| 9812nd Technical Service Unit | |
|---|---|
 Manhattan Project Shoulder Patch | |
| Active | 22 May 1943–15 August 1947 |
| Country | United States |
| Branch | United States Army Corps of Engineers |
| Size | 6,032 on 1 December 1945 |
| Garrison/HQ | Los Alamos Laboratory,Oak Ridge |
| Engagements | |
TheSpecial Engineer Detachment (SED) was aU.S. Army program that identified enlisted personnel with technical skills, such as machining, or who had some science education beyond high school, to meet the needs of theManhattan Project duringWorld War II. SED personnel included theClinton Engineer Works,Hanford Engineer Works andLos Alamos Laboratory. SED personnel began arriving atLos Alamos in October 1943, and by August 1945, 1,800 worked there. They worked in all areas and activities of the Laboratory, including theTrinity Test, and were also involved in overseas operations onTinian in support of theatomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and theOperation Crossroads nuclear test series atBikini Atoll in 1946.
With mobilization of American manpower underway due to the needs of the armed forces, the leadership of the Manhattan Project anticipated that they would have difficulty recruiting and retaining skilled technical staff.[1] To meet this need, the Special Engineer Detachment (SED) was formed by theArmy Service Forces on 22 May 1943.[2] The personnel were known as "SEDs".[3]
The average age of scientific and technical employees at theLos Alamos Laboratory was less than thirty, so many were eligible for the draft under theSelective Training and Service Act of 1940. Although the Manhattan Project attempted to recruit draft-exempt employees, this was not always possible. Deferments were therefore sought, but the authority to grant them lay with local draft boards, and the tight security surrounding the Manhattan Project meant that the boards could not be informed of the reason for the sought deferment. In most cases though, the Selective Service officials were impressed by the Manhattan Project officials' efficiency and determination to minimize the number of requests and granted the deferment. In cases involving an employee at a firm, a check had to be made of all employees to ensure that the person concerned was indeed essential. In February 1944, theWar Department banned further deferments for men under the age of 22 in the employ of the War Department or its contractors. This applied to a small number of personnel, who were assigned to the SED upon being drafted into the Army.[4][5]
To meet the Manhattan Project's needs for personnel with technical skills, the Manhattan Project's Personnel Division was assisted by the headquarters of theArmy Specialized Training Program (ASTP), which placed its resources at the Manhattan Project's disposal. The ASTP arranged with the universities for security clearances and interviews with ASTP students. The Office of the National Roster of Scientific and Specialized Personnel looked through its files, which contained entries for 597,666 men and women by 1 July 1943, and provided the names, industrial and educational background and military draft status of qualified scientific personnel. Many colleges and universities furnished the names and draft status of graduating students with desired skills.[2][6] In November 1943, the Manhattan Project secured the services of Samuel T. Arnold, the dean of undergraduates atBrown University, to identify and recruit promising students. He then became the Manhattan Project's liaison officer on personnel matters.[5][7] Merriam H. Trytten of the National Roster of Scientific and Professional Personnel was attached to the Manhattan Project for several months during which he visited universities and hired scientific personnel.[8]
Personnel authorizations were handled by theUnited States Army Corps of Engineers, of which the Manhattan District was a part, until 31 July 1945, when responsibility passed to the headquarters ofArmy Service Forces.[9] In January 1945, the Corps of Engineers activated the 9812th Technical Service Unit, and most of the enlisted personnel at theClinton Engineer Works (CEW), theHanford Engineer Works (HEW) and theLos Alamos Laboratory were transferred to the new unit on 1 February. At Los Alamos, however, theMilitary Police Corps,Women's Army Corps and service personnel remained part of the8th Service Command's 4817th Service Command Unit.[10]
The demands of the Manhattan Project for specialized skills grew inexorably. From an initial allotment of 62 officers when the Manhattan District was activated on 13 August 1942, the authorization grew to 699 officers on 31 October 1945. The initial authorization ofenlisted personnel was 334 on 22 May 1943, and there was a series of increasing authorizations until 31 October 1945, when a peak strength of 6,032 enlisted personnel was authorized. Included in this was an authorization for 75 enlisted women on 15 June 1943, which grew to 370 on 31 December 1945.The Manhattan Project reached peak strength of 4,976 enlisted personnel on 1 November 1945, but this also included Military Police Corps, Women's Army Corps and service personnel as well as scientific and technical staff.[2][9]
During 1946, the Manhattan Project's strength decreased as thedemobilization of United States armed forces after World War II progressed, and the authorization was lowered to 2,203 on 9 December 1946. Recruitment continued into 1946, with 1,449 additional personnel requested during the year to replace demobilized personnel, and the Manhattan Project still had 2,326 enlisted personnel on 31 December 1946.[2] The Manhattan District was abolished on 15 August 1947.[11]
The averageArmy General Classification Test score of the SEDs was 133, which was the highest of any unit in the Army.[12] About 29 percent had college degrees.[13] Some even hadPhDs, but most had been inducted into the Army shortly before or just after they completed their undergraduate studies.[14] All werenoncommissioned officers. One-third held the rank ofstaff sergeant or higher, one-third weresergeants, and one-third werecorporals.[15] Normally, men with high Army General Classification Test scores went on to become officers, but SEDs were not permitted to apply to Officer Candidate School (OCS) for security reasons.[14] After the war ended, security was lifted a bit and SEDs were invited to apply for OCS but few accepted.[16] SEDs did not have to undergobasic training, but otherwise they were expected to conform to the usual Army routine of early morning exercises, drills and inspections.[12]
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The largest SED contingent was that at the Los Alamos laboratory, where the first SEDs arrived in October 1943.[12] By the end of the year, there were 475 SEDs at Los Alamos.[13] By mid-1944, they accounted for a third of the scientific staff and by July 1945 half of the laboratory personnel were SEDs. In October 1945, there were 1,823 SEDs at Los Alamos.[15] Most of them were mechanical, electrical, or chemical engineers. Many worked directly with scientists, while others served as mechanics, machinists, and electronics technicians.[13] Most had blue badges, which gave access to all of Los Alamos except the Technical Area. Those with white badges had access to the Technical Area, the most restricted areas of the Project.[17]
The SEDs at Los Alamos occupied an ambiguous status between civilians and regular military men and women. As scientific personnel, they had to work the same long, irregular hours as the civilians, but as military personnel, their accommodation was poorer, pay was much lower, and they had to put up with morning callisthenics and occasional inspections and drills. For this, they received little sympathy from the other military personnel stationed at Los Alamos.[15] At Los Alamos, SEDs lived in 60-man barracks heated by coal-firedpotbelly stoves. Meals were taken in the Army mess hall.Reveille was at 06:00,callisthenics from 06:30 to 07:00 and there was an inspection on Saturday morning. The SEDs worked the same six-day work week as the civilians. Reveille and callisthenics were dropped in 1944; Saturday inspections remained, but "became devoid of spit and polish. The new company commander would stride down the length of the barracks at something less than the speed of light and that was it for another week."[14]
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The first SEDs arrived at the Clinton Engineer Works atOak Ridge, Tennessee, on 19 July 1943. The first commander wasCaptain William A. Fogg. He was succeeded byLieutenant William A. Barger in March 1944.[16][18] About 450 SEDs were assigned to theY-12 Electromagnetic Plant, 500 to theK-25 Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 126 to theS-50 Thermal Diffusion Plant, and 100 to theX-10 Graphite Reactor. Another 100 or so were assigned to theKellex Corporation, the engineering contractor for the K-25 plant, most of whom were located in the New York City area.[15] Some SEDs at Oak Ridge were transferred to Los Alamos in 1944.[16] Not all were scientists or engineers.Richard Gehman was a newspaper and magazine journalist when he was drafted. At Oak Ridge, he edited the post newspaper,The Oak Ridge Journal.[16]
At Oak Ridge, SEDs initially lived in dormitories, along with civilians. In February 1944, they moved into eight barracks. Some SEDs lived in hutments, which were originally intended for Black people. The unmarried men returned to living in dormitories in December 1945, but this time the dormitories in which they lived were occupied by SEDs exclusively.[12][19] ColonelKenneth Nichols, the District Engineer of the Manhattan District, later recalled that:
At the CEW, most of the men felt fortunate to be assigned to our work instead of being sent overseas. But some were unhappy because they were working side by side with civilians who drew more pay for the same work. In addition, the married men were not allowed housing for their wives. To help compensate for the difference in pay scales, we based promotions to non-commissioned officers on the job being performed and also made life easier by furnishing maid service to clean their barracks, make beds, etc., and they were given a food allowance for the cafeteria.[20]
SEDs at Oak Ridge did not have to performKP duty as there were no mess halls. Instead, SEDs received a daily meal allowance of $2.25 equivalent to $40 in 2024 to allow them to eat at the same cafeterias as the civilians.[16] SEDs who were hospitalized had 75 cents deducted from their allowance to pay for the food in hospital.[21] GIs arriving from other Army posts were amazed to find beds with inner spring mattresses and Black maids arriving to make the beds and clean the rooms.[19]
Some enlisted men worked with private contractors or in small communities. On 12 June 1944, the Manhattan District was authorized to transfer up to 563 enlisted personnel to theEnlisted Reserve Corps. This allowed them to work inconspicuously as civilians, while they still remained under Army control for security reasons.[9][22]
In August 1944, Groves asked ten SEDs at Oak Ridge for volunteers for a dangerous assignment. All ten volunteered.[23] They were sent to Philadelphia to learn about the operation of a pilot plant for the S-50 Thermal Diffusion Plant.[24] On 2 September 1944, SEDPrivateArnold Kramish, and two civilians, Peter N. Bragg Jr. and Douglas P. Meigs, were working in a transfer room when a 600-pound (270 kg) cylinder of uranium hexafluoride exploded, rupturing nearby steam pipes. The steam reacted with the uranium hexafluoride to createhydrofluoric acid, and the three men were badly burned. SED PrivateJohn D. Hoffman ran through the toxic cloud to rescue them, but Bragg and Meigs died from their injuries. Another eleven men, including Kramish and four other soldiers, were injured but recovered. Hoffman, who suffered burns, was awarded theSoldier's Medal, the United States Army's highest award for an act of valor in a non-combat situation, and the only one awarded to a member of the Manhattan District.[23][25][26]
SEDs participated in theTrinity nuclear test and withProject Alberta onTinian, where they were involved in the assembly of theLittle Boy andFat Man bombs used in theatomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[27][28] After the war ended, some SEDs performed similar duties in support of theOperation Crossroads atBikini Atoll.[29]
On 15 August 1945, the 9812nd Technical Service Unit was awarded aMeritorious Service Unit Plaque for the period from 7 October to 30 November 1944, and a gold star in lieu of a second award for the period 1 December 1944 to 31 May 1945. SEDs were authorized to wear a special insignia of a golden laurel leaf similar to that on the plaque on their lower right sleeve 4 inches (100 mm) above the cuff. Some dubbed this the "Golden Toilet Seat".[30][18] During the war, the SEDs wore theArmy Service Forces (ASF) shoulder patch; afterwards, the special shoulder patch was authorized, which incorporated the ASF design.[31]
When the war ended, SEDs wanted to know when they would be separated from the Army. During a press conference at Oak Ridge with the newSecretary of War,Robert P. Patterson, on 29 September 1945, Groves told the SEDs that they woulddemobilized on the same basis as other soldiers in the Army. SEDs were offered early discharges if they were willing to perform the same duties in a civilian capacity for six months.[32] Ralph Sparks, a SED who worked as a machinist at Los Alamos, recalled that almost all the SEDs at Los Alamos accepted this offer.[33]Benjamin Bederson recalled that he was offered $6,000 (equivalent to $97,000 in 2024) to participate in the Operation Crossroads nuclear tests for six months. Although this was more than sixty times his salary as a soldier, he declined the offer.[34]
Many SEDs went back to school and became successful scientists in their own right—includingVal Fitch, who was awarded aNobel Prize in Physics in 1980.[35][36]
