This article is about a holiday sometimes called May Day. For the traditional spring holiday, seeMay Day. For other labour-related holidays, seeLabour Day (disambiguation).
International Workers' Day
2013 International Workers’ Day demonstration in Austria
International Workers' Day, also known asLabour Day in some countries[1] and often referred to asMay Day,[2][3] is a celebration oflabourers and theworking classes that is promoted by the internationallabour movement and occurs every year on 1 May,[4][5] or the first Monday in May.[6][7]
Traditionally, 1 May is the date of the European spring festival ofMay Day. TheInternational Workers Congress held in Paris in 1889 established theSecond International for labor, socialist, and Marxist parties. It adopted a resolution for a "great international demonstration" in support of working-class demands for theeight-hour day. The 1 May date was chosen by theAmerican Federation of Labor to commemorate a general strike in the United States, which had begun on 1 May 1886 and culminated in theHaymarket affair four days later. The demonstration subsequently became a yearly event.[5] The 1904Sixth Conference of the Second International, called on "all Social Democratic Party organisations and trade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the eight-hour day, for the class demands of theproletariat, and foruniversal peace".[8]
The 1st of May, or first Monday in May, is a nationalpublic holiday in many countries, in most cases known as "International Workers' Day" or a similar name. Some countries celebrate aLabour Day on other dates significant to them, such as theUnited States andCanada, which celebrateLabor Day on the first Monday of September.[9] In 1955, theCatholic Church dedicated 1 May to "Saint Joseph the Worker". Saint Joseph is thepatron saint of workers and craftsmen, among others.[10][11]
Labor Celebration days existed in some European countries since the end of 18th century[12] - sometimes on January 20 (France, 1793),[13] sometimes on June 5 (France, 1867).[14]
On 21 April 1856, Australianstonemasons inVictoria undertook a mass stoppage as part of theeight-hour workday movement.[15] It became a yearly commemoration, inspiring American workers to have their first stoppage.[16] 1 May was chosen to be International Workers' Day to commemorate the 1886Haymarket affair inChicago.[17] In that year beginning on 1 May, there was a general strike for the eight-hour workday. On 4 May, the police acted to disperse a public assembly in support of the strike when an unidentified person threw a bomb. The police responded by firing on the workers. The event led to the deaths of seven police officers and at least four civilians; sixty police officers were injured, as were one hundred and fifteen civilians.[18][19] Hundreds of labour leaders and sympathizers were later rounded-up and four were executed by hanging, after a trial that was seen as amiscarriage of justice.[20][nb 1] The following day on 5 May, inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, thestate militia fired on a crowd of strikers killing seven, including a schoolboy and a man feeding chickens in his yard.[22]
In 1889, the firstmeeting of theSecond International was held inParis, following a proposal byRaymond Lavigne [fr] that called for international demonstrations on the 1890 anniversary of the Chicago protests.[5] On 1 May 1890, the call encouraged May Day demonstrations took place in the United States and most countries in Europe.[23] Demonstrations were also held in Chile and Peru.[23] May Day was formally recognized as an annual event at the International'ssecond congress in 1891.[24][25] Subsequently, theMay Day riots of 1894 occurred. TheInternational Socialist Congress, Amsterdam 1904 called on "allSocial Democratic Party organisations andtrade unions of all countries to demonstrate energetically on the First of May for the legal establishment of the 8-hour day, for the class demands of the proletariat, and for universal peace."[8] The congress made it "mandatory upon theproletarian organisations of all countries to stop work on 1 May, wherever it is possible without injury to the workers."[8]
In the United States and Canada, a September holiday, called Labor orLabour Day, was first proposed in the 1880s. In 1882,Matthew Maguire, amachinist, first proposed a Labor Day holiday on the first Monday of September[nb 2] while serving as secretary of theCentral Labor Union (CLU) of New York.[26] Others argue that it was first proposed byPeter J. McGuire of theAmerican Federation of Labor in May 1882,[27] after witnessing the annuallabour festival held inToronto,Canada.[28] In 1887,Oregon was the first state of the United States to make it an officialpublic holiday. By the time it became an officialfederal holiday in 1894, thirtyUS states officially celebrated Labor Day.[27] Thus by 1887 in North America, Labour Day was an established, official holiday but in September,[29] not on 1 May.
May Day has also been a focal point fordemonstrations by various socialist, communist and anarchist groups since the Second International. May Day is one of the most important holidays in communist countries such asChina,Vietnam,Cuba,Laos,North Korea, and the formerSoviet Union countries. May Day celebrations in these countries typically feature elaborate workforce parades, including displays of military hardware and soldiers.
Eastern Bloc countries such as the Soviet Union and most countries of central and eastern Europe that were under the rule ofMarxist–Leninist governments held official May Day celebrations in every town and city, during which party leaders greeted the crowds. Workers carried banners with political slogans and many companies decorated their company cars. The biggest celebration of 1 May usually occurred in the capital of a particular socialist country and usually included a military display and the presence of the president and the secretary general of the party. During theCold War, May Day became the occasion for largemilitary parades inRed Square by theSoviet Union and attended by the top leaders of theKremlin, especially thePolitburo, atopLenin's Mausoleum. It became an enduring symbol of that period. InPoland, since 1982, party leaders led the official parades. In Hungary, May Day was officially celebrated under the communist rule, and remains a public holiday. Traditionally, the day was marked by dancing around designated "May trees".[30] Some factories in socialist countries were named in honour of International Workers' Day, such as1 Maja Coal Mine inWodzisław Śląski, Poland. InEast Germany, the holiday was officially known asInternationaler Kampf- und Feiertag der Werktätigen für Frieden und Sozialismus ("International Day of the Struggle and Celebration of the Workers for Peace and Socialism"); similar names were used in other Eastern Bloc countries.
1 May is a holiday inGhana. It is a day to celebrate all workers across the country. It is celebrated with a parade by trade unions and labour associations.[35] The parades are normally addressed by the Secretary General of the trade union congress and by regional secretaries in the regions.[35] Workers from different workplaces through banners and T-shirts identify their companies.[35]
InKenya, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as Labour Day. It is a big day addressed by the leaders of the workers' umbrella union body – theCentral Organisation of Trade Unions (COTU). The Cabinet Secretary in charge of Ministry of Labour and Social Protection (and occasionally the President) address the workers. Each year, the government approves (and increases) theminimum wage on Labour Day.[36]
InLibya, International Workers' Day was declared a national public holiday by theNational Transitional Council in 2012 the first year of the post-Qaddafi era.[37]
InMauritius, 1 May is a public holiday celebrated as Labour Day. It was celebrated for the first time in Mauritius on 1 May 1938, and for the first time as an official public holiday on 1 May 1950. This was thanks largely to the efforts of Guy Rozemont, Dr. Maurice Curé, Pandit Sahadeo and Emmanuel Anquetil, as a day of special significance for Mauritian workers who for many years had struggled for their social, political and economic rights.[39]
Since 1981, 1 May is a public holiday inNigeria. On the day, people gather while, traditionally, the president of theNigeria Labour Congress and other politicians address workers.[43]
InSouth Africa, Workers' Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 1 May each year since 1995.[45] Workers' Day started to get more attention by African workers in 1928, which saw thousands of workers in a mass march. In 1950, theSouth African Communist Party called for a strike on 1 May in response to theSuppression of Communism Act declaring it illegal. Police violence caused the death of 18 people across Soweto. It has its origins within the historical struggles of workers and their trade unions internationally for solidarity between working people in their struggles to win fair employment standards and more importantly, to establish a culture of human and worker rights and to ensure that these are enshrined in international law and the national law.[46]
In 1986, the hundredth anniversary of the Haymarket affair, theCongress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) called for the government to establish an official holiday on 1 May. It also called for workers to stay home from work that day.[47] COSATU was joined by a number of prominent anti-apartheid organizations, including theNational Education Crisis Committee and theUnited Democratic Front (South Africa).[48] The call was also supported by a number of organizations regarded as conservative, such as theAfrican Teachers' Association of South Africa, theNational African Federated Chamber of Commerce, and the Steel and Engineering Industries Federation of South Africa, an organization that represented employers in the metal industries.[48] More than 1,500,000 workers observed the call and stayed home, as did thousands of students, taxi drivers, vendors, shopkeepers, domestic workers, and self-employed people.[48] In the following years, 1 May became a popular, if not official, holiday.[47] As a result of the killings on 1 May 1950 and the success of COSATU's call in 1986, 1 May became associated with resistance to the apartheid government. After itsfirst universal election in 1994, 1 May was adopted as a public holiday, celebrated for the first time in 1995.[47] On its website, the city ofDurban states that the holiday "celebrate[s] the role played by trade unions and other labour movements in the fight against South Africa's apartheid regime".[49]
InArgentina, Workers' Day is an official holiday on 1 May, and is frequently associated with labour unions. Celebrations related to labour are held including demonstrations in major cities.
The first Workers' Day celebration was in 1890, when Argentinian unions organized several celebrations inBuenos Aires and other cities, at the same time that the international labour movement celebrated it for the first time.[55] In 1930, it was established as an official holiday by theRadical Civic Union presidentHipólito Yrigoyen. The day became particularly significant during the worker-oriented government ofJuan Domingo Perón (1946–55).[56] He permitted and endorsed national recognition of the holiday during his tenure in office.
1 May is known as Labour Day and is a holiday.[58] By custom, it is usually the day on which wage increases (e.g., the national minimum wage) and other labour improvements are announced by the Government. In recent years it was also the day chosen by the Bolivian government to announce the (re)nationalization of strategic sectors of the economy (e.g. hydrocarbons in 2006, telecommunications in 2008, electricity in 2010, etc.).
In Canada,Labour Day is celebrated in September. In 1894, the government of Prime MinisterJohn Sparrow David Thompson declared the first Monday in September as Canada's official Labour Day. Labor Day in the United States is on the same day.
International Workers' Day is however marked by unions and leftists on 1 May. It is an important day of trade union and community group protest in the province ofQuebec (though not a provincialstatutory holiday). Celebration of the International Labour Day (or "International Workers' Day";French:Journée internationale des travailleurs) inMontreal goes back to 1906, organized by the Mutual Aid circle. The tradition had a renaissance at the time of a mass strike in 1972. On the 1973 Labour Day, the first contemporary demonstration was organized by the major trade union confederations; over 30,000 trade unionists took part in this demonstration. Further, it is the customary date on which theminimum wage rises.[60]
PresidentCarlos Ibáñez del Campo decreed 1 May a national holiday in 1931, in honour of the dignity of workers.[61] All stores and public services must close for the entire day, and the major trade unions of Chile, represented in the national organizationWorkers' United Center of Chile (Central Unitaria de Trabajadores), organize rallies during the morning hours, with festivities and cookouts in the later part of the day, in all the major cities of Chile. During these rallies, representatives of the major left-wing political parties speak to the assemblies on the issues of the day concerning workers' rights.
1 May has long been recognized as Labour Day and almost all workers respect it as a national holiday.[62] As in many other countries, it is common to see rallies by the trade unions in all over the main regional capitals of the country.[63]
First celebrated in 1913,[64] labor day is a public holiday, and at the same time an important day for government activities. On this day, thePresident of Costa Rica gives a speech to the citizens and thelegislature of Costa Rica about the duties that were undertaken through the previous year. The president of the legislature is also chosen by its members.[65]
This day is known as Labour Day in Cuba. People march in the streets, showing their support to theCuban Communist government and theCuban Revolution during the whole morning.[66]
In Ecuador, 1 May is an official public holiday known as Labour Day. People do not go to work and spend time with their relatives or gather for demonstrations.[68]
Socialists in Union Square, New York City, on 1 May 1912
In the United States, a "Labor Day", celebrated on the first Monday in September was given increasing state recognition from 1887, and became an officialfederal holiday in 1894.[29]
Efforts to switch Labor Day from September to 1 May have not been successful.
In 1947, 1 May was established asLoyalty Day by the U.S.Veterans of Foreign Wars as a way to counter communist influence and recruitment at International Workers' Day rallies.[77] Loyalty Day was celebrated across the country with patriotic parades and ceremonies, however the growing conflict over U.S. involvement in Vietnam detracted from the popularity of these celebrations.[77] In 1958, theAmerican Bar Association campaigned to have 1 May designated asLaw Day, which was acknowledged in 1961 by a joint resolution of Congress.[78] Law Day exercises, such as mock trials and courthouse tours, are often sponsored by the American Bar Association.
Unions and Political organizations includinganarchist groups and socialist and communist parties have kept the International Workers' Day tradition alive with rallies and demonstrations. In 1919 especially large demonstrations took place, and violence greeted the normally peaceful parades inBoston,New York, andCleveland anda number of people were killed.[79][80] In Milwaukee, an annual commemoration takes place at the site of the killing of seven workers during an 8-hour march.[22] Some of the largest examples of this occurred during theGreat Depression of the 1930s, when hundreds of thousands of workers marched in International Workers' Dayparades in New York'sUnion Square, while cities likeChicago andDuluth saw large demonstrations organized by theCommunist Party.
In 2006, 1 May was chosen by mostlyLatinoimmigrant groups in the United States as the day for theGreat American Boycott, ageneral strike of undocumented immigrant workers and supporters to protestH.R. 4437, immigration reform legislation that they felt was draconian.From 10 April to 1 May of that year, immigrant families in the U.S. called for immigrant rights, workers' rights and amnesty for undocumented workers. They were joined by socialist and other leftist organizations on 1 May.[81][82] On 1 May 2007, a mostly peaceful demonstration inLos Angeles in support of undocumented immigrant workers ended with a widely televiseddispersal by police officers. In March 2008, theInternational Longshore and Warehouse Union announced thatdockworkers will move nocargo at anyWest Coast ports on 1 May 2008, as a protest against the continuation of theIraq War and the diversion of resources from domestic needs.[83]
On 1 May 2012, members ofOccupy Wall Street and labor unions held protests together in a number of cities in the United States and Canada to commemorate International Workers' Day and to protest the state of the economy and economic inequality.[84][85]
On 1 May 2017, immigrants' rights advocates, labor unions and leftists held protests against the immigration and economic policies of PresidentDonald Trump in cities throughout the US, Chicago and Los Angeles having some of the largest marches.[86][87]
On 1 May 2020, during theCOVID-19 pandemic, "workers atAmazon,Whole Foods,Instacart,Walmart,FedEx,Target, andShipt say they will walk off the job ... to protest their employers’ failure to provide basic protections for frontline workers who are risking and losing their lives at work."[88] Additionally, on the same day, there will be arent strike, the largest in nearly a century.[89]
On 1 May 2021,black bloc protesters clashed with police in Oakland & Portland. Numerous other May Day activities occurred across the country.[90]
In Uruguay, 1 May – Workers' Day – is an official holiday. Even when it is associated with labour unions, almost all workers tend to respect it. Since the late 1990s, the main event takes place at theFirst of May Square in Montevideo.[citation needed]
InVenezuela, Workers' Day (El Día del Trabajador) is celebrated on 1 May since 1936, but from 1938 to 1945 it was held on 24 July, by an order ofEleazar López Contreras. However,Isaías Medina Angarita changed it back to 1 May in 1945.[91]
International Workers' Day celebration in Beijing on 1 May 1952
1 May is a statutory holiday in thePeople's Republic of China. It was a three-day holiday until 2008, but was only one day after 2008.[92][93] During aGolden Week, surrounding weekends are rescheduled so that workers have seven continuous days off before 2009 and four to five continuous days after 2018.[94]
International Workers' Day is not officially designated by the Japanese government as a national holiday, but as it lies between other national holidays, it is a day off work for the vast majority of Japanese workers. Many employers give it as a day off, and otherwise workers take it as "paid leave". 1 May occurs during "Golden Week", together with 29 April ("Shōwa Day"), 3 May ("Constitution Memorial Day"), 4 May ("Greenery Day") and 5 May ("Children's Day").[99] Workers generally take the day off work not so much to join street rallies or labour union gatherings, but more to go on holiday for several consecutive days (in Japanese corporate culture, taking weekdays off for personal pleasure is widely frowned upon).
Some major labour unions organize rallies and demonstrations inTokyo,[100]Osaka, andNagoya.[101] Japan has a long history of labour activism and has had a communist and socialist party in theDiet since 1945. In 2008, the National Confederation of Trade Unions (Zenrōren) held a rally inYoyogi Park attended by 44,000 participants, while the National Trade Unions Council (Zenrōkyō) held its May Day rally atHibiya Park.[citation needed]Rengō, the largest Japanese trade union, held its May Day rally on the following Saturday (3 May), allegedly to distance itself from the more radical labour unions.[citation needed]
In theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea, 1 May is known as International Workers' Day, and is a public holiday. Celebrations, local meetings and rallies are held every year throughout the country to honor the holiday.[102] TheRungnado May Day Stadium in the capital ofPyongyang is named in honor of the holiday.
1st of May demonstration of theSPÖ at Rathausplatz inVienna
Labour Day (Tag der Arbeit), officially calledStaatsfeiertag (state's holiday), is apublic holiday in Austria. Left parties, especially social democrats organize celebrations with marches and speeches in all major cities. In smaller towns and villages those marches are held the night before.[citation needed]
In Belgium, Labour Day (Dutch:Dag van de Arbeid,Feest van de Arbeid,French:Journée des travailleurs,Fête du travail), is observed on 1 May and is anofficial holiday since 1948.[106] Various socialist and communist organizations hold parades and other events in different cities.[107]
In Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1 and 2 May (Bosnian andSerbian:Prvi Maj /Први Mај,Croatian:Prvi Svibanj) are an official holiday and day-off for public bodies and schools at the national level. Most people celebrate this holiday by visiting natural parks and resorts. Additionally, in some places public events are organized. In its capital city, Sarajevo, 12 and 13 June are also celebrated as Labour day[citation needed] due to its many natural parks and springs.
Labour Day is one of thepublic holidays in Bulgaria, where it is known asLabour Day and International Workers' Solidarity Day (Bulgarian:Ден на труда и на международната работническа солидарност) and celebrated annually on 1 May.[108] The first attempt to celebrate it was in 1890 by the Bulgarian Typographical Association. In 1939, Labour Day was declared an official holiday. Since 1945 the communist authorities in thePeople's Republic of Bulgaria began to celebrate the holiday every year. After the end of socialism in Bulgaria in 1989 Labour Day continues to be an official and public holiday, but state authorities are not committed to the organization of mass events.[citation needed]
In Croatia, 1 May is a national holiday, Labour Day. Many public events are organized and held all over the country where bean soup is given out to all people as a symbol of a real workers' dish. Red carnations are also handed out to symbolise the origin of the day. InZagreb, the capital, a major gathering is inMaksimir Park, which is located in the east part of Zagreb. In Split, city on the coast, people go to Marjan, a park-forest at the western end of Split peninsula.[109]
In Cyprus, 1 May (Greek:Εργατική Πρωτομαγιά) is considered as an official Public Holiday (Labour Day). In general, all stores remain closed in public and private sector. The Labor Union and Syndicates celebrate with various festivals and events across the country.[citation needed]
InDenmark, 1 May is not an official holiday, but a variety of individuals, mostly in the public sector, construction industry, and production industry, get a half or a whole day off. It was first celebrated inCopenhagen in 1890. The location of the first celebration, theFælledparken, still plays an important part today with speeches by politicians and trade unionists to mark the occasion. Many other events are also held around the country to commemorate the day.[111]
InEstonia, 1 May is a public holiday and celebrated as part of May Day (Kevadpüha). It also coincides with Walpurgis Day (volbripäev).[citation needed]
In Finland, 1 May is an official and national holiday. It is mainly celebrated as a feast of students, and spring, calledvappu or Walpurgis Night.[112] Finland also celebrates Workers' Day (officially:suomalaisen työn päivä, "day of Finnish labour") on the same day.[citation needed]
In France, 1 May is a public holiday called Workers' Day (French:Fête du Travail). It is, in fact, the only day of the year when employees are legally obliged to be given leave, save professions that cannot be interrupted due to their nature (such as workers in hospitals and public transport).[113] Demonstrations and marches are a Labour Day tradition in France, where trade unions organize parades in major cities to defend workers' rights.It is also customary to offer alily of the valley to friends or family. This custom dates back to 1561, when kingCharles IX, aged 10, waiting for his accession to the throne, gave a lily of the valley to all ladies present. Today, the fiscal administration exempts individuals and workers' organizations from any tax or administrative duties related to the sales of lilies of the valley, provided they are gathered from the wild, and not bought to be resold.
In April 1933, the recently installedNazi government declared 1 May the "Day of National Work", an official state holiday, and announced that all celebrations were to be organized by the government. Any separate celebrations byCommunists,Social Democrats orlabour unions were banned.[citation needed] AfterWorld War II, 1 May remained a state holiday in bothEast andWest Germany. In communistEast Germany, workers werede facto required to participate in large state-organized parades on May Day.[citation needed] Today in Germany it is simply called "Labour Day" (Tag der Arbeit), and there are numerous demonstrations and celebrations by independent workers' organizations. Today,Berlin witnesses yearly demonstrations on Labour Day, the largest organised by labour unions, political parties, thefar left and the leftistAutonomen.
Since 1987, Labour Day has also become known for riots in some districts of Berlin. After police actions against radical leftists in that year's annual demonstrations, theAutonomen scattered and sought cover at the ongoing annual street fair inKreuzberg. Three years prior to thereunification of Germany, violent protests would only take place in the formerWest Berlin. The protesters began tipping over police cars, violently resisting arrest, and began buildingbarricades after the police withdrew due to the unforeseen resistance. Cars were set on fire, shops plundered and burned to the ground. The police eventually ended the riots the following night. These violent forms of protests by the radical left later increasingly involved participants without political motivation.[114]
Annual street fairs have proven an effective way to prevent riots, and May Day in 2005 and 2006 have been among the most peaceful known to Berlin in nearly 25 years. In recent years,neo-Nazis and other groups on thefar right, such as theNational Democratic Party of Germany, have used the day to schedule public demonstrations, often leading to clashes with left-wing protesters, which turned especially violent inLeipzig in 1998 and 2005.[citation needed]
May Day violence flared up again in 2010. After an approved far-right demonstration was blocked by leftists, a parade by an estimated 10,000 leftists and anarchists turned violent and resulted in an active response by theBerlin Police.[115]
Hungary celebrates 1 May as a national holiday, Workers' Day (Hungarian:A munka ünnepe), with open-air festivities and fairs all over the country. Many towns raise May poles and festivals with various themes are organized around the holiday. Left-wing parties and trade unions hold public rallies commemorating Labour Day.[118]
In Iceland, Labour Day (Icelandic:Baráttudagur verkalýðsins) is a public holiday. The first demonstration for workers rights in Iceland occurred in 1923. A parade composed of trade unions and other groups marches through towns and cities across the country and speeches are delivered.[119] However, some private businesses are open, mainly in the capital.[120]
TheIrish Congress of Trade Unions (ICTU) marks International Workers' Day with rallies inBelfast andDublin and other events such as lectures, concerts and film screenings also take place around a wider May Day festival.[121][122] The first Monday in May has been apublic holiday in the Republic of Ireland since 1994[123] and in Northern Ireland since 1978.[124] In the Republic the public holiday was demanded by the ICTU[125] and proposed by theLabour Party in negotiatingits 1992–94 coalition government withFianna Fáil, and marked the centenary of the ICTU's predecessor, theIrish Trades Union Congress.[126] The public holiday has no official designation, as "Workers' Day" or otherwise.[127] In 2005, Labour'sRuairi Quinn condemned an alleged Fianna Fáil proposal to replace the May holiday with one on 24 April commemorating the1916 Rising as a slight to workers. The proposal was, in actuality, for an extra holiday – rather than a replacement.[128]
Traditional 1 May Concert in St. John Lateran square,Rome
The first International Workers' Day celebration inItaly took place in 1890. It started initially as an attempt to celebrate workers' achievements in their struggle for their rights and for better social and economic conditions.[citation needed] It was abolished under theFascist regime and immediately restored after theSecond World War. (During the fascist period, a "Holiday of the Italian Labour" (Festa del lavoro italiano) was celebrated on 21 April, the date ofNatale di Roma, whenRome was allegedly founded.[citation needed]) In 1947, following an unexpected electoral victory of thePopular Democratic Front inSicily, local secessionists and pro-USA mafia hitmen killed 14 and injured 27 firing machine guns at an International Workers' Day celebration in thePortella della Ginestra Massacre.International Workers' Day is now an important celebration in Italy and is a national holiday regardless of what day of the week it falls. TheConcerto del Primo Maggio ("1st of May Concert"), organized by Italian labour unions in Rome inPiazza di Porta San Giovanni has become an important event in recent years. Every year the concert is attended by a large audience of mostly young people and involves the participation of many famous bands and songwriters, lasting from 15:00 until midnight. The concert is usually broadcast live onRai 3.[129] A second big concert is organised in the city ofTaranto and it is transmitted locally byTGR Apulia
In Lithuania, 1 May is an official public holiday celebrated as International Work Day (Lithuanian:Tarptautinė darbo diena).[130] Celebrations for workers' day were mandatory during theSoviet occupation, and carry a negative connotation as a result today. As Lithuaniadeclared its independence in 1990, Work Day lost its public holiday status, but regained it in 2001.[131][132]
In Luxembourg, 1 May, called theDag vun der Aarbecht ("Labour Day"), is a legal holiday traditionally associated with large demonstrations by trade unions in Luxembourg City and other cities.[134]
In Montenegro, 1 May is an official public holiday and a day off work and a day out of school. It is the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated.[136]
In the Netherlands, 1 May or Labour Day (Dutch:Dag van de Arbeid) is not an official holiday. This is due in part to its proximity to the national holiday,Koningsdag, which was celebrated on the day before until 2013. Labour movements also didn't see the need to agitate for an extra day off during thePost–World War II recovery efforts.Liberals who joined theLabour Party in this same period also wanted to distance themselves from theSoviet Union because ofCold War sentiments.[137]
In North Macedonia, 1 May (Macedonian:Ден на Трудот,Den na Trudot) is an official public holiday. Before 2007, 2 may was also a public holiday. People celebrate with friends and family at traditional picnics across the country, accompanied by the usual outdoor games, various grilled meats and beverages. Left organizations and some trade unions organize protests on 1 May.[138]
Norway's then Prime MinisterJens Stoltenberg gives his 1 May speech in 2009 inOslo, Norway.
In Norway, Labour Day (Norwegian:Arbeidernes Dag) is celebrated 1 May and is an official public holiday. It was introduced in 1942 byVidkun Quisling of theNasjonal Samling party modelled after the German Nationaler Feiertag des deutschen Volkes.[139]
In Poland, since the fall of communism, 1 May is officially celebrated asLabour Day.[140][141] it is currently celebrated without a specific connotation, and as such it is May Day. However, due to historical connotations, most of the large organized celebrations are focused around Labour Day festivities. It is customary for labour activists to organize parades in cities and towns across Poland. The holiday is also commonly referred to as "Labour Day" (Polish:Święto Pracy).[citation needed]
In Poland, Labour Day is closely followed byMay 3rd Constitution Day. These two dates combined often result in along weekend calledMajówka, which may last for up to 9 days from 28 April to 6 May, at the cost of taking only 3 days off. People often travel, andMajówka is unofficially considered the start of barbecuing season in Poland.[citation needed]
Between these two, on 2 May, there is a patriotic holiday, the Day of the Polish Flag (Dzień Flagi Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej), introduced by a parliamentary act of 20 February 2004. The day, however, does not force paid time off.[citation needed]
In Soviet times, streets, places, squares, parks and also factories were frequently named in honor of International Workers' Day, such as1 Maja Coal Mine inWodzisław Śląski.[citation needed]
In Portugal, Workers' Day (Portuguese:Dia do Trabalhador) on 1 May was suppressed during theEstado Novo dictatorship. The first workers' day demonstration was held a week after theCarnation Revolution of 25 April 1974. It is still the largest demonstration in the history of Portugal. It is used as an opportunity for workers and workers' groups to voice their discontent over working conditions in demonstrations across Portugal, the largest being held in Lisbon. It is an official public holiday.[142]
Delegates of the Romanian Communist Party on 1 May 1965
In Romania, 1 May, known as the "International Labour Day" (Romanian:Ziua internațională a muncii), the "International Workers' Day" (Ziua internațională a muncitorilor), or simply "1/First of May" (1/Întâi Mai), is an officialpublic holiday. During thecommunist regime, like in all former Eastern Bloc countries, the day was marked by large state-organized parades in most towns and cities. After theRomanian Revolution of 1989, 1 May continues to be an official public holiday, but without any state organized events or parades. Most people celebrate together with friends and family, organisingpicnics andbarbecues. It is also the first day of the year when people, especially those from the southeastern part of the country including the capitalBucharest, go to spend the day in one of theRomanian Black Sea resorts.[citation needed]
Russian Communist Workers' Party demonstration on 1 May 2008 inIzhevsk
InRussia, the "Day of International Workers Solidarity, the 1st of May" (Russian:День международной солидарности трудящихся Первое ма́я) was celebrated illegally in the country until theFebruary Revolution enabled the first legal celebration in 1917. The following year, after theBolshevikseizure of power, the May Day celebrations were boycotted byMensheviks,Left Socialist Revolutionaries andanarchists. It became an important official holiday of the Soviet Union, celebrated with elaborate popular parade in the centre of the major cities. The biggest celebration was traditionally organized inRed Square, where theGeneral Secretary of the CPSU and other party and government leaders stood atopLenin's Mausoleum and waved to the crowds. Until 1969, the holiday was marked bymilitary parades throughout theRussian SFSR and the union republics.[citation needed] The following was the order of the march past:
In 1991, which preceded the last year that demonstrations were held in Red Square, May Day grew into high-spirited political action. Around 50,000 people participated in a rally in Red Square in 1991 after which the tradition was interrupted for 13 years. In the early post-Soviet period the holiday turned into massive political gatherings of supporters of radically minded politicians. For instance, an action dubbed as "a rally of communist-oriented organisations" was held in Red Square in 1992. The rally began with performance of the Soviet Union anthem and raising the Red Flag and ended with appeals from the leader of opposition movement Working Moscow,Viktor Anpilov, "for early dismissal of PresidentBoris Yeltsin, oustingMoscow MayorGavriil Popov from power and putting the latter on trial". Since 1992, May Day is officially called "Spring and Labor Day", and remains a major holiday in present-day Russia.
After the demonstrators broke through the cordon, OMON went on a counterattack near house 37 along Leninsky Avenue. "The demonstrators fought fiercely using banner poles." To overcome the barriers, the demonstrators used trucks as rams. One of the rams resulted in severe injuries to OMON Sergeant Vladimir Tolokneyev, who died four days later. Media reports on the number of victims varied: the initial figure of 150 people soon quadrupled.[147]
1 May is celebrated annually by communists, anarchists, and other organizations as the Day of International Solidarity of Workers. These events are accompanied by the promotion of sharp social and political slogans ("Government of bankrupts - resign!", "WE do not want to pay for YOUR crisis!", "Self-organization! Self-government! Self-defense!" etc.).[148][149]
The slogans of official events organized by the authorities are far from the historical roots of the May Day demonstrations: "Putin's plan is a plan for Victory!", "Bonuses for pensioners", "Three kids in a family is the norm!".[152]
A more radical attitude to the holiday in 2009 was expressed by the head of the metropolitan branch of theRight Cause party, Igor Trunov: "To be honest, I didn't really want to celebrate 1 May, because I don't stand in solidarity with the workers of Chicago, where this holiday came from".[153]
On 1 May 2013, several hundred thousand workers took to the streets of Russian cities. More than 100,000 people took part in the May Day demonstration in Moscow.[154]
Since 2014 a national civil parade has been held on 1 May on Red Square, with similar events held in major cities and regional capitals.
In 2016, the celebration of Easter and May Day overlapped,[155] which led to the abandonment of May Day events in some regions.[156]
In Serbia, 1 May (and also 2 May) is a day off work and a day out of school. It is one of the major popular holidays, and the only official holiday from socialist times that is still officially celebrated. People celebrate it all over the country. By tradition 1 May is celebrated by countryside picnics and outdoor barbecues. May is marked by warm weather in Serbia. InBelgrade, the capital, most people go toAvala orKošutnjak, which are parks located inRakovica andČukarica. People go around the country to enjoy nature. A major religious holiday ofDjurdjevdan is on 6 May so quite often days off work are given to connect these two holidays and weekend, creating a small spring break. 1 May is celebrated by most of the population regardless of political views.
In Slovenia, 1 May and 2 May are public holidays. There are many official events all over the country to celebrate workers' day. InLjubljana, the capital, the main celebration is held onRožnik Hill in the city. On the night of 30 April, bonfires are traditionally burned.[158]
In Spain, the first Workers' Day (Día del Trabajador) was celebrated in 1889 but only became a public holiday with the beginning of theSpanish Second Republic in 1931. It was banned afterwards by theFranco regime in 1937.[159] The year after it was decreed that the "Fiesta de la Exaltación del Trabajo," or Labor Festival, be held on 18 July, the anniversary of theFrancoistmilitary coup, instead.[160] After the death ofFrancisco Franco in 1975 and the move towards democracy, the first large rallies on 1 May began again in 1977. It was re-introduced as a public holiday in 1978.[161] Commonly, peaceful demonstrations and parades occur in major and minor cities.[162][163]
Recognizing the central contributions of workers and international worker solidarity in Swedish social, economic, political and cultural development, May Day demonstrations are an important part of Swedish politics and culture for social democrats, left parties, and unions. In Stockholm theSocial Democratic Party always marches towardsNorra Bantorget, the historical, physical centre of the Swedish labour movement, where they hold speeches in front of the headquarters of theSwedish Trade Union Confederation, while the smallerLeft Party marches in larger numbers[164] towardsKungsträdgården.
Since 1967, theCommunist Party and itsyouth wing,Revolutionary Communist Youth, have held their own May Day march, known asRöd Front ('Red Front').[165] In 2016, Röd Front marches were held at 33 locations across the country.[166] The largest Röd Front marches are usually held in the industrial and financial port town ofGothenburg, Sweden's second-largest city and one of the party's strongholds.[167][168]
In Switzerland, the status of 1 May differs depending on thecanton and sometimes on the municipality. Labour Day is known asTag der Arbeit in German-speaking cantons, asFête du travail in the French-speaking cantons, and asFesta del lavoro in the Italian-speaking canton ofTicino.
In the cantons ofBasel-Landschaft,Basel-Stadt,Jura,Neuchâtel, andZürich, Labour Day is an official public holiday equal to Sundays, based on federal law (Bundesgesetz über die Arbeit in Industrie, Gewerbe und Handel, article 20a).
In the cantons ofSchaffhausen,Thurgau, andTicino, Labour Day is an official "day off" (Ruhetag). This is equal in practice to an official public holiday, but is not based on federal law and cantonal regulations may differ in details.
In the canton ofSolothurn it is an official half-day holiday (starting at 12 noon).
In the canton ofFribourg, public servants get the afternoon off, many companies follow this practice.
In the canton ofAargau it is not an official holiday, but most employees get the afternoon off.
In the municipalities ofHildisrieden andSchüpfheim (both in the canton ofLucerne) as well as inMuotathal (canton ofSchwyz), 1 May is an official public holiday, but as commemoration day of the localpatron saint, not as Labour Day. In the other parts of the cantons of Lucerne andSchwyz, 1 May is a regular work day.
In all other cantons, 1 May is a regular work day.[169]
The largest Labour Day celebrations in Switzerland are held in the city ofZürich. Each year,Zürich's 1 May committee, together with theSwiss Federation of Trade Unions, organizes a festival and 1 May rally. It is the largest rally held on a regular basis in Switzerland.[170]
Istanbul May Day clashes in 2013Workers marching toTaksim Square, 1 May 2012
1 May is an official holiday celebrated in Turkey. It was a holiday as "Spring Day" until 1981 when it was canceled after the1980 coup d'état. In 2009, the Turkish government restored the holiday after some casualties and demonstrations.Taksim Square is the centre of the celebrations due to theTaksim Square massacre.[citation needed]
Workers' Day was first celebrated in 1912 inIstanbul and in 1899 inİzmir. After the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923, the celebrations continued. In 1924, it was forbidden by a decree of theKemalist government in both 1924 and 1925, demonstrations were intervened by arm floats. In 1935, The National Assembly declared 1 May as "Spring Day" to be a public holiday.[171]
During the events leading to the 1980 Turkish coup d'état, a massacre occurred on 1 May 1977 (Taksim Square massacre), in which unknown people (agents provocateurs) opened fire on the crowd. The crowd was the biggest in Turkish workers' history with the number of people approximating 500,000. In the next two years, provocations and confusion continued and peaked before the 1980 coup d'état. The 1 May holiday was cancelled after the coup d'état. Still, demonstrations continued with small crowds, and in 1996, three people were killed by police bullets, and a plain-clothes man who spied in the crowd was revealed and lynched by workers. On the same evening, a video broadcast on TV showed that two participants in the demonstration were lynched by far right-wing nationalist groups and this lynching occurred in front of police forces who were watching the scene with happy faces. Thus, 1 May 1996 has been remembered by workers' movements.[171]
In 2007, the 30th anniversary of the Taksim Square Massacre, leftist workers' unions wanted to commemorate the massacre inTaksim Square. Since the government would not let them into the square, 580–700 people were stopped and 1 person died under police control. After these events, the government declared 1 May as "Work and Solidarity Day" but not as a holiday. In the next year, the day was declared as a holiday, but people were still not allowed to gather in Taksim Square.[172] The year 2008 was remembered with police violence in Istanbul. Police fired tear gas grenades among the crowds, and into hospitals and a primary school. Workers pushed forward so that in 2010, 140,000 people gathered in Taksim, and in 2011 there were more than half a million demonstrators.[citation needed]
After three years of peaceful meetings in 2013, meetings in Taksim Square were forbidden by the government. Clashes occurred between police and workers;water cannon andtear gas have been widely used.[173]
International Workers' Day is a public holiday in Ukraine, inherited from the Soviet era. The 1st May as a day of workers' solidarity in Kyiv began as early as 1894.[174] Until 2018, 2 May was also a public holiday (as in the Soviet era), instead in 2017Western Christianity'sChristmas celebrated 25 December became a new Ukrainian public holiday.[175][176] The 1 May International Workers' Day remained a Ukrainian public holiday, although it was renamed (also in 2017) from "Day of International Solidarity of Workers" to "Labour Day".[176]
Late May 2015laws that ban communist symbols came into effect in Ukraine, thus banning communist symbols, singing the Soviet national hymn or the Internationale.[178]
According to Interior MinisterArsen Avakov during the 2016 May Day rallies in some major cities the number ofpolice officers far outnumbered the number of rally participants.[179] With inDnipro 193 policemen protecting 25 rally participants.[179]
New Zealand workers were among the first in the world to claim the right for an eight-hour working day when, in 1840, the carpenterSamuel Parnell[185] won an eight-hour day inWellington. Labour Day was first celebrated in New Zealand on 28 October 1890.[186] Labour day falls every year on the fourth Monday of October.
In India, Labour Day is a not a public holiday on 1 May.[188] The May Day is tied to labour movements for communist and socialist political parties. Labour Day is known as "Uzhaipalar dhinam" inTamil and was first celebrated inMadras, "Kamgar Din" inHindi, "Karmikara Dinacharane" inKannada, "Karmika Dinotsavam" inTelugu, "Kamgar Divas" inMarathi, "Thozhilaali Dinam" inMalayalam and "Shromik Dibosh" inBengali. Since Labour day is not a national holiday, Labour day is observed as public holiday atState Government's discretion. Many parts especially inNorth Indian States it is not a public holiday.[189]
The Labour Kisan party has introduced May Day celebrations in Madras. Comrade Singaravelar presided over the meeting. A resolution was passed stating that the government should declare May Day as a holiday. The president of the party explained the non-violent principles of the party. There was a request for financial aid. It was emphasised that workers of the world must unite to achieve independence.
1 May is also celebrated as "Maharashtra Day"[193] and "Gujarat Day" to mark the date in 1960, when the two western states attained statehood after the erstwhileBombay State was divided on linguistic lines. Maharashtra Day is held atShivaji Park in centralMumbai. Schools and offices in Maharashtra remain closed on 1 May. A similar parade is held to celebrateGujarat Day inGandhinagar.
Maldives first observed the holiday in 2011, after a declaration byPresidentMohamed Nasheed. He noted that this move highlighted the government's commitment as well as efforts of private parties to protect and promote workers' rights in the Maldives.[195]
International Labour Day is observed in Pakistan on 1 May to commemorate the social and economic achievements of workers. It is a public and national holiday. Many organized street demonstrations take place on Labor Day, where workers and labor unions protest against labor repression and demand for more rights, better wages and benefits.[198]
In Sri Lanka, International Workers' Day was declared a public, bank, and mercantile holiday in 1956.[199] The government has held official May Day celebrations in major towns and cities, with the largest being in the capital,Colombo. During celebrations, it is common to witness party leaders greeting the crowds. Workers frequently carry banners with political slogans and many parties decorate their vehicles.[citation needed]
In Cambodia, it is known as International Labour Day and is a public holiday.[200] No marches for labour day were permitted in Cambodia for several years after the2013 Cambodian general election and surrounding mass protests. A tightly controlled march on a limited scale was first permitted again in 2019.[201]
International Workers' Day, or Labour Day, inIndonesia was first observed as a public holiday from 2014. Every year on the day, labourers take over the streets in major cities across the country, voicing their demands for better income & a supportive policy by the ministries.[202]
1 May is known as "Labor Day" (Filipino:Araw ng Manggagawa, also known asAraw ng Paggawa) and is apublic holiday in the Philippines. On this day, labour organizations and unions hold protests in major cities. On 1 May 1903, during theAmerican colonial period theUnión Obrera Democrática Filipina (Filipino Democratic Labor Union) held a rally in front of theMalacañang Palace demanding workers' economic rights and Philippine independence. In 1908, thePhilippine Assembly passed a bill officially recognizing 1 May as a national holiday. In 1913, the first official celebration was held on 1 May 1913 when 36 labour unions convened for a congress inManila.[205]
During thePresidency of Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, a policy was adopted calledholiday economics policy that moved holidays to either a Monday or a Friday to create along weekend of three days. In 2002, Labor Day was moved to the Monday nearest to 1 May. Labour groups protested, as they accused the Arroyo administration of belittling the holiday.[206] By 2008, Labor Day was excluded in the holiday economics policy, returning the commemorations to 1 May, no matter what day of the week it falls on.[1]
In Vietnam, it is known as International Labour Day (Vietnamese:Ngày Quốc tế Lao động) and is a public holiday.[209] It was first adopted by theNguyễn dynasty on the 11th day of the 9th month of the 16th year of theBảo Đại Emperor (30 October 1941) by imperial decree.[209] Later on 29 April 1946 PresidentHồ Chí Minh issuedSắc lệnh số 56 (Decree No. 56) which adopted the holiday for theDemocratic Republic of Vietnam.[209]
According to the decree "workers in public offices, private offices and factories throughout the country are entitled to a day off from work. International Labour 1.5 and still receive the same salary as a working day…".[209] On 1 May 1946 the first International Labour Day of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was held.[209]
InIran, 1 May is known as the International Workers' Day. It is not a public holiday but according to article 63 ofIranian labour law on top of the official public holidays observed in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Labour Day shall be considered an official holiday for workers.[211]
After historically varying popularity of Labour Day, 1 May is not an official holiday in theState of Israel. In the 1980s there were several large marches in Tel Aviv, numbering as much as 350,000 in 1983 and perhaps even more in 1988, but a steady decline in numbers led to only 5,000 marchers in 2010. During the 1990s businesses began to treat it like a regular working day as the number of Labour Day-related activities decreased.[213] 1 May is largely celebrated by theformer Soviet Jews whoimmigrated to Israel in the 1990s.[citation needed]
^I saw a man, whom I afterwards identified as Fielding [sic], standing on a truck wagon at the corner of what is known as Crane's Alley. I raised my baton and, in a loud voice, ordered them to disperse as peaceable citizens. I also called upon three persons in the crowd to assist in dispersing the mob. Fielding got down from the wagon, saying at the time, "We are peaceable," as he uttered the last word, I heard a terrible explosion behind where I was standing, followed almost instantly by an irregular volley of pistol shots in our front and from the sidewalk on the east side of the street, which was immediately followed by regular and well directed volleys from the police and which was kept up for several minutes. I then ordered the injured men brought to the stations and sent for surgeons to attend to their injuries. After receiving the necessary attention most of the injured officers were removed to the County Hospital and I highly appreciate the manner in which they were received by Warden McGarrigle who did all in his power to make them comfortable as possible.[21]
^"In 1884 the first Monday in September was selected as the holiday, as originally proposed"[26]
^5월 1일을 근로자의 날로 하고 이 날을 "근로기준법"에 의한 유급휴일로 한다. ("The first day of May each year shall be designated as Workers' Day, which shall be a paid holiday under the 'Labor Standards Act'.)"[103]
^The clashes were preceded by two circumstances: "the organizers deviated from the route allowed by the mayor's office," and the Moscow authorities decided to "obstruct the movement of the column along Leninsky Avenue." Subsequently, the authorities failed to rationally justify such a decision: the movement took place in the directionfrom the city center. The version that "the demonstrators are going to smash Gorbachev's dacha" remained unconfirmed. The demonstrators, who were moving along Leninsky Avenue from Oktyabrskaya Square, noticing the truck barriers, as well as the cordon of police officers and OMON, reorganized, putting forward a vanguard of 500-600 people, the most organized part of which was the squad of the National Salvation Front. A few tens of meters before the cordon, the column stepped up and almost immediately broke through the cordon. See the cited report byMemorial.
^The Penguin Encyclopedia. Penguin Books. 2004. p. 860.Labour / Labor Day A day of celebration, public demonstrations, and parades by trade unions and labour organizations , held in many countries on 1 May or theheld in many countries on 1 May or the first Monday in May
^"Labour Day 2024".Times of India. 1 May 2024.International Workers' Day, which is also called Labour Day or May Day, is celebrated in many countries ... In India, Labour Day or May Day is celebrated on May 1 every year; while some countries mark this on the first Monday in May.
^Hobsbawm, Eric (10 July 2009)."Birth of a Holiday: The First of May - Eric Hobsbawm".libcom.org.Archived from the original on 21 June 2021. Retrieved26 April 2021.In fact, the question was to be formally discussed at the Brussels International Socialist Congress of 1891, with the British and Germans opposing the French and Austrians on this point, and being outvoted.
^abThe Bridgemen's magazine. International Association of Bridge. Structural and Ornamental Iron Workers. 1921. pp. 443–44.Archived from the original on 1 May 2023. Retrieved4 September 2011.
^"调与休：黄金周长假的变迁" [Reconcile and rest: the change of Golden Week vacation].People's Daily (in Chinese).Xinhua News Agency. 27 November 2013.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved13 April 2022.从2000年国庆放假开始，对国庆、春节和劳动节这三个节的休假时间进行了统一调整，移动节日前后的两个周末四天和法定假期三天集中休假，这样共计7天时间[……]2008年，五一法定假期从3天改为1天，意味着五一黄金周被取消。 [Starting from the National Day holiday in 2000, the vacation time of the three festivals, National Day, Spring Festival and Labor Day, was adjusted, moving the two weekends before and after the holiday for four days and the legal holiday for three days to focus on vacation, so that a total of 7 days [...] In 2008, the May Day legal holiday was changed from 3 days to 1 day, meaning that the May Day Golden Week was cancelled.]
^""五一"假期延长至5天 解读黄金周背后的假如" ["May Day" holiday extended to 5 days: Explaining the assumptions behind the Golden Week].Xinhuanet (in Chinese). Chengdu Business News. 28 November 2019.Archived from the original on 13 April 2022. Retrieved13 April 2022.2020年则是在延续2019年"五一"休假安排的基础上，进一步拓展，通过调休再多增加了一天节日休假时间，从而形成了5天的"小长假"。 [In 2020, on the basis of the continuation of the "May Day" vacation arrangement in 2019, it further expands by adding one more day of holiday vacation time through the transfer, thus forming a 5-day "mini vacation".]
^"新闻背景：香港回归15年大事记" [News Background: Events in the 15 years since Hong Kong's return to China] (in Chinese).China News Service. 1 July 2012.Archived from the original on 2 July 2012. Retrieved1 May 2024.
^Schedule for May 1 Labour Day march and two rival meetings in downtown Reykjavík | However many stores nowadays are open and pay higher salaries to the workers instead on this day.
^Quinn, Ruairí (9 July 1993)."Vote 44: An Chomhairle Ealaíon".Dáil Éireann Debates. Oireachtas. pp. Vol.433 No.8 p.61 c.2084.Archived from the original on 8 May 2018. Retrieved8 May 2018.The Programme for a Partnership Government also committed the Government to appoint the first Monday in May to be a public holiday with effect from 1994, in recognition of the centenary of the foundation of the Irish Trades Union Congress. In deciding to introduce a new public holiday, the Government also took account of the fact ... that nine of our EC partners have a public holiday early in May.
^"Public holidays". Dublin: Citizens Information Board. 20 March 2018.Archived from the original on 17 November 2010. Retrieved8 May 2018.
^Gjerde, Åsmund Borgen; Thingsaker, Bjørn (2 May 2021)."Første mai".Archived from the original on 4 May 2021. Retrieved3 May 2021 – via Store norske leksikon.
^"May Day in Poland". Archived from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved1 May 2013.
^M.V.S. Koteswara Rao.Communist Parties and United Front – Experience in Kerala and West Bengal.Hyderabad: Prajasakti Book House, 2003. p. 110
^Report of May Day Celebrations 1923, and Formation of a New PartyThe Hindu quoted in Murugesan, K., Subramanyam, C.S.Singaravelu, First Communist in South India.New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1975. p. 169
^"2019".bot.or.th.Archived from the original on 1 May 2020. Retrieved16 October 2019.
^abcdeNguyễn Thu Hoài (21 January 2018)."Người lao động Việt Nam được nghỉ ngày 1.5 từ bao giờ?" (in Vietnamese). Trung tâm Lưu trữ quốc gia I (National Archives Nr. 1, Hanoi) - Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước (State Records And Archives Management Department Of Việt Nam).Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved4 February 2022.
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