This article is about paying space travellers. For the official designated term used by NASA, Roscommon and the FAA, seeSpaceflight participant. For the now-defunct 2004-2021 FAA program, seeCommercial astronaut. For entrepreneurial space ventures and colonization, seePrivate spaceflight.
"Space tourist" redirects here. For the 2009 film, seeSpace Tourists.
Space tourism ishuman space travel for recreational purposes.[1] There are several different types of space tourism, including orbital,suborbital and lunar space tourism. Tourists are motivated by the possibility of viewing Earth from space, feeling weightlessness, experiencing extremely high speed and something unusual, and contributing to science.[2]
Space tourism started in April 2001, when American businessman and engineerDennis Tito became the first ever space tourist to travel to space aboard a Soyuz-TM32 spacecraft. During the period from 2001 to 2009, seven space tourists made eight space flights aboard a RussianSoyuz spacecraft to theInternational Space Station, brokered by American companySpace Adventures in conjunction withRoscosmos andRSC Energia. Iranian-American businesswomanAnousheh Ansari became the first ever female space tourist in September 2006. The publicized price was in the range of US$20–25 million per trip. Some space tourists have signed contracts with third parties to conduct certain research activities while in orbit. By 2007, space tourism was thought to be one of the earliestmarkets that would emerge for commercial spaceflight.[3]: 11
Space tourists need to be in good physical form before going to space. In particular, they have to train for fast acceleration or g-forces in a centrifuge and weightlessness by flying in a high-altitude jet plane doing parabolic arcs. They may have to learn how to operate and even fix parts of the spaceship using simulators.
Russia halted orbital space tourism in 2010 due to the increase in the International Space Station crew size, using the seats for expedition crews that would previously have been sold to paying spaceflight participants.[4][5] Orbital tourist flights were set to resume in 2015 but the planned flight was postponed indefinitely.[6] Russian orbital tourism eventually resumed with the launch ofSoyuz MS-20 in 2021.[7]
On June 7, 2019,NASA announced that starting in 2020, the organization aims to start allowing private astronauts to go on the International Space Station, with the use of theSpaceXCrew Dragon spacecraft and theBoeing Starliner spacecraft for public astronauts, which is planned to be priced at 35,000USD per day for one astronaut,[8] and an estimated 50 millionUSD for the ride there and back.[9]
TheSoviet space program was successful in broadening the pool ofcosmonauts. The SovietIntercosmos program included cosmonauts selected fromWarsaw Pact member countries (Czechoslovakia, Poland, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania) and later from allies of the USSR (Cuba, Mongolia, Vietnam) andnon-aligned countries (India, Syria, Afghanistan). Most of these cosmonauts received full training for their missions and were treated as equals, but were generally given shorter flights than Soviet cosmonauts. TheEuropean Space Agency (ESA) also took advantage of the program.[citation needed][12]
TheUS Space Shuttle program includedpayload specialist positions which were usually filled by representatives of companies or institutions managing a specific payload on that mission. These payload specialists did not receive the same training as professionalNASA astronauts and were not employed by NASA. In 1983,Ulf Merbold from the ESA andByron Lichtenberg fromMIT (engineer andAir Force fighter pilot) were the first payload specialists to fly on theSpace Shuttle, on missionSTS-9.[13][14]
In 1984,Charles D. Walker became the first non-government astronaut to fly, with his employerMcDonnell Douglas paying US$40,000 (equivalent to $121,063 in 2024) for his flight.[15]: 74–75 During the 1970s, Shuttle prime contractorRockwell International studied a $200–300 million removable cabin that could fit into the Shuttle's cargo bay. The cabin could carry up to 74 passengers into orbit for up to three days. Space Habitation Design Associates proposed, in 1983, a cabin for 72 passengers in the bay. Passengers were located in six sections, each with windows and its own loading ramp, and with seats in different configurations for launch and landing. Another proposal was based on theSpacelab habitation modules, which provided 32 seats in the payload bay in addition to those in the cockpit area. A 1985 presentation to theNational Space Society stated that, although flying tourists in the cabin would cost $1 million to $1.5 million per passenger without government subsidy, within 15 years, 30,000 people a year would pay US$25,000 (equivalent to $73,089 in 2024) each to fly in space on new spacecraft. The presentation also forecast flights tolunar orbit within 30 years and visits to the lunar surface within 50 years.[16]
As the shuttle program expanded in the early 1980s, NASA began a Space Flight Participant program to allow citizens without scientific or governmental roles to fly.Christa McAuliffe was chosen as the firstTeacher in Space in July 1985 from 11,400 applicants. 1,700 applied for the Journalist in Space program. An Artist in Space program was considered, and NASA expected that after McAuliffe's flight two to three civilians a year would fly on the shuttle. After McAuliffe was killed in theChallenger disaster in January 1986, the programs were cancelled. McAuliffe's backup,Barbara Morgan, eventually got hired in 1998 as a professional astronaut and flew onSTS-118 as amission specialist.[15]: 84–85 A second journalist-in-space program, in which NASA green-lightedMiles O'Brien to fly on the Space Shuttle, was scheduled to be announced in 2003. That program was cancelled in the wake of theColumbia disaster onSTS-107 and subsequent emphasis on finishing the International Space Station before retiring the Space Shuttle.[citation needed]
Initially, senior figures at NASA strongly opposed space tourism on principle; from the beginning of the ISS expeditions, NASA stated it was not interested in accommodating paying guests.[17] The Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Committee on Science of theHouse of Representatives held in June 2001 revealed the shifting attitude of NASA towards paying space tourists wanting to travel to the ISS in its statement on the hearing's purpose:
"Review the issues and opportunities for flying nonprofessional astronauts in space, the appropriate government role for supporting the nascent space tourism industry, use of the Shuttle and Space Station for Tourism, safety and training criteria for space tourists, and the potential commercial market for space tourism."
The subcommittee report was interested in evaluatingDennis Tito's extensive training and his experience in space as a nonprofessional astronaut.[citation needed]
With the realities of the post-Perestroika economy in Russia, its space industry was especially starved for cash. TheTokyo Broadcasting System (TBS) offered to pay for one of its reporters to fly on a mission.Toyohiro Akiyama was flown in 1990 toMir with the eighth crew and returned a week later with the seventh crew. Cost estimates vary from $10 million up to $37 million.[18][19] Akiyama gave a daily TV broadcast from orbit and also performed scientific experiments for Russian and Japanese companies.
In 1991, British chemistHelen Sharman was selected from a pool of 13,000 applicants to be the first Briton in space.[20] The program was known asProject Juno and was a cooperative arrangement between theSoviet Union and a group of British companies. The Project Juno consortium failed to raise the funds required, and the program was almost cancelled. ReportedlyMikhail Gorbachev ordered it to proceed under Soviet expense in the interests of international relations, but in the absence of Western underwriting, less expensive experiments were substituted for those in the original plans. Sharman flew aboardSoyuz TM-12 toMir and returned aboardSoyuz TM-11.[21]
In April 1999, the Russian space agency announced that 51-year-old British billionaire Peter Llewellyn would be sent to the aging Mir space station in return for a payment of $100 million by Llewellyn.[22] Llewellyn, however, denied agreeing to pay that sum, his refusal to pay which prompted his flight's cancellation a month later.[23]
Scaled Composites won the $10 millionX Prize in October 2004 withSpaceShipOne, as the first private company to reach and surpass an altitude of 100 km (62 mi) twice within two weeks. The altitude is beyond theKármán Line, the arbitrarily defined boundary of space.[24] The first flight was flown byMichael Melvill in June 2004, to a height of 100 km (62 mi), making him the first commercial astronaut.[25] The prize-winning flight was flown byBrian Binnie, which reached a height of 112.0 km (69.6 mi), breaking theX-15 record.[26] There were no space tourists on the flights even though the vehicle has seats for three passengers. Instead there was additional weight to make up for the weight of passengers.[27]
In 2005,Virgin Galactic was founded as a joint venture between Scaled Composites and Richard Branson's Virgin Group.[28] Eventually Virgin Group owned the entire project.[29] Virgin Galactic began buildingSpaceShipTwo-class spaceplanes. The first of thesespaceplanes,VSSEnterprise, was intended to commence its first commercial flights in 2015, and tickets were on sale at a price of $200,000 (later raised to $250,000). However, the company suffered a considerable setback whentheEnterprise broke up over theMojave Desert during a test flight in October 2014. Over 700 tickets had been sold prior to the accident.[30] A second spaceplane,VSSUnity, completed a successful test flight with four passengers on July 11, 2021, to an altitude of nearly 90 km (56 mi).[31]Galactic 01 became the company's first commercial spaceflight on June 29, 2023.[32]
Blue Origin developed theNew Shepard reusable suborbital launch system specifically to enable short-duration space tourism. Blue Origin plans to ferry a maximum of six persons on a brief journey to space on board the New Shepard. The capsule is attached to the top portion of an 18-meter (59-foot) rocket. The rocket successfully launched with four passengers on July 20, 2021, and reached an altitude of 107 km (66 mi).[33] Blue Origin's 10th human flight lifted off on the morning of February 25, 2025. Six paying passengers, including a Spanish TV host, and several investors, experienced weightlessness during the 10-12-minute flight and can see Earth against the blackness of space.[34]
Armadillo Aerospace was developing a two-seat vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) rocket called Hyperion, which will be marketed by Space Adventures.[35] Hyperion uses a capsule similar in shape to the Gemini capsule. The vehicle will use a parachute for descent but will probably useretrorockets for final touchdown, according to remarks made by Armadillo Aerospace at the Next Generation Suborbital Researchers Conference in February 2012. The assets of Armadillo Aerospace were sold toExos Aerospace and while SARGE is continuing to be developed, it is unclear whether Hyperion is still being developed.
XCOR Aerospace was developing a suborbital vehicle calledLynx until development was halted in May 2016.[36] The Lynx would take off from a runway under rocket power. Unlike SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo, Lynx would not require a mothership. Lynx was designed for rapid turnaround, which would enable it to fly up to four times per day. Because of this rapid flight rate, Lynx had fewer seats than SpaceShipTwo, carrying only one pilot and one spaceflight participant on each flight. XCOR expected to roll out the first Lynx prototype and begin flight tests in 2015, but as of late 2017, XCOR was unable to complete their prototype development and filed for bankruptcy.[37]
Citizens in Space, formerly theTeacher in Space Project, is a project of theUnited States Rocket Academy. Citizens in Space combinescitizen science with citizen space exploration. The goal is to fly citizen-science experiments and citizen explorers (who travel free) who will act as payload operators on suborbital space missions. By 2012, Citizens in Space had acquired a contract for 10 suborbital flights with XCOR Aerospace and expected to acquire additional flights from XCOR and other suborbital spaceflight providers in the future. In 2012, Citizens in Space reported they had begun training three citizen astronaut candidates and would select seven additional candidates over the next 12 to 14 months.[38][needs update]
As of 2021, Space Adventures and SpaceX are the only companies to have coordinated tourism flights to Earth's orbit. Virginia-based Space Adventures has worked with Russia to use its Soyuz spacecraft to fly ultra-wealthy individuals to the International Space Station. The tourists included entrepreneur and space investorAnousheh Ansari andCirque du Soleil co-founderGuy Laliberté. Those missions were priced at around $20 million each. The space industry could soon be headed for a tourism revolution if SpaceX and Boeing make good on their plans to take tourists to orbit.[42]
At the end of the 1990s,MirCorp, a private venture that was by then in charge of the space station, began seeking potential space tourists to visitMir in order to offset some of its maintenance costs.Dennis Tito, an American businessman and formerJPL scientist, became their first candidate. When the decision was made to de-orbitMir, Tito managed to switch his trip to theInternational Space Station (ISS) aboard a RussianSoyuz spacecraft through a deal between MirCorp and US-basedSpace Adventures, Ltd. Dennis Tito visited the ISS for seven days in April–May 2001, becoming the world's first "fee-paying" space tourist. Tito paid a reported $20 million for his trip.[43]
Tito was followed in April 2002 by South AfricanMark Shuttleworth (Soyuz TM-34). In February 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated on re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard. After this disaster, space tourism on the RussianSoyuz program was temporarily put on hold, becauseSoyuz vehicles became the only available transport to the ISS. After the Shuttle's return to service in July 2005, space tourism was resumed. The third wasGregory Olsen in October 2005 (Soyuz TMA-7). In September 2006, anIranian American businesswoman namedAnousheh Ansari became the fourth space tourist (Soyuz TMA-9).[44]) In April 2007,Charles Simonyi, an American businessman of Hungarian descent, joined their ranks (Soyuz TMA-10). Simonyi became the first repeat space tourist, paying again to fly onSoyuz TMA-14 in March 2009.British-AmericanRichard Garriott became the next space tourist in October 2008 aboardSoyuz TMA-13.[45] CanadianGuy Laliberté visited the ISS in September 2009 aboardSoyuz TMA-16, becoming the last visiting tourist until Japanese nationalsYusaku Maezawa andYozo Hirano aboardSoyuz MS-20 in December 2021. Originally the third member aboardSoyuz TMA-18M would have been the British singerSarah Brightman as a space tourist, but on May 13, 2015, she announced she had withdrawn from training.[46]
Since the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011, Soyuz once again became the only means of accessing the ISS, and so tourism was once again put on hold. On June 7, 2019, NASA announced a plan to open the ISS to space tourism again.[47]
Axiom Space usesCrew Dragon flights contracted withSpaceX to send crews to the International Space Station.[53][54]Mission 1 flew in April 2022,Mission 2 in May 2023,Mission 3 in January 2024, andMission 4 in June 2025. Through these missions, NASA hopes to create a non-NASA market for human spaceflight to enable cost-sharing on future commercial space stations.
TheBoeing Starliner capsule is being developed as part of the NASA'sCommercial Crew Program. Part of the agreement with NASA allows Boeing to sell seats for space tourists. Boeing proposed including one seat per flight for aspaceflight participant at a price that would be competitive with what Roscosmos charges tourists.[55][56]
ThePolaris Program: The commander and financier of the Inspiration4 mission,Jared Isaacman, announced plans for a three-mission program called Polaris in February 2022. The first mission,Polaris Dawn, launched four private astronauts in aCrew Dragon spacecraft to earth orbit. Polaris Dawn was a free-flyer mission in which the spacecraft did not perform any rendezvous maneuvers, instead setting the all-time earth orbit altitude record at 1,400 km, surpassing the 1,373 km record set byGemini XI. Polaris Dawn also included the first privateextravehicular activity (EVA). The last Polaris program mission is planned to be the first crewed flight of the in-development Starship launch system.
In 2004,Bigelow Aerospace established a competition calledAmerica's Space Prize, which offered a $50 million prize to the first US company to create a reusable spacecraft capable of carrying passengers to a Nautilus space station. The prize expired in January 2010 without anyone making a serious effort to win it.[57]
The Space Island Group proposed having 20,000 people on their "space island" by 2020.[58]
A United States startup firm, Orion Span announced during the early part of 2018 that it planned to launch and position a luxury space hotel in orbit within several years.[59]Aurora Space Station, the name of the hotel, would have offered guests (at most six individuals) 12 days of staying in a pill-shaped space hotel for $9.5 million. The hotel's cabins would have measured approximately 12.9 metres (43 feet) by 4.8 metres (14 feet) in width.[60]
Space Adventures Crew Dragon mission:Space Adventures andSpaceX planned to send up to four tourists to low Earth orbit for a few days in late 2021 or early 2022. In October 2021, Space Adventures stated that the mission contract had expired, though the possibility of a future partnership with SpaceX was left open.[61]
A mission with a similar flight profile is planned to have the same flight profile as the now cancelled Dearmoon project, withDennis Tito and his wife Akiko Tito as two of the passengers.[62]
Space Adventures Ltd. have announced that they are working onDSE-Alpha, a circumlunar mission to the Moon, with the price per passenger being $100,000,000.[63]
Excalibur Almaz proposed to take three tourists in a flyby around the Moon, using modifiedAlmaz space station modules, in a low-energy trajectory flyby around the Moon. The trip would last around 6 months.[64] However, their equipment was never launched and is to be converted into an educational exhibit.[65]
TheGolden Spike Company was an Americanspace transport startup active from 2010 to 2013. The company held the objective to offer private commercial space transportation services to thesurface of the Moon. The company's website was quietly taken offline in September 2015.
TheInspiration Mars Foundation is an American nonprofit organization founded byDennis Tito that proposed to launch a crewed mission toflybyMars in January 2018,[66][67][68] or 2021 if they missed the first deadline.[69] Their website became defunct by late 2015 but it is archived by theInternet Archive.[70] The Foundation's future plans are unclear.
Bigelow Aerospace planned to extend their successes with theGenesis modules by launching theB330, an expandable habitation module with 330 cubic meters of internal space, aboard aVulcan rocket. The Vulcan was contracted to boost BA 330 to low lunar orbit by the end of 2022.[71]
In February 2017,Elon Musk announced that substantial deposits from two individuals had been received bySpaceX for a Moon loop flight using afree return trajectory and that this could happen as soon as late 2018.[72] Musk said that the cost of the mission would be "comparable" to that of sending an astronaut to the International Space Station, about US$70 million in 2017.[73] In February 2018, Musk announced that the Falcon Heavy rocket would not be used for crewed missions.[74][75] The proposal changed in 2018 to use theStarship launch system instead.[11][74][75] In September 2018, Musk revealed the passenger for the trip,Yusaku Maezawa during a livestream. Yusaku Maezawa described the plan for his trip in further detail, dubbed the #dearMoon project, intended to take 6–8 artists with him on the journey to inspire the artists to create new art.
Under theOuter Space Treaty signed in 1967, the launch operator's nationality and the launch site's location determine which country is responsible for any damages occurred from a launch.[76]
After valuable resources were detected on the Moon, private companies began to formulate methods to extract the resources. Article II of theOuter Space Treaty dictates that "outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means".[77] However, countries have the right to freely explore the Moon and any resources collected for scientific purposes are property of that country when they return.
In December 2005, the US government released a set of proposed rules for space tourism.[78] These included screening procedures and training for emergency situations, but not health requirements.[citation needed]
Under current US law, any company proposing to launch paying passengers from American soil on a suborbital rocket must receive a license from the Federal Aviation Administration'sOffice of Commercial Space Transportation (FAA/AST). The licensing process focuses on public safety and safety of property, and the details can be found in the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 14, Chapter III.[79] This is in accordance with the Commercial Space Launch Amendments Act passed by Congress in 2004,[80] which required that NASA and theFederal Aviation Administration to allow paying passengers fly on suborbital launch vehicles at their own risk.[81]
In March 2010, the New Mexico legislature passed the Spaceflight Informed Consent Act. The SICA gives legal protection to companies who provide private space flights in the case of accidental harm or death to individuals. Participants sign an Informed Consent waiver, dictating that spaceflight operators cannot be held liable in the "death of a participant resulting from the inherent risks of space flight activities". Operators are however not covered in the case of gross negligence or willful misconduct.[82]
In December 2021, the FAA announced that starting in 2022, it would recognize on its official website those who travel to space.[83] "Any individual who is on an FAA-licensed or permitted launch and reaches 50 statute miles above the surface of the Earth will be listed on the site."[83] The announcement ended theCommercial Space Astronaut Wings program, under which the FAA had offered commercial astronaut wings to individuals on private spacecraft who made it above 50 miles (80 kilometers) in altitude above Earth since 2004.[84]
With the increasing advent of sub-orbital flights, there are growing concerns that the present international framework is insufficient to address the significant issues raised by space tourism. The concerns relate to commercial Liability, insurance, consumer protection, passenger safety, environmental impact, and emergency response.[85][86]
The following list notes each trip taken by an individual for whom a fee was paid (by themselves or another party) to go above theKármán Line, the internationally recognized boundary of space at 100 km, or above the US definition of the boundary of space at 50 miles (80 km). It also includes future trips which are paid for and scheduled.
Many private space travelers have objected to the termspace tourist, often pointing out that their role went beyond that of an observer, since they also carried out scientific experiments in the course of their journey.Richard Garriott additionally emphasized that his training was identical to the requirements of non-Russian Soyuz crew members, and that teachers and other non-professional astronauts chosen to fly with NASA are called astronauts. He has said that if the distinction has to be made, he would rather be called "private astronaut" than "tourist".[106]Mark Shuttleworth described himself as a "pioneer of commercial space travel".[107]Gregory Olsen prefers "private researcher",[108] andAnousheh Ansari prefers the term "private space explorer". Other advocates of private spaceflight object to the term on similar grounds.Rick Tumlinson of theSpace Frontier Foundation, for example, has said: "I hate the word tourist, and I always will ... 'Tourist' is somebody in a flowered shirt with three cameras around his neck."[109] Russian cosmonautMaksim Surayev told the press in 2009 not to describeGuy Laliberté as a tourist: "It's become fashionable to speak of space tourists. He is not a tourist but a participant in the mission."[110]
"Spaceflight participant" is the official term used by NASA and the Russian Federal Space Agency to distinguish between private space travelers and career astronauts. Tito, Shuttleworth, Olsen, Ansari, and Simonyi were designated as such during their respective space flights. NASA also listsChrista McAuliffe as a spaceflight participant (although she did not pay a fee), apparently due to her non-technical duties aboard theSTS-51-L flight.
The US Federal Aviation Administration awards the title of "commercial astronaut" to trained crew members of privately funded spacecraft.
A 2018 survey from the PEW Research Center identifies the top three motivations for a customer to purchase a flight into space as:[111]
To experience something unique ( e.g. pioneering, one of a kind)
To see the view of Earth from space
To learn more about the world
The PEW study also found that only 43% of Americans would be definitely or probably interested in going into space. NASA astronautMegan McArthur has a message to space tourists: spaceflight is uncomfortable and risky, and takes grit.[112]
A web-based survey suggested that over 70% of those surveyed wanted less than or equal to two weeks in space; in addition, 88% wanted to spacewalk, of whom 14% would pay a 50% premium for the experience, and 21% wanted a hotel or space station.[113]
The concept has met with some criticism;Günter Verheugen, vice-president of theEuropean Commission, said of the EADS Astrium Space Tourism Project: "It's only for thesuper-rich, which is against my social convictions".[114]
On October 14, 2021,Prince William suggested that entrepreneurs should focus on savingEarth rather than engaging in space tourism and also warned about a rise in "climate anxiety" among younger generations.[115]
Influence of a decade of contemporary rocket launch and re-entry heating emissions on stratospheric chemical composition[116]
A 2010 study published inGeophysical Research Letters raised concerns that the growing commercial spaceflight industry could accelerate global warming. The study, funded by NASA and The Aerospace Corporation, simulated the impact of 1,000 suborbital launches ofhybrid rockets from a single location, calculating that this would release a total of 600 tonnes ofblack carbon into the stratosphere. They found that the resultant layer of soot particles remained relatively localized, with only 20% of the carbon straying into the southern hemisphere, thus creating a strong hemispherical asymmetry.[117] This unbalance would cause the temperature to decrease by about 0.4 °C (0.72 °F) in the tropics and subtropics, whereas the temperature at the poles would increase by between 0.2 and 1 °C (0.36 and 1.80 °F). The ozone layer would also be affected, with the tropics losing up to 1.7% of ozone cover, and the polar regions gaining 5–6%.[118] The researchers stressed that these results should not be taken as "a precise forecast of the climate response to a specific launch rate of a specific rocket type", but as a demonstration of the sensitivity of the atmosphere to the large-scale disruption that commercial space tourism could bring.[117]
A 2022 study estimated theair pollution impacts on climate change and the ozone layer from rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components anddebris in 2019 and from a theoretical futurespace industry extrapolated from the "billionaire space race". It concludes that substantial effects from routine space tourism should "motivateregulation".[119][116]
Several organizations have been formed to promote the space tourism industry, including the Space Tourism Society, Space Future, and HobbySpace.UniGalactic Space Travel Magazine is a bi-monthly educational publication covering space tourism and space exploration developments in companies like SpaceX, Orbital Sciences, Virgin Galactic and organizations like NASA.
A 2010 report from theFederal Aviation Administration, titled "The Economic Impact of Commercial Space Transportation on the U.S. Economy in 2009", cites studies done by Futron, an aerospace and technology-consulting firm, which predict that space tourism could become a billion-dollar market within 20 years.[123] Eight tourists reached orbit between 2001 and 2009. In 2011 Space Adventures suggested that this number could reach 140 by 2020,[124] but with commercial crewed rockets only just beginning to enter service, such numbers have yet to be achieved.
According to a 2022 report by Research and Markets, titled "Global Space Tourism Market," the global space tourism industry is projected to reach US$8.67 billion by 2030, with an estimatedcompound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 37.1% between 2022 and 2030.[125]
^Wang was born inChina but lives primarily inSvalbard and since 2023 is also a citizen ofMalta andSaint Kitts and Nevis through theirgolden visa programs. He will wear the flag of Malta on his spacesuit during the spaceflight.[104]
^Mikkelsen was born in theUnited Kingdom, but is now a citizen ofNorway. She will wear the flag of Norway on her spacesuit during the spaceflight.[105]
^Maharaj Vijay Reddy; Mirela Nica; Keith Wilkes (October 2012), "Space tourism: Research recommendations for the future of the industry and perspectives of potential participants",Tourism Management,33 (5):1093–1102,doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.11.026
^Citron, Robert (April 1985)."Space Tourism Could Drive Space Development".The Space Tourist. Fourth Annual L5 Space Development Conference, National Space Society. Washington DC: American Astronautical Society. pp. 85–771 to 85–774.Archived from the original on February 9, 2012. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2012.
^"Boeing space taxi has tourist seat".Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Thomson Reuters. September 18, 2014.Archived from the original on January 8, 2017. RetrievedJanuary 7, 2017.
^Foust, Jeff (November 1, 2010)."Bigelow still thinks big".The Space Review.Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. RetrievedJuly 29, 2012.
Abitzsch, Sven (May 15, 1996).Prospects of Space Tourism. 9th European Aerospace Congress – Visions and Limits of Long-term Aerospace Developments. Aerospace Institute,Technische Universität Berlin: Space Future Consulting.
Manber, Jeffrey (2009).Selling Peace: Inside the Soviet Conspiracy That Transformed the U.S. Space Program. Burlington, Ont: Apogee.ISBN978-1-926592-08-4.
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