| St. Louis Browns | |||||
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| Information | |||||
| League | American League (1902–1953) | ||||
| Ballpark | Sportsman's Park (1902–1953) | ||||
| Established | 1902 (moved from Milwaukee, where they played as theBrewers) | ||||
| Relocated | 1954 (toBaltimore; became theBaltimore Orioles) | ||||
| Nickname | The Brownies | ||||
| World Series championships | None | ||||
| American League pennant | 1 (1944) | ||||
| Colors | Brown, orange, white[1] | ||||
| Mascot | Brownie the Elf (1951–1953) | ||||
| Retired numbers | None | ||||
| Ownership | List of owners
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| Manager | List of managers
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TheSt. Louis Browns were aMajor League Baseball team that originated inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, as theMilwaukee Brewers. A charter member of theAmerican League (AL), the Brewers moved toSt. Louis, Missouri, after the1901 season, where they played for 52 years as the St. Louis Browns.
After the1953 season, the team moved toBaltimore, Maryland, where it became theBaltimore Orioles. The last two surviving former St. Louis Brown players,Ed Mickelson andBilly Hunter, died only six days apart on June 27 and July 3, 2025 respectively.
The St. Louis Browns had an overall win–loss record of 3,414–4,465–96 (.434) during their 52 years in St. Louis. They were the least successful of the eight charter members of the American League, winning only one pennant and finishing fifth or worse 40 times.
The St. Louis Browns are represented by two players in theNational Baseball Hall of Fame,Bobby Wallace andGeorge Sisler.[2]
In the late 19th century, the team was formed as theMilwaukee Brewers in theWestern League. For the 1900 season, the Western League was renamed the "American League", and in 1901, league presidentBan Johnson declared it a major league.[3]
The team was originally owned by Milwaukee lawyersMatthew andHenry Killilea. As a minor league team, the Brewers had usually fielded subpar teams untilConnie Mack became manager in 1894. The Killileas were among the poorer owners in the league, and did not have the resources to take advantage of the large number ofNational League players transferring to the American League. Of the 100 frontline players who switched leagues, only three signed with the Brewers. When Mack transferred to thePhiladelphia Athletics at Johnson's behest as manager and part-owner, one of the three players who jumped to the Brewers,Hugh Duffy, became player-manager.[3]
Johnson knew the Brewers could not be viable in Milwaukee, and originally intended to move them to St. Louis, a larger market. At the time, St. Louis was the fourth-largest city in the nation, while Milwaukee was the 15th. However, Matthew Killilea persuaded Johnson to give the Brewers what amounted to a one-year trial in Milwaukee, saying that he would agree to move to St. Louis if the team didn't make a good account of itself that year. Due to a lack of talent, the Brewers made a wretched showing. They never recovered from an 0–5 start, and crumbled to last place for good on June 30. They finished 48–89, the worst record in baseball, 35.5 games behind the pennant-winningChicago White Sox. The team had additionally struggled with extended absences from Killilea, who spent most of the season battlingtuberculosis and died on July 27. Henry was forced to become operating head of the team.[3]
Under the circumstances, a move to St. Louis seemed a foregone conclusion. At a league meeting in Chicago, the Killileas requested and received permission to move. Soon after moving, the team changed its name to the Browns, a reference to the original name of theSt. Louis Cardinals, who were known from the 1880s until 1900 as theBrown Stockings. Johnson then set about finding local ownership for the team, and found it in a syndicate headed by an old friend from his days as a sportswriter, Kansas City carriage makerRobert Hedges, who moved to St. Louis soon after the purchase closed. Hedges became team secretary while ceding the presidency to St. Louis businessman Ralph Orthwein. However, Hedges was the undisputed head of the franchise long before taking the presidency himself in 1903. He built a new park on the site of the original Browns' former venue,Sportsman's Park.[3]
In their first season in St. Louis, the Browns finished second undermanagerJimmy McAleer, five games behind Philadelphia. This was mainly because Hedges and McAleer persuaded six Cardinals to transfer to the Browns. They looked to become even more powerful in 1903 when Hedges signedNew York Giants aceChristy Mathewson to a deal that would have paid him almost four times what he was earning in New York. However, as part of the settlement that ended the war with the National League, Hedges and Mathewson tore up the contract. Years later, Hedges said that while he knew he was likely giving up a pennant by relinquishing Mathewson to the Giants, it was more important to bring peace to the game.[3]
Although the Browns had only four winning seasons from 1902 to 1922, they were very popular at the gate during their first two decades in St. Louis. They trounced the Cardinals in attendance; in 1908, for instance, they attracted four times as many fans as the Cardinals.[3] PitcherBarney Pelty was a workhorse for the Browns, and a member of their starting rotation from 1904, when he pitched 31complete games and 301innings, through 1911.[4][5] In1909, the Browns rebuilt Sportsman's Park as the third concrete-and-steel park in the major leagues.
During this time, the Browns were best known for their role in the race for the1910American League batting title.Ty Cobb took off the last game of the season, believing that his slight lead overNap Lajoie, of theCleveland Naps, would hold up unless Lajoie had a near-perfect day at the plate. However, the Browns players decided to help Lajoie win the title over the unpopular Cobb. Browns' managerJack O'Connor went along with the plan, since the game would have no bearing on the pennant race.[6] O'Connor ordered rookie third basemanRed Corriden to play on the outfield grass. This all but conceded a hit for any ball Lajoie bunted. Lajoie bunted five straight times down the third base line and made it to first easily. On his last at-bat, Lajoie reached base on an error – officially giving him a hitless at-bat. O'Connor andcoachHarry Howell tried to bribe the official scorer, a woman, to change the call to a hit – even offering to buy her a new wardrobe.
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Cobb won the batting title by just a few thousandths of a point over Lajoie. But it was later reported that one game may have been counted twice in the statistics, and there were rumors about the attempted bribery, causing a scandal about the rankings. After news broke of the scandal, a writer for theSt. Louis Post claimed: "All St. Louis is up in arms over the deplorable spectacle, conceived in stupidity and executed in jealousy." The resulting outcry triggered an investigation by Johnson. At his insistence, Hedges fired O'Connor and Howell; both men were informally banned from baseball for life.[6]
After several pedestrian seasons, Hedges hired former Browns catcherBranch Rickey as business manager (de factogeneral manager) midway through the 1913 season, and made him manager as well in September. Although Rickey had been a mediocre player at best, he had a keen eye for spotting talent. His greatest find was George Sisler, who had played for Rickey atMichigan.[3] They fell back to sixth in 1915, but won 79 games in 1916, their first winning record in eight years.
In1916, as part of the settlement that ended the war with theFederal League, Hedges sold the Browns to refrigeration magnatePhilip DeCatesby Ball, who had owned the defunct league'sSt. Louis Terriers. Concluding that Rickey's talents were better suited to the front office, he namedFielder Jones as manager, while Rickey remained de facto general manager.[3] Under Ball's early tenure, the club had its first sustained period of success on the field; they were a contender for most of the early 1920s.
However, analysts think Ball made a series of blunders that would ultimately doom the franchise. Shortly after buying the team, he allowed Rickey to accept the presidency of the Cardinals. When Johnson got wind of this, he told Ball in no uncertain terms that Rickey could not be allowed to go to the National League. However, since Rickey had a signed contract, Ball was only able to keep Rickey on his payroll for another 24 hours; Rickey was replaced byBob Quinn. Four years later, Ball allowed the Cardinals to move out of dilapidatedRobison Field and share Sportsman's Park with the Browns. Rickey and ownerSam Breadon used the proceeds from the Robison Field sale to build baseball's first modernfarm system. This effort eventually produced several star players who brought the Cardinals more drawing power than the Browns.[3]
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The1922 Browns excited their owner by almost beating theYankees to a pennant. The club was boasting the best players in franchise history, including future Hall of FamerGeorge Sisler and an outfield trio ofKen Williams,Baby Doll Jacobson, andJack Tobin, who batted .300 or better from 1919 to 1923 and in 1925. In 1922, Williams became the first player in Major League history to hit 30 home runs and steal 30 bases in a season, something that would not be done again in the Majors until1956.
The following year, they crumbled to fifth, partly because Sisler missed the entire season due to sinus problems. At the same time, Ball, already a very hands-on owner, became even more so after Quinn left to buy theBoston Red Sox.[3]
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Ball confidently predicted that there would be a World Series in Sportsman's Park by1926. In anticipation, he increased the capacity of his ballpark from 18,000 to 30,000. Therewas a World Series in Sportsman's Park in1926 – but it was theCardinals who took part, upsetting theYankees. Meanwhile, the Browns slumped to seventh in the American League. More importantly, the Cardinals outdrew the Browns by more than 400,000. St. Louis had been considered a "Browns town" until then; as late as 1925, the Browns outdrew the Cardinals by more than 50,000.[3] After their1926 Series victory, however, the Cardinals dominated St. Louis baseball, while still technically tenants of the Browns. Meanwhile, the Browns rapidly fell into the cellar. They had only two winning records from 1927 to 1943, including a 43–111 mark in1939 that is still the worst in franchise history. As a measure of how rapidly St. Louisians shifted to the Cardinals, the Browns set a franchise record for attendance in 1922, attracting over 712,000 people. This figure would never be approached again for the rest of the franchise's tenure in St. Louis, and would remain the franchise record until 1954, the team's first year in Baltimore.
Ball had previously spent lavishly on the Browns, but gradually cut that spending to the bare minimum. He died in 1933, and his estate ran the team for three years, with Ball's former right-hand man Louis Von Weise as team president. The Ball estate mostly left the baseball side to player-manager and former Cardinals greatRogers Hornsby, whom Ball had hired in one of his last acts before his death. However, the Ball estate withheld badly needed capital that could have been used to get better players. Attendance sagged to the point that the other American League teams could not meet their travel expenses. In 1936, Rickey helped broker a sale to investment bankerDonald Lee Barnes. Cardinals treasurerBill DeWitt, Barnes' son-in-law, bought a minority stake in the Browns and became the team's general manager. To help finance the purchase, Barnes sold 20,000 shares of stock to the public at $5 a share, an unusual practice for a sports franchise. Soon afterward, he fired Hornsby after learning he was placing bets on horse races during games.[3]
By 1941, Barnes was convinced he could never make money in St. Louis. After interests in Los Angeles approached him about buying a stake in the team, he asked AL owners for permission to move there for the 1942 season. Los Angeles was already the fifth-largest city in the United States, and was larger than any major-league city except New York, Chicago, Philadelphia and Detroit.
The Browns got tentative approval from the league, which went as far as to draw up a schedule accounting for transcontinental train trips, though the Browns suggested that teams could travel by plane, a new concept at the time. Under the deal, the Browns would buy theChicago Cubs' top affiliate, theLos Angeles Angels; in those days, whoever owned a minor league team owned the major league rights to that city. The deal was slated to receive final approval at a league meeting on December 8.[3]
The deal was disrupted by the Japaneseattack on Pearl Harbor, which took place on December 7. Sources differ on how the deal fell apart. According to theLos Angeles Daily News andLos Angeles Times, the American League owners unanimously rejected the proposal after league officials expressed concerns that travel restrictions would be too stringent for a prospective Los Angeles-based team to be viable.[7][8] However, according to theSociety for American Baseball Research, Barnes himself pulled the proposal off the table when he realized that a potential Japanese attack on the West Coast—a concern in the time immediately after Pearl Harbor—would make large-scale events on the West Coast too great of a risk.[3]
During World War II, in1944, the Browns won their only American League pennant in St. Louis. Due to the draft decimating the minor leagues, Barnes and the Browns pursued a strategy of pursuing players who couldn't serve in the military. As a result, many of the Browns' best players were classified4-F (unfit for military service). Years of having to live a hand-to-mouth existence actually served the Browns well during the war years. They were better prepared to adjust to the effects of the draft, while wealthier teams like the Cardinals were caught off guard when their best players were drafted.[3]
The Browns spent the season in a vigorous three-way race with the Tigers and Yankees for the pennant. On the final day of the season, before a sellout crowd of 35,518—their first sellout since 1924—they defeated the Yankees, 5–2. Minutes earlier, the Tigers had lost, 4–1, to theWashington Senators, giving the Browns the pennant by a single game.[9] They thus became the last of the 16 teams that made up the major leagues from 1903 to 1960 to play in a World Series. By comparison, the other seven American League teams had each won at least three pennants.
In the1944 World Series, the Browns were decided underdogs against their tenants, theCardinals. It would be the last World Series played entirely in one stadium until the 2020 World Series played inArlington, Texas. While the Browns lost in six games, they won two of the first three games, and the final three games were very close. Despite losing the Series, Barnes took heart in outdrawing the Cardinals by almost 40,000 fans. It would be the only time after 1925 that the Browns would outdraw the Cardinals.[3]
The1945 Browns muddled through much of the early part of the season. However, in August, Barnes abruptly sold his stake in the team to minority owner and refrigeration magnateRichard Muckerman, who retained DeWitt as general manager. While the Browns had the best record in the league from the time Muckerman closed on his purchase, the hole from earlier in the season was too much to overcome, and they finished in third place with an 81–70 record. Despite fielding less than top-level talent, they were only six games behind the Tigers for first.[3]
The 1945 season may be best remembered for the Browns' signing of utility outfielderPete Gray, the only one-armed major league position player in history. However, the players felt that Gray was dragging down the team. After Muckerman bought the team, he signed managerLuke Sewell to a two-year contract, and Sewell significantly cut back Gray's playing time. Gray was sent to the minors after the season, and never played in the major leagues again.[3]
Although it was not apparent at the time, the Browns had crested. They would never have another winning season in St. Louis. Indeed, 1944 and 1945 were two of only six winning seasons they enjoyed in the 31 years after nearly winning the pennant in 1922. They were also two of only seven seasons finishing fourth or better.
Matters were not much better at the gate. 1944 and 1945 were also the only two seasons after 1922, in which the Browns did not have the worst attendance in the American League.[3] Indeed, after 1945, the Browns would struggle to attract more than 300,000 in a season.
With the return of peace in 1946, the Browns found themselves in over their heads competing against teams augmented by stars returning from the war, and tumbled to seventh place. In response, Muckerman budgeted $300,000 to renovate Sportsman's Park. However, the bill swelled to $700,000 when it became apparent that the original plans would not be enough to bring the park up to code. He also built a new stadium for their top farm team, theSan Antonio Missions of theTexas League. After a slow start to 1947, he hurriedly signed twoNegro league stars,Willard Brown andHank Thompson. They only lasted a month, when it became clear they neither improved attendance nor the team's on-field performance. Only three years after winning the pennant, the Browns posted the worst record in the majors at 59–95.[3]
After the season, Muckerman was forced to sellVern Stephens,Jack Kramer andEllis Kinder, three stars from the 1944 pennant season, to the Red Sox. Years later, DeWitt revealed that between cost overruns from renovations to Sportsman's Park, cost overruns for building the newMission Stadium in San Antonio, and a marked drop in attendance, the Browns were on the brink of insolvency.[3]
At the same time, prospective buyers began circling the Browns. During the season, Chicago businessman Emory Perry considered buying the Browns and moving them to Los Angeles, but the effort foundered when Perry learned that any major league team moving to California would have to compensate every team in thePCL for invading their territory. After the season, Bob Rodenberg, owner of theNational Football League'sBaltimore Colts, considered buying the Browns and moving them to Baltimore. However, this hinged on the Cardinals buying Sportsman's Park, and Rodenberg withdrew his offer when the Cardinals expressed little interest.[3]
After another abysmal season in 1948, in which the Browns struggled to attract crowds over 3,000, Muckerman sold the team to DeWitt and his brother Charley, the team's traveling secretary, mainly because they were the only credible buyers willing to keep the team in St. Louis. However, they financed the purchase with notes totaling $1 million that were due in 1954, and the team's attendance over the next two years was nowhere near enough to service the debt. Under the circumstances, DeWitt was unable to reverse the slide, and was forced to sell any good prospects to the Red Sox or Tigers in order to pay the bills.[3]
In1951,Bill Veeck, the colorful former owner of theCleveland Indians, purchased the Browns from DeWitt, who stayed on as team vice president. In St. Louis, he extended the type of promotions and wild antics that had made him famous and loved by many and loathed by many others.
His most notorious stunt in St. Louis was held on August 19, 1951, when he ordered managerZack Taylor to sendEddie Gaedel, a 3-foot 7-inch, 65-pounddwarf, to bat as apinch hitter. When Gaedel stepped to the plate, he was wearing a Browns child's uniform with the number1⁄8. Knowing that Gaedel had nostrike zone to speak of, Veeck ordered Gaedel to keep his bat on his shoulder, and Gaedelwalked on four straight pitches. The stunt infuriated American League PresidentWill Harridge, who voided Gaedel's contract the next day. Gaedel was by far the shortest person ever to appear in a major league game.
Veeck also promoted another publicity stunt in which the Browns handed out placards – reading "take, swing, bunt", etc. – to fans and allowed them to make managerial decisions for a day. Taylor dutifully surveyed the fans' advice and relayed the sign accordingly.[10] The Browns won the game against thePhiladelphia Athletics, whose venerable ownerConnie Mack took part in the "Grandstand Managers" voting (against his own team).
After the 1951 season, Veeck madeNed Garver the highest-paid member of the Browns. Garver went on to win 20 games, while the team lost 100 games. He was the second pitcher in history to accomplish the feat. Veeck also broughtSatchel Paige back to major league baseball to pitch for the Browns. Veeck had previously signed the formerNegro leagues great at age 42 to a contract in Cleveland in 1948, amid much criticism. Paige was 45 when he returned to the mound in a Browns uniform. Veeck was criticized among baseball's owners, but Paige finished the season with a respectable 3–4 record and a 4.79 ERA.
Veeck believed that St. Louis could no longer support two franchises, and planned to drive the Cardinals out of town. He signed many of the Cardinals' most popular ex-players and, as a result, attracted many Cards fans to see the Browns. Notably, Veeck inked former Cardinals greatDizzy Dean to a broadcasting contract and tappedRogers Hornsby for a second stint as manager. He also re-acquired former Browns fan favoriteVern Stephens and signed former Cardinals pitcherHarry Brecheen, both of whom had starred in the all-St. Louis World Series in 1944. Veeck stripped Sportsman's Park of all Cardinals material and dressed it exclusively in Browns memorabilia, even moving his family to an apartment under the stands.
The Browns never came close to fielding a winning team during this time. In Veeck's three years as owner, they never finished any closer than 31 games out of first, and twice lost 100 games. But Veeck's showmanship and colorful promotions made Browns games more fun and unpredictable than the conservative Cardinals were willing to offer.
Veeck's all-out assault on the Cardinals came during a downturn in the Cardinals' fortunes after Rickey left them for theBrooklyn Dodgers in1942. It initially appeared Veeck had won the war when Cardinals' ownerFred Saigh was charged with massivetax evasion late in 1952. He pleaded no contest and put the Cardinals up for sale rather than face certain lifetime banishment from baseball. For a time, it looked almost certain that the Cardinals were leaving town, as most of the credible bids came from non-St. Louis interests. The most promising offer came from a group based inHouston, Texas, where the Cardinals operated aTriple-A farm team. Under the rules of the time, the Cardinals also owned the major league rights to Houston.
However, just when it looked like the Cardinals were about to move to Texas, Saigh accepted a somewhat lower bid from St. Louis-based breweryAnheuser-Busch. Saigh had intended all along to sell to any credible buyer who would keep the Cardinals in St. Louis, and was relieved when brewery presidentGussie Busch jumped into the bidding with that in mind. Veeck quickly realized that he was finished in St. Louis. He knew that with Anheuser-Busch's corporate wealth behind them, the Cardinals now had more resources than he could ever hope to match. Unlike most of his fellow team owners, he had no income apart from the Browns. Reluctantly, Veeck concluded he had no other option but to cede St. Louis to the Cardinals and move the Browns elsewhere.
As a first step, he sold Sportsman's Park to the Cardinals for $800,000.[3] He would have likely had to sell it in any event. The 44-year-old park had fallen into disrepair, and even with the rent from the Cardinals, Veeck wasn't bringing in nearly enough money to bring the park up to code.
Veeck first attempted to move the Browns back to Milwaukee, where he had owned theTriple-A Brewers of theAmerican Association in the 1940s. However, the Brewers were now the top affiliate of the National League'sBoston Braves, and therefore had first claim on the major league rights to Milwaukee. Veeck offered to pay Braves ownerLou Perini $700,000 as compensation. Perini stalled on the deal before abruptly moving the Braves there himself in March 1953, three weeks before opening day.
Undaunted, Veeck got in touch withBaltimore MayorTommy D'Alesandro and attorneyClarence Miles, who were leading an effort to bring Major League Baseball back to Baltimore, a city which had lost their previous team in 1903 after the second incarnation of the Orioles folded and were replaced by theNew York Highlanders. He was rebuffed by the other owners, still seething over the publicity stunts he pulled at the Browns home games, and also opposed proposals Veeck had made to pool revenues from broadcasting. The revenue-sharing idea was particularly abhorrent to the Yankees, whose broadcast income dwarfed most other franchises.
Although there was never any official word that the1953 season would be the Browns' last in St. Louis, enough unofficial indications leaked out to erode what support the Browns still had. Attendance fell to 3,860 per game, last in Major League Baseball. Under the circumstances, the Browns made a wretched showing, finishing 54–100, 46 games out of first. Not only was Veeck forced to sell off top-drawer players to keep the team afloat, but late in the season, the Browns were running so low on baseballs that they were forced to ration them during batting practice. When what would be the Browns' last game in St. Louis (a 2–1 loss to the White Sox) went into extra innings, the Browns had so few baseballs on hand that the umpires were forced to recycle the least damaged used ones. Reportedly, the last ball used was gashed from seam to seam.[11][3]
After the season, Veeck cut a deal with Miles to move the Browns to Baltimore. Under the plan, Veeck would remain as principal owner, but would sell half of his 80% stake to a group of Baltimore investors headed by Miles. Despite assurances from Harridge that approval would be a formality, only four owners voted in favor – two short of passage. Reportedly, Yankees co-ownerDel Webb was drumming up support to move the Browns to Los Angeles, where Webb held extensive construction interests. However, talk of a Los Angeles move may have been a bluff – many owners believed that travel and schedule considerations would make having only one franchise on the West Coast unsustainable.
Veeck, Miles, and D'Alesandro realized that the other AL owners were simply looking for a way to push Veeck out. Over the next 48 hours, Miles lined up enough support from his group of investors to buy out Veeck's entire stake for $2.5 million. Facing threats to cancel the franchise and having sold his only leverage (the renamed Busch Stadium), Veeck had little choice but to take the deal, and the sale was duly approved. While Baltimore brewerJerold Hoffberger became the largest shareholder, Miles was named president and chairman of the board. His first act was to request permission to move the team to Baltimore, which was swiftly granted. With this, the Browns' 52-year history in St. Louis came to an end.
The St. Louis Browns were unique among 1950s baseball teams in that they moved eastward, not westward, and changed their name to make a deliberate break with their history. (Other teams that moved kept their nicknames:Brooklyn/Los Angeles Dodgers,New York/San Francisco Giants,Boston/Milwaukee/Atlanta Braves, andPhiladelphia/Kansas City/OaklandAthletics.)
In December 1954, General ManagerPaul Richards traded 17 players to theNew York Yankees, including most former Browns of note still on the Baltimore roster, dramatically changing the team.[12] This remains the biggest trade in baseball history.[12] Though the deal did little to improve the short-term competitiveness of the club, it helped establish a fresh identity for the Orioles franchise. The Orioles make almost no mention of their past as the Browns. However, in 2003, when they returned to St Louis for the first time since they moved, they wore throwback Browns uniforms.[13][14]
In August 1979, new ownerEdward Bennett Williams bought back the shares Barnes had sold to the public in 1936, returning the franchise to private control and removing one of the last remaining links to the Browns era. The buyout price was not published. However, given the Orioles' prosperity over their then-25 years in Baltimore, the owners likely made a considerably large return on their investment.
The Browns, like theWashington Senators, were associated mostly with losing. The Senators became the butt of a well-knownvaudeville joke, "First in war, first in peace, and last in the American League" (a twist on the famous"Light Horse Harry" Lee eulogy forGeorge Washington: "First in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen"). A spin-off joke was coined for the Browns: "First inshoes, first inbooze, and last in the American League." (On October 2, 1944, cartoonistAmadee drew the St. LouisWeatherbird in a Browns uniform, standing on its head, with the legend "And first in the American League!")[15]
Many older fans[who?] in St. Louis remember the Browns fondly, and some have formed societies to keep the memory of the team alive. The former in-town rival Cardinals have honored George Sisler with a commemorative statue outsideBusch Stadium, and generally take up the responsibility for honoring the Browns[citation needed].
The Browns'Rollie Stiles, 100, died July 22, 2007, inSt. Louis County. He was believed to be the oldest former major leaguer at the time, and the last living pitcher to have facedBabe Ruth.[16]
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