Inphilosophy,spiritualism[a] is the concept, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is animmaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.[3] This includes philosophies that postulate apersonal God, theimmortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume auniversal mind or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purelymaterialistic interpretations.[3]
Generally, any philosophical position, be itdualism,monism,atheism,theism,pantheism,idealism or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.[3][4] Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.[4]
A particular form of spiritualism, frequently called neo-spiritualism, is that formulated by the French philosopher Jules Lachelier (CE 1834-1918), who was the teacher of the French philosophers Emile Boutroux (CE 1845-1921) and Henri Bergson (CE 1859-1941), both of whom are often also considered to exemplify neo-spiritualism. Lachelier advocated a form of spiritual realism whereby the spirit and spontaneity of humans provided an alternative to both idealism and materialism.
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