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| Invasion of Georgia (1742) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofWar of Jenkins' Ear | |||||||
 | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Great Britain |  Spain | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| James Oglethorpe | Manuel de Montiano | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Land: 900 soldiers, militia, and Indians[1][2] sea: 5 vessels[3] | Land: 1,950 soldiers, marines, and militia sea: 36 vessels[1][2][4] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Light | Over two hundred killed, more captured or wounded | ||||||
In the 1742Invasion of Georgia,Spanish forces based in Florida attempted to seize and occupy disputed territory held by theBritish colony ofGeorgia. The campaign was part of a larger conflict which became known as theWar of Jenkins' Ear. Local British forces under the command of the GovernorJames Oglethorpe rallied and defeated the Spaniards at theBattle of Bloody Marsh and theBattle of Gully Hole Creek, forcing them to withdraw. Britain's ownership of Georgia was formally recognized by Spain in the subsequentTreaty of Madrid.
The colony of Georgia had been an issue of contention between Britain and Spain since its foundation in 1733. Spain claimed the territory for its own colony ofFlorida and disputed what was regarded as an illegal occupation by the British settlers. TheConvention of Pardo in 1739 had attempted to settle the dispute, but Spain still refused to abandon its claim. When theWar of Jenkins' Ear broke out that same year, Spain began drawing up plans for an invasion.
The British governor of Georgia, James Oglethorpe, organized a small force and launched a British invasion of Florida in 1740, hoping to preempt a Spanish invasion of Georgia. The Britishbesieged St. Augustine but were forced to withdraw. The stage was then set for the Spanish commanderManuel de Montiano to launch his long-awaited attack on Georgia. Due to the pressing demands on British resources in other theatres, no further reinforcements or aid could be dispatched to defend the colony from attack.
Spanish governor DonManuel de Montiano commanded the invasion force, which by some estimates totalled between 4,500 and 5,000 men. Of that number, roughly 1,900 to 2,000 were ground assault troops. Oglethorpe's forces, consisting of regulars, militia, and native Indians numbered fewer than 1,000. The garrison at Fort St. Simons resisted the invasion with cannonade, but was not able to prevent the landing. On the 5 July 1742 Montiano landed nearly 1,900 men from 36 ships nearGascoigne Bluff, close to the Frederica River. Faced with a superior force, Oglethorpe decided to withdraw from Fort St. Simons before the Spaniards could mount an assault. He ordered the smallgarrison tospike the guns, and toslight the fort (doing what damage they could), to deny the Spanish full use of the military asset. The Spanish took over the fort the following day, establishing it as their base on the island. Montiano began gathering intelligence about the strength of British opposition.
After landing troops and supplies, and consolidating their position at Fort St. Simons, the Spanish began to cautiously reconnoiter beyond their perimeter. They found the road between Fort St. Simons andFort Frederica, but first assumed the narrow track was just a farm road. On July 18, the Spanish undertook areconnaissance in force along the road with approximately 115 men under the command of Captain Sebastian Sanchez. One and a half miles from Fort Frederica, Sanchez' column made contact with Oglethorpe's soldiers, under command ofNoble Jones. The ensuing skirmish became known as theBattle of Gully Hole Creek. The Spanish were routed, with nearly a third of their soldiers either killed or captured. Oglethorpe's forces advanced up Military Road in the direction of Fort St. Simons, in pursuit of the retreating Spanish. Spanish prisoners revealed that a larger Spanish force was advancing in the opposite direction, along the road from Fort St. Simons to Frederica. Oglethorpe left to gather reinforcements.
The British advance party, in pursuit of the defeated Spanish reconnaissance force, engaged in a subsequent skirmish, then fell back in face of advancing Spanish reinforcements. When the British reached a bend in the road, Lieutenants Southerland and Macoy ordered the column to stop. There, the regiments and allied Indians took cover in the dense forest. They watched as the Spaniards broke ranks, stacked arms and, taking out their kettles, prepared to cook dinner. The British forces attacked the Spaniards off-guard, killing roughly two hundred of them.[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] The Battle of Bloody Marsh blunted the Spanish advance, and ultimately proved decisive. Oglethorpe was credited with the victory.
Montiano regrouped his forces and stood poised for a further advance. Oglethorpe continued to press the Spaniards, trying to dislodge them from the island. A few days later, approaching a Spanish settlement on the south side, he learned of a Frenchman who had deserted the British and gone to the Spanish. Worried that the deserter might report the true number of the small British force, Oglethorpe spread out his drummers, to make them sound as if they were accompanying a larger force. He wrote to the deserter, addressing him as if a spy for the British, saying that the man just needed to continue his stories until Britain could send more men. The prisoner who was carrying the letter took it to the Spanish officers, as Oglethorpe had hoped. The timely arrival of British ships reinforced the misconception among the Spaniards that British reinforcements were arriving. The Spaniards left St. Simons on 25 July, ending their last invasion of colonial Georgia.
In the months after the invasion, Oglethorpe considered launching further counter-attacks againstFlorida, but circumstances were not favorable. The focus of the war had shifted from theAmericas toEurope and arms, supplies and troops were not readily available. The region descended into an uneasy peace, occasionally punctuated by minor skirmishes. TheTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended the war in 1748 and recognized the status of Georgia as a British colony, formally ratified by Spain in the subsequentTreaty of Madrid. Its position was further secured in 1763 whenFlorida became a British possession as part of theTreaty of Paris ending theSeven Years' War.
The War of Jenkins' Ear is commemorated annually on the last Saturday in May atWormsloe Plantation inSavannah,Georgia.[12]
