The Legislative Assembly of theMinnesota Territory established the Town of Saint Paul as its capital near existingDakota Sioux settlements in November 1849. Named after alog chapel established byLucien Galtier, it remained a town until 1854. The city rose to prominence as the headquarters of 19th-century industrialistJames J. Hill's railroad empire, with his transcontinentalGreat Northern Railway then one of the nation's most dominant. Saint Paul has amayor–council government. The mayor isMelvin Carter III, who was first elected in 2018.
Burial mounds in present-dayIndian Mounds Park suggest the area was inhabited by theHopewell Native Americans about 2,000 years ago.[7][8] From the early 17th century to 1837, theMdewakanton Dakota, a band of theDakota people, lived near the mounds at the village ofKaposia and consider the area encompassing present-day Saint PaulBdóte, the site of creation for their people.[7][9] The Dakota called the areaImniza-Ska ('white cliffs') for its exposed white sandstone cliffs on the river's eastern side.[10][11] The Imniza-Ska were full of caves that were useful to the Dakota. The explorerJonathan Carver documented the historic Wakan Tipi in the bluff below the burial mounds in 1767. In theMenominee language Saint Paul was calledSāēnepān-Menīkān, which means 'ribbon, silk or satin village', suggesting its role in trade throughout the region after the introduction of European goods.[12]
After the 1803Louisiana Purchase, U.S. Army LieutenantZebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100,000 acres (40,000 ha; 160 sq mi) of land from the indigenous Dakota in 1805 to establish a fort. A military reservation was intended for the confluence of theMississippi andMinnesota rivers on both sides of the Mississippi up toSaint Anthony Falls. All of what is now the Highland Park neighborhood was included in this. Pike planned a second military reservation at the confluence of theSt. Croix and Mississippi rivers.[13] In 1819,Fort Snelling was built at the Minnesota and Mississippi confluence. The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all tribal lands east of the Mississippi to the U.S. government.[14]Chief Little Crow III moved his village,Kaposia, from south of Mounds Park across the river a few miles onto Dakota land.[15][16] Fur traders, explorers, and settlers came to the area for the fort's security. Many wereFrench-Canadians who predated American pioneers by some time. A whiskey trade flourished among the squatters and the fort's commander evicted them all from the fort's reservation. Fur trader turned bootlegger"Pig's Eye" Parrant, who set up business just outside the reservation, particularly irritated the commander.[17][11] By the early 1840s, a community had developed nearby that locals called "Pig's Eye" (French:L'Œil du Cochon) or "Pig's Eye Landing" after Parrant's popular tavern.[17] In 1842, a raiding party of Ojibwe attacked the Kaposia encampment south of Saint Paul. A battle ensued where a creek drained into wetlands two miles south of Wakan Tipi.[18] The creek was thereafter called Battle Creek and is today parkland. In the 1840s-70s theMétis brought their oxen andRed River Carts down Kellogg Street to Lambert's landing to sendbuffalo hides to market from theRed River of the North. Saint Paul was the southern terminus of theRed River Trails.
In 1841, Catholic missionaryLucien Galtier was sent to minister to the French Canadians at Mendota. He hada chapel he named forSt. Paul built on the bluff above the riverboat landing downriver from Fort Snelling.[19][20] Galtier informed the settlers that they were to adopt the chapel's name for the settlement and cease the use of "Pig's Eye".[17] In 1847, New York educatorHarriet Bishop moved to the settlement and opened the city's first school.[21] TheMinnesota Territory was created in 1849 with Saint Paul as the capital. The U.S. Army made the territory's first improved road, Point Douglas Fort Ripley Military Road, in 1850. It passed through what became Saint Paul neighborhoods.[22] In 1857, the territorial legislature voted to move the capital toSaint Peter, butJoe Rolette, a territorial legislator, stole the text of the bill and went into hiding, preventing the move.[23]
Red river ox cart and driver in St. Paul
The year 1858 saw more than 1,000 steamboats service Saint Paul,[21] making it a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier orDakota Territory. Geography was a primary reason the city became a transportation hub. The location was the last good point to land riverboats coming upriver due to the river valley's topography. For a time, Saint Paul was called "The Last City of the East".[24] Fort Snelling was important to Saint Paul from the start. Direct access from Saint Paul did not happen until the 7th bridge was built in 1880. Before that, there was a cable ferry crossing dating to at latest the 1840s. Once streetcars appeared, a new bridge to Saint Paul was built in 1904. Until the town built its first jail the fort's brig served Saint Paul. IndustrialistJames J. Hill founded his railroad empire in Saint Paul. TheGreat Northern Railway and theNorthern Pacific Railway were both headquartered in Saint Paul until they merged with theBurlington Northern. Today they are part of the BNSF Railway.[24]
On August 20, 1904, severethunderstorms andtornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings, causing $1.78 million ($62.29 million today) in damages and ripping spans from theHigh Bridge.[25] During the 1960s, in conjunction withurban renewal, Saint Paul razed neighborhoods west of downtown for the creation of the interstate freeway system.[26] From 1959 to 1961, theRondo neighborhood was demolished for the construction ofInterstate 94. The loss of thatAfrican American enclave brought attention toracial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities.[27] The annualRondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community.[28]
Downtown Saint Paul had skyscraper-building booms beginning in the 1970s. Because the city center is directly beneath the flight path into the airport across the river there is a height restriction for all construction. The tallest buildings, such asGaltier Plaza (Jackson and Sibley Towers), The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums, and the city's tallest building,Wells Fargo Place (formerly Minnesota World Trade Center), were constructed in the late 1980s.[29] In the 1990s and 2000s, the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued. As of 2004, nearly 10% of the city's population were recentHmong immigrants fromVietnam,Laos,Cambodia,Thailand, andMyanmar.[30] Saint Paul is the location of theHmong Archives.[31]
TheMeeker Island Lock and Dam was the first lock and dam on the Mississippi River in 1902.
Saint Paul's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water. The city's defining physical characteristic, the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers, was carved into the region during thelast ice age, as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built. Recedingglaciers andLake Agassiz forced torrents of water from aglacial river that served the river valleys.[32] The city is situated in east-central Minnesota.
The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city's west, southwest, and southeast sides.Minneapolis, the state's largest city, lies to the west.Falcon Heights,Lauderdale,Roseville, andMaplewood are north, with Maplewood lying to the east. The cities ofWest Saint Paul andSouth Saint Paul are to the south, as areLilydale,Mendota, andMendota Heights, across the river from the city. The city's largest lakes are Pig's Eye Lake, which is part of the Mississippi,Lake Phalen, andLake Como. According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 56.18 square miles (145.51 km2), of which 51.98 square miles (134.63 km2) is land and 4.20 square miles (10.88 km2) is water.[33]
The Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers.[34] The city ranked #2 in park access and quality, after onlyMinneapolis, in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States according to the nonprofitTrust for Public Land.[35]
Saint Paul's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into 17 Planning Districts, created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and useCommunity Development Block Grants. With a funding agreement directly from the city, the councils share a pool of funds.[36] The councils have significant land-use control, a voice in guiding development, and they organize residents.[37] The planning districts mostly represent traditional neighborhoods and combinations of smaller neighborhoods within the city.
Due to its northerly location and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air, Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arcticair masses, especially during late December, January, and February. The average annual temperature of 46.5 °F (8.1 °C) gives the Minneapolis−Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in thecontinental U.S.[39]
Saint Paul is expected to be affected by climate change. More extreme heat waves are expected, as is increased precipitation in the spring and summer, which could cause river and flash flooding. Vector-borne transmission of such diseases asWest Nile virus,Lyme disease, and humananaplasmosis may increase due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns.[40]
Ethnic origins in St. PaulMap of racial distribution in Minneapolis-St. Paul, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
As of thecensus of 2020,[50] the population was 311,527. Thepopulation density was 5,994.0 inhabitants per square mile (2,314.3/km2). There were 127,392 housing units at an average density of 2,451.1 per square mile (946.4/km2). In terms ofrace, the city's population was 50.5% White (21.1%German), 19.2% Asian (10.9%Hmong, 2.53%Burmese, 0.85%Vietnamese, 0.69%Chinese, 0.51%Indian), 16.8% Black or African American (1.7%Somali, 1.5%Ethiopian), 1.0% Native American, 4.8% from other races and 7.6% from two or more races. Residents of |Hispanic or Latino ancestry, of any race, made up 9.7% of the population (6.58%Mexican, 0.68%Salvadoran).[51]
The 2020 census of the city included 291 people incarcerated in adult correctional facilities and 5,640 people in student housing.[52]
According to theAmerican Community Survey estimates for 2016–2020, the median income for a household in the city was $59,717, and the median income for a family was $74,852. Male full-time workers had a median income of $50,186 versus $45,541 for female workers. Theper capita income was $32,779. About 13.2% of families and 17.9% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 27.0% of those under age 18 and 10.1% of those age 65 or over.[53] Of the population age 25 and over, 87.6% were high school graduates or higher and 41.3% had a bachelor's degree or higher.[54]
As of the2010 census,[55] there were 285,068 people, 111,001 households, and 59,689 families residing in the city. Thepopulation density was 5,484.2 inhabitants per square mile (2,117.5/km2). There were 120,795 housing units at an average density of 2,323.9 per square mile (897.3/km2). Theracial makeup of the city was 60.1% White, 15.7% African American, 1.1% Native American, 15.0% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 3.9% from other races, and 4.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 9.6% of the population.
There were 111,001 households, of which 30.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.1% weremarried couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.2% were non-families. 35.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.33.
The median age in the city was 30.9 years. 25.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 13.9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 29.6% were from 25 to 44; 22.6% were from 45 to 64; and 9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.9% male and 51.1% female.
The earliest known inhabitants of the St. Paul area, from about 400 AD, were members of theHopewell tradition, who buried their dead in mounds on the river bluffs (nowIndian Mounds Park). The next known inhabitants were theMdewakantonDakota in the 17th century, who fled their ancestral home ofMille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of theOjibwe nation.[9] The Ojibwe later occupied the north (east) bank of the Mississippi River.
By 1800,French-Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders.Fort Snelling and Pig's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees fromNew England andEnglish,Irish, andScottishimmigrants, who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge. These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river. The first wave of immigration came with the Irish, who settled atConnemara Patch along the Mississippi, named for their home,Connemara, Ireland. The Irishbecame prolific in politics, city governance, and public safety, much to the chagrin of the Germans and French, who had grown into the majority. In 1850, the first of many groups ofSwedish immigrants passed through St. Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of theterritory. A large group settled inSwede Hollow, which later became home to Poles, Italians, and Mexicans. The last Swedish presence moved up St. Paul's East Side alongPayne Avenue in the 1950s.[56]
By the 1980s, the Thomas-Dale area, once an Austro-Hungarian enclave known asFrogtown (German:Froschburg), became home to Vietnamese and other Southeast Asian people who had left their war-torn countries. A settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came soon after, and by 2000, St. Paul had the largest urban Hmong contingent in the nation.[57][58][59]
Other large Southeast Asian populations live in Saint Paul, particularlyBurmese Americans of theKaren andKarenni ethnic group, who immigrated to the U.S. as refugees in the 2000s and 2010s due tointernal conflict and discrimination inMyanmar. Minnesota is believed to have the largest population ofKaren Americans, with a population of 12,000 in 2017,[60] who are mostly concentrated in Saint Paul. Burmese and Karen residents of Saint Paul make up 5.2% of the population in 2021, and are most concentrated in the neighborhoods of theNorth End,Payne-Phalen, andFrogtown.[51]
Mexican immigrants have settled in St. Paul since the 1930s; although Mexican populations exist throughout Saint Paul, by far the largest concentration ofMexican Americans is on St. Paul'sWest Side, where Mexicans form a plurality of the population; Mexico opened a foreign consulate there in 2005.[61][62] Saint Paul also has a large population of Central Americans, particularlySalvadorans, throughout eastern St. Paul and the West Side.
St. Paul has become home to a large number ofSomalis andEthiopians since the 1990s, largely as refugees fleeing conflict in their home regions. Somali and Ethiopian populations are largest in the neighborhoods ofSummit-University andFrogtown, where there are many businesses and organizations for Somali and Ethiopian populations.[51]
African Americans in St. Paul initially entered through servitude to officers at Fort Snelling, marking a crucial point in their history. Despite the absence of legal slavery in Minnesota, Army officers were permitted to bring their enslaved individuals into the region.[63] Today, African Americans are one of the largest groups among Saint Paul's population; African Americans make up approximately 14% of Saint Paul's population, the second-largest background group, before Hmongs and after German-Americans. The city's African American residents are concentrated in its central and eastern neighborhoods.
Most St. Paul residents claiming religious affiliation areChristian, split between theRoman Catholic Church and variousProtestant denominations. The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish, German, Scottish, and French Canadian settlers, later bolstered by Hispanic immigrants. There areJewishsynagogues such asMount Zion Temple and significant populations ofHindus,Muslims, andBuddhists.[64] The city has been dubbed "paganistan" due to its largeWiccan population.[65]
The Minneapolis–Saint Paul–Bloomington area employs 1,570,700 people in the private sector as of July 2008, 82.43% of whom work in private service providing-related jobs.[66]
Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul includeEcolab, a chemical and cleaning product company[67] that theMinneapolis/St. Paul Business Journal named in 2008 as the eighth-best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1,000 full-time Minnesota employees,[68] andSecurian Financial Group Inc.[69]
The3M Company moved to St. Paul in 1910. It built an art deco headquarters at 900 Bush Avenue that still stands. Headquarters operations moved to the suburban Maplewood campus in 1964. 3M manufacturing continued for a couple more decades until all St. Paul operations ceased.
In November 2021, Saint Paul became the only Midwestern city to regulate rent increases when voters passed arent control ordinance as part of a larger effort to curb rising housing costs.[73][74] The law limited annual rent increases to 3% and prohibited higher increases after a tenant vacated a unit.[74] This resulted in an 80% reduction in requests for new housing permits, while inMinneapolis, permits were up 70%.[75][76] Saint Paul's rent control initiative has since been significantly rolled back.[77] In September 2022, the Saint Paul City Council amended the law to allow higher vacancy increases and exempt units built in the preceding or following 20 years from the increase cap.[78][79] Since then, according toZillow estimates, St. Paul's rents have grown at a pace similar to Minneapolis's, since the ordinance gives landlords several options to raise rents by more than 3%.[80]
As of the 2020 U.S. census, Saint Paul had about 134,080 housing units and 126,409 households, with an average of 2.3 persons per household. The median value of owner-occupied homes was approximately $293,500, and tenure is nearly evenly split between owner- and renter-occupied units.[81]
The city is associated with theMinnesota State Fair in neighboringFalcon Heights just west of Como Park. The fair dates to before statehood. With the competing interests of Minneapolis and St. Paul, it was held on "neutral ground" between both. That area refused to become part of St. Paul or Roseville and became Falcon Heights in the 1950s. TheUniversity of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus is actually in Falcon Heights.
Fort Snelling is often identified as being in St. Paul but is actually its ownunorganized territory. The eastern part of Fort Snelling Unorganized Territory (MSP included) has a St. Paul mailing address. The western side has a Minneapolis ZIP code.
Saint Paul is the birthplace ofcartoonistCharles M. Schulz, who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960.[84] Schulz'sPeanuts inspired giant, decorated sculptures around the city, a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s.[85] Other notable residents include writerF. Scott Fitzgerald and playwrightAugust Wilson, who premiered many of the ten plays in hisPittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater.[86]
TheOrdway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and theMinnesota Opera is a founding tenant.[87]RiverCentre, attached toGrand Casino Arena, serves as the city's convention center. The city has contributed to themusic of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues. Great jazz musicians have passed through the influentialArtists' Quarter, first established in the 1970s inWhittier, Minneapolis, and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994.[88] Artists' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam, home of the 2009National Poetry Slam Champions. At The Black Dog, in Lowertown, many French or European jazz musicians (Evan Parker, Tony Hymas, Benoît Delbecq, François Corneloup) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe. Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins, Dean Magraw/Davu Seru, Merciless Ghosts, andWillie Murphy are regulars. TheTurf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s.[89] Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimedRose Ensemble.[90] As an Irish stronghold, the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music, such as Shamrocks, The Dubliner, and until its closure in 2019, O'Gara's.[91] The internationally acclaimedSaint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation's only full-time professional chamber orchestra.[92] TheMinnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota's first centennial celebration.[93]
The Grand Casino Arena, a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue, can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events. It occupies the site of the demolishedSaint Paul Civic Center. The Grand Casino Arena hosts theMinnesota high school boys hockey tournament, the Minnesota high school girls' volleyball tournament, and concerts throughout the year. In 2004, it was named the best overall sports venue in the US byESPN.[104]
On October 23, 2015, Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and former Saint Paul MayorChris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer-specific stadium would be built on the vacantMetro Transit bus barn site in Saint Paul's Midway neighborhood near the intersection ofSnelling Avenue andUniversity Avenue. It is midway between downtown Saint Paul and downtown Minneapolis. The stadium,Allianz Field, opened in April 2019 and seats 19,400.[114] The team began playing in the MLS in 2017.[115]
TheMinnesota Whitecaps began play in theWestern Women's Hockey League in 2004 before going independent in 2010 when that league folded. In 2018, the Whitecaps joined thePremier Hockey Federation (then the National Women's Hockey League) as its fifth franchise.[116][117] The team won theIsobel Cup in its first season in the new league.[118] In the summer of 2023, the PHF ceased operations as part of the launch of a new, unified professional women's league, theProfessional Women's Hockey League (PWHL).[119]Minnesota Frost was awarded one of the six charter franchises in the new league, and it was announced that the new team would play its home games at the Grand Casino Arena.[120][121]
Thecurrent mayor isMelvin Carter (DFL), Saint Paul's first African-American mayor. Aside fromNorm Coleman, who became a Republican during his second term, Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952.[134] As of 2024, following the 2023 elections, all seven city councilors are women, making Saint Paul potentially the largest city in American history with an all-female legislative body.[131]
The city is also the county seat ofRamsey County, named forAlexander Ramsey, the state's first governor. The county once spanned much of the present-day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city. Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated.[6] Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota; the seven-member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall/county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts.[135][136] The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff's office.
The city is split into four Minnesota Senate districts (64, 65, 66 and 67) and eight Minnesota House of Representatives districts (64A, 64B, 65A, 65B, 66A, 66B, 67A and 67B), all of which are held by Democrats.[138][139]
TheSaint Paul Public Schools district is the state's largest school district and serves approximately 39,000 students. The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 90 different languages, although only five languages are used for most school communication: English, Spanish,Hmong,Karen, andSomali. The district runs 82 different schools, including 52elementary schools, 12middle schools, sevenhigh schools, tenalternative schools, and onespecial education school, employing over 6,500 teachers and staff. The school district also oversees community education programs for pre-K and adult learners, including Early Childhood Family Education,GED Diploma, language programs, and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages. In 2006, Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary.[142] Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota's open enrollment statute.[143]
A variety ofK-12private,parochial, and publiccharter schools are also represented in the city. In 1992, Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school, now found in most states across the nation.[144] Saint Paul is home to 21 charter schools and 38 private schools.[145] TheSaint Paul Public Library system includes a central library, twelve branch locations, and a bookmobile.[146]
Minnesota Public Radio headquarters in downtown Saint Paul
Saint Paul residents can receive 10 broadcast television stations, five of which broadcast from Saint Paul. One newspaper, theSt. Paul Pioneer Press, and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city. Several media outlets based in Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community, including theStar Tribune.
Saint Paul is home to two national broadcast companies.Hubbard Broadcasting is headquartered on the line between Saint Paul and Minneapolis on University Avenue.
Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) is a three-format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations[147] around the Midwest. It delivers local news and information, classical, and The Current (which plays a wide variety of music). The station has 110,000 regional members and more than 1 million listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest, the largest audience of any regional public radio network.[148] Its parent company,American Public Media Group, creates and distributes programming that reaches millions listeners, most notablyMarketplace, hosted byKai Ryssdal.
The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints. While he wasGovernor of Minnesota,Jesse Ventura appeared on theLate Show with David Letterman,[151] and remarked that the streets were designed by "drunken Irishmen".[152] He later apologized, though people had been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point.[152] Some of the city's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River, hilly topography, conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city, and grand plans only half-realized. Outside of downtown, the roads are less confusing, but most roads are named, rather than numbered, increasing the difficulty for non-natives to navigate.[153]
Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area. TheMETRO Green Line is an 11-mile (18 km)light rail line that connects downtown Saint Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in Saint Paul. The Green Line runs west alongUniversity Avenue, through theUniversity of Minnesota campus, until it links up and then shares stations with theMETRO Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis. Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14, 2014.[154][155] The Green Line averaged 42,500 rides per weekday in 2018.[156] Planning is underway for theRiverview Corridor, a rail line that will connect downtown Saint Paul to the airport and Mall of America.[157]
Amtrak'sEmpire Builder betweenChicago andSeattle orPortland stops twice daily in each direction at the newly renovatedSaint Paul Union Depot.[161] Ridership on the train increased about 6% from 2005 to over 505,000 in fiscal year 2007.[162] A Minnesota Department of Transportation study found that increased daily service to Chicago should be economically viable, especially if it originates in Saint Paul and does not experience delays from the rest of the western route of theEmpire Builder.[163] Based on that proposition, a new Amtrak line, theBorealis, began service on May 21, 2024, running the segment of theEmpire Builder route between Saint Paul and Chicago, with several stops along the way, including one inMilwaukee.[164]
Saint Paul is the site of the Pig's Eye Yard, a major freightclassification yard forCanadian Pacific Railway.[165] As of 2003, the yard handled over 1,000 freight cars per day.[165] BothUnion Pacific andBurlington Northern Santa Fe run trains through the yard, though they are not classified at Pig's Eye.[165] BNSF operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis, which handles about 600 cars per day.[166] There are several other small yards around the city.
Holman Airfield is across the river from downtown St. Paul. Lamprey Lake was there until the Army Corps of Engineers filled it with dredgings starting in the early 1920s.Northwest Airlines began initial operations from Holman in 1926. During WWII Northwest had a contract to install upgraded radar systems inB-24s, employing 5,000 at the airfield. After WWII, Holman Airfield competed with theSpeedway Field for the Twin Cities' growing aviation industry and lost out in the end. Today, Holman is areliever airport run by theMetropolitan Airports Commission. It is home to Minnesota's Air National Guard and a flight training school and is tailored tolocal corporate aviation. There are three runways, with theHolman Field Administration Building andRiverside Hangar on the National Register of Historic Places.[167] The original Northwest Airlines building's historical importance was realized only after demolition commenced.
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