Specialist is a military rank in some countries' armed forces.Two branches of the United States Armed Forces use the rank. It is one of the four juniorenlisted ranks in theUnited States Army, above private (PVT), private (PV2), andprivate first class and is equivalent inpay grade tocorporal; in theUnited States Space Force, four grades of specialist comprise the four junior enlisted ranks below the rank ofsergeant.[1]
In theRoyal Danish Navy andRoyal Danish Air Force, the rank of specialist is branch-specific; "Naval specialist" and "Air force specialist" (Danish:Marinespecialist, Flyverspecialist) respectively. The ranks are placed belowcorporal and above private first class (Overkonstabel). They are ratedOR-3 withinNATO[2] and the rank has the grade of M112 within theMinistry of Defence's pay structure.[3]
| NATO code | OR-3 |
|---|---|
 Royal Danish Navy[4] |  |
| Marinespecialist | |
 Royal Danish Air Force[5] |  |
| Flyverspecialist | |
| Danish pay grade[3] | M112 |
In 2018, new specialist ranks were introduced to theDanish Home Guard. These new ranks were created to remove the need for leadership training at the lower ranks, as the selected functions no longer require actual leadership.[6]
| Rank group | Home guard specialists | |
|---|---|---|
| Army |  |  |
| Navy |  |  |
| Air Force |  |  |
| Danish | Hjemmeværnsspecialist 1 | Hjemmeværnsspecialist 2 |
| English | Home guard specialist 1st class | Home guard specialist 2nd class |
In 1920, the Army rank and pay system received a major overhaul. All enlisted and non-commissioned ranks were reduced from 128 different insignias and several pay grades to only seven rank insignias and seven pay grades, which were numbered in seniority from seventh grade (lowest) to first grade (highest). The second grade had two rank titles: first sergeant, which was three stripes, two rockers, and a lozenge (diamond) in the middle; and technical sergeant, which was three stripes and two rockers. By World War II, the rank of first sergeant had been elevated to first grade and a third rocker was added, with the lozenge in the center to distinguish it from master sergeant. The wearing of specialist badges inset in rank insignia was abolished, and a generic system of chevrons and arcs replaced them.[7]
From 1920 to 1942, there was a rating (not a rank) for men of the sixth and seventh grades designated "private first class, specialist", or "private, specialist," that was graded in six classes (the lowest being sixth class and the highest being first class). They were considered the equal of aprivate first class or private in authority, but drew additional pay in relationship to the specialist level possessed on top of their base pay. The classes only indicated competency, not authority, and a specialist did not outrank another man of his respective non-specialist rank.
Officially, specialists wore the single chevron of a private first class because no special insignia was authorized to indicate their rank. Unofficially, a specialist could be authorized, at his commander's discretion, to wear one to six additional rockers (one rocker for sixth class, and a maximum of six rockers for first class) under their rank chevron to denote specialty level. Such insignia was commercially available through catalogs or the base Post Exchange (PX) and could also be ordered with inset trade badges.
| 1st grade | 2nd grade | 3rd grade | 4th grade | 5th grade | 6th grade | 7th grade | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | No Insignia |
| Master sergeant[8] | First sergeant[9] | Technical sergeant | Staff sergeant | Technician Third Grade | Sergeant | Technician Fourth Grade | Corporal | Technician Fifth Grade | Private first class | Private |
| M/Sgt. | 1st Sgt. | T/Sgt. | S/Sgt. | T/3. | Sgt. | T/4. | Cpl. | T/5. | Pfc. | Pvt. |
On 8 January 1942, the rank oftechnician was introduced to replace the private/specialist rank,[10] which was discontinued by 30 June 1942. Initially, this gave technical specialists more authority by grading them asnon-commissioned officers. However, confusion and lowered morale among senior NCOs led to the Army reversing this stance in late 1943, after which technicians no longer held non-commissioned officer status.[11] Beginning 4 September 1942, technicians wore a block "T" insignia under their chevrons for easier identification.
Technicians were considered superior in rank to all NCOs and Enlisted of a lower paygrade, but inferior in rank to an NCO of equal or senior paygrade. For example, a Technician Third Grade outranked Sergeants (Grade 4) and below, but were outranked by Staff Sergeants (Grade 3) and above.
Technicians were addressed the same as the corresponding non-commissioned officer at the same pay grade: a technician fifth grade was addressed as corporal, a technician fourth grade as sergeant, and a technician third grade as staff sergeant.[10][11] The technician ranks were discontinued in 1948.[10]
| E9 | E8 | E7 | E6 | E5 | E4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  | .svg) |
| Specialist 9 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 8 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Master Specialist / Specialist 7 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 1st Class / Specialist 6 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 2nd Class / Specialist 5 rank insignia (U.S. Army) | Specialist 3rd Class / Specialist 4 / Specialist rank insignia (U.S. Army) |
| Spec/9 (1959–1968) | Spec/8 (1959–1968) | MSP (1955–1959) Spec/7 (1959–1978) | SP1 (1955–1959) Spec/6 (1959–1985) | SP2 (1955–1959) Spec/5 (1959–1985) | SP3 (1955–1959) Spec/4 (1959–1985) SPC (1985–present) |
| Specialist | |
|---|---|
US Army Specialist (E-4) | |
| Country |  United States |
| Service branch |  United States Army |
| Abbreviation | SPC |
| Rank group | Enlisted |
| NATOrank code | OR-4(Army SPC) |
| Pay grade | E-4(Army SPC) |
| Next higher rank | Corporal(Army) orSergeant(Army) |
| Next lower rank | Private first class(Army) |
| Equivalent ranks | Petty officer third class(Navy/Coast Guard) Senior airman(Air Force) Specialist 4(Space Force) Corporal(USMC) |
On 1 July 1955, four grades of specialist were established: Specialist third class (E-4 or SP3), specialist second class (E-5 or SP2), specialist first class (E-6 or SP1), and master specialist (E-7 or MSP). The insignia was yellow on a dark blue background, with the General Service Army Eagle set in the center. It was the same smaller 2-inch wide size as women's NCO stripes.[13] To differentiate specialists from NCOs, the stripes were the same shape as NCO stripes—but were inverted to distinguish them. The senior specialist ranks of SP2 (E5), SP1 (E6), and MSP (E7) were indicated by one, two, or three yellow arcs over the eagle respectively.
In 1956 the Army Green uniform was adopted. The specialist insignia was redesigned in 1958 to be larger, broader, and more rounded. The enlisted stripes were changed in 1961 from yellow on a blue backing to Goldenlite Yellow on a green backing.
In 1958 the DoD added two pay grades to give enlisted soldiers more opportunities to progress through a full career with additional opportunities for promotion. Thus the recognition was changed to six specialist ranks, and the pay grade was tied into the rank designation: specialist four (E-4), specialist five (E-5), specialist six (E-6), specialist seven (E-7), specialist eight (E-8), and specialist nine (E-9).[14] The "Super Grades" of Spec./8 and Spec./9 were respectively given one and two Goldenlite chevrons below the eagle.
CSM Daniel K. Elder goes on to explain, "In 1968 when the Army added the rank of command sergeant major, the specialist ranks at E-8 and E-9 were abolished",[14] because they were notional rather than actual. "In 1978 the specialist rank at E-7 was discontinued and in 1985, the specialist ranks at E-5 and E-6 were discontinued."[14]
These specialist ranks were created to reward personnel with higher degrees of experience and technical knowledge. Appointment to either specialist or non-commissioned officer status was determined bymilitary occupational specialty (MOS). Different military occupational specialties had various transition points. For example, in the band career field (excluding special bands at D.C. and West Point), a bandsman could not achieve non-commissioned officer status until pay grade E-6 was attained. In some military occupational specialties, a soldier was appointed either a specialist or non-commissioned officer depending on which particular position or "slot" that he filled in his organization. A cook was a specialist, while a mess steward held the rank of sergeant (E-5 through E-7).
Specialist grades paralleled the corresponding grades of non-commissioned officer (E-4 through E-7) only in terms of pay. The specialist grades, although they outranked the enlisted grades (E-1 to E-3), were outranked by all non-commissioned officers (E-4 to E-9) and lacked the authority conferred on an NCO. This was the major differentiation between a specialist and a "hard striper".
Only the lowest specialist grade remains, with the rank of specialist 4 known simply as "specialist". While the official abbreviation was changed from "SP4" to "SPC" upon the elimination of the SP5 and SP6 ranks, theSIDPERS database was authorized to continue using SP4 until the change could be made at little or no additional expense in conjunction with other system upgrades.[15] The continued use of SP4 on automatically produced documents (transfer orders, leave and earnings statements, unit manning reports,inter alia) hampered the adoption of the new abbreviation (and, to a lesser extent, the absence of "-4" in the non-abbreviated rank) by individual soldiers who viewed the computer-produced documents as the final word on the proper term.
The rank of specialist (E-4) is the typical rank to which privates first class are promoted after two years of service, although PFCs may be waived into the rank of specialist after 18 months' time in service and 6 months' time in grade. It is granted far more often than corporal (also E-4). Those specialists who are graduates of theBasic Leader Course (BLC) and who have been recommended for promotion become corporals before further promotion.[16][17] This change in Army culture applied to the Active Army and the National Guard as of 1 July 2021, and to the Army Reserve; the Army Reserve change was scheduled to take place on 1 October 2021.[16] The rank of corporal is reserved for personnel who have passed the BLC.[17]
Specialists were informally called "specs" (pronunciation IPA: /ˈspɛk/ ) plus the numerical grade of their rank. Thus, a specialist 4 was called "spec 4".[18][19] As of July 2016 the rank of Specialist is the most common rank in the U.S. Army, being held by 115,033 of the Army's 473,844 soldiers.[1]
New recruits enlisting into the United States Army who have earned a four-year degree, and as of 2006[update] those with civilian-acquired job skills, will enter as a specialist (pay grade E-4).[20]Typically, newly recruitedofficer candidates hold the rank of specialist when enlisted and during BCT (basic combat training) prior to their official enrollment into OCS (Officer Candidate School) where they will be administratively promoted to the pay grade of E-5 but are referred to as "officer candidate" (OC) as opposed to sergeant (SGT).
Between 1941 and 1948, the United States Navy maintained an enlisted rate of Specialist in thepetty officer pay grade structure.[21] This was to absorb directly appointed civilian experts needed in the rapidly expanding Navy. A seaman would typically be known as a specialist followed by a letter indicating what field the specialty was held. For instance, a Specialist (C) served as a "classification interviewer", while a Specialist (T) was a "navy teacher", among several other specialist designations.
The concept was proposed in late 1941 and was approved by the Secretary of the Navy sometime in November or December of that year. The Navy started with four specialties in February 1942, expanding to twenty-two specialties and their associated sub-specialties by the war's end in 1945. The Coast Guard added an additional five exclusive specialties in 1943 (D, CW, PR, PS and TR); four were awarded double letters to avoid duplication. TheWAVES added Specialist (U) for "Utility"—a general purpose title that was abolished in 1944 and merged with the similar Specialist (X), for "Specialist (Not Elsewhere Classified)".
The trade badge was an embroidered diamond-shaped border inset with the specialty letter and set between the US Navy Eagle and the rank chevrons. Specialists 3rd, 2nd, and 1st Class (Grades 4, 3, and 2; equivalent to Petty Officers 3rd, 2nd and 1st Class) had 1 to 3 downward red chevrons. A Chief Specialist (Grade 1; equivalent to a Chief Petty Officer) had the US Navy Eagle perched on a red rocker over three red chevrons, with the diamond trade badge inset between the stripes.
Source:[22]
The Navy's use of the specialist grade was reorganized in 1948 to integrate them into the petty officer structure. The assigned letters and job titles changed several times in the rank's history.
Some positions were reclassified asEmergency Service Ratings (ESRs) from 1948 to 1957 andEmergency Ratings (ERs) from 1957 to 1965. All personnel holding an Emergency Service rating were members of the Naval Reserve subject to activation only in time of war or national emergency. Their specialty letters had a prefix of "ES" added and were different than that of those in regular service.
A pruning and absorption or discontinuing of specialty ratings commenced between 1957 and 1964 and nearly all of the remaining specialties were discontinued in 1965. The sole remaining specialty was ESK (ES Specialty (K) – "Telecommunications Censorship Technician"). It was renamed "Information Security Specialist" in 1972 and disestablished in 1974.
On 1 February 2021, theUnited States Space Force established the rank of specialist for paygrades E-1 to E-4. Specifically, the rank of specialist 1 replacedairman basic (E-1), the rank of specialist 2 replacedairman (E-2), the rank of specialist 3 replacedairman first class (E-3), and the rank of specialist 4 replacedsenior airman (E-4). Specialist 4 ranks belowsergeant.[23] Verbal address for all four grades is justSpecialist.[23] On 20 September 2021, new rank insignias for all enlisted guardians, including the specialists, were revealed.[24][25][26] These new insignias replaced the U.S. Air Force enlisted rank insignias that had been worn by enlisted guardians since the foundation of the Space Force on 20 December 2019.
| Uniformed services pay grade | E-4 | E-3 | E-2 | E-1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 United States Space Force[27] |  |  |  |  | |
| Specialist 4 (Spc4) | Specialist 3 (Spc3) | Specialist 2 (Spc2) | Specialist 1 (Spc1) | ||
| Army[27] | Corporal | Specialist | Private first class | Private | Private |
| USMC[27] | Corporal | Lance corporal | Private first class | Private | |
| USN & USCG[27] | Petty officer third class | Seaman | Seaman apprentice | Seaman recruit | |
| USAF[27] | Senior airman | Airman first class | Airman | Airman basic | |
| NATO code | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |
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