporaries.This lack became its virtue. The symbol did not arouse memories of the past: it could be filled with hope for the future."
^abcPlaut, W. Gunther (1991).The Magen David: How the six-pointed Star became an emblem for the Jewish People. Washington, D.C.: B'nai B'rith Books. pp. 26,61–62.ISBN0-910250-17-0.
^Herbert M. Adler,JQR, vol. 14:111. Cited in"Magen David",Jewish Encyclopedia, retrieved May 28, 2010.
^"Polizeiverordnung über die Kennzeichnung der Juden [Police Regulation on the identification of Jews]".Verfassungen.de (in German). September 1, 1941. Archived fromthe original on July 22, 2011. RetrievedMarch 27, 2015.Der Judenstern besteht aus einem handtellergroßen, schwarz ausgezogenen Sechsstern aus gelbem Stoff mit der schwarzen Aufschrift 'Jude'. Er [sic] ist sichtbar auf der linken Brustseite des Kleidungsstücks fest aufgenäht zu tragen. [Translation: The Jews' star consists of a palm-sized, black solid six-pointed star made of yellow fabric with a black inscription [which says] 'Jew'. [It must be] visibly and firmly sewn on the left chest of the garment.] (This policy came into full force as of September 19, 1941)
^"Magen Dawid",Jewish Encyclopida, retrieved May 28, 2010.
^A similar term, "Shield of Abraham" appears in the first blessing of the "Amidah" prayer, which was written in early Rabbinic times (around year 1, a millennium before the first documentation of the term in reference to a sixGpoint star). That term is probably based on Genesis 15:1, where God promises to shield Abraham.
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