Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission

خلائی و بالائے فضائی تحقیقاتی مأموریہ
SUPARCO complex inKarachi,Sindh
Agency overview
Abbreviation	SUPARCO
Formed	Committee: 1961 -KarachiCommission: 1981 -Karachi
Type	Space agency
Jurisdiction	Government of Pakistan
Status	Active
Headquarters	Islamabad-45900, Pakistan
Chairman	Muhammad Yusuf Khan[1]
Key people	Dr. Abdus Salam Dr. Abdul Majid Dr. Salim Mehmud
Primary spaceport	Sonmiani FTR
Owner	National Command Authority
Employees	Classified
Annual budget	Rs. 5418 million (US$18.76 million)[2] (2025–26)
Website	suparco.gov.pk

TheSpace & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission,^[a] commonly referred to asSUPARCO, is the national space agency ofPakistan.^[3]

The agency, originally established in 1961 as a committee in Karachi, became an independent commission in 1981.^[4] Its initial objective was to studyrocketry andhigh-altitude research from the United States, which eventually led to the development of a nationalsatellite program.^[5] This culminated in the successful launch of Pakistan's first satellite from China in 1990.^[6][7] The agency was also an early participant in therocket development program launched by theMinistry of Defence of Pakistan.^[7]

The agency leads theNational Space Program (NSP) and maintains theorbital operations of its satellites with support facilities throughout the country.^[8][9]

SUPARCO also serves as the secretariat forPakistan Space Activities Regulatory Board (PSARB) which was established in February 2024 under theNational Command Authority to regulate all space-related activities in Pakistan.^[10][11]

The pastfederal ministries of Pakistan initially avoided to fund the space program and engineering education in spite of opportunity available from theUnited States.^{: 235 [12]} ThePunjab University was the only university that was undertaking the research in aeronautics in 1957; after the formerSoviet Union launched its first satellite in space, theSputnik 1.^[13]

It was during the development ofApollo program in 1961 whenAbdus Salam found an opportunity for Pakistan to start its space program with the foreign funding coming from theUnited States.^[14] AsNASA launched theApollo program in competition with the Soviet space program, it recognized the need for scientific data from theupper atmosphere and therefore invited India and Pakistan—twoIndian Ocean–bordering states—to participate in related studies and experiments.^[14] Initially, the engineers fromPakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) learned rocketry at theWallops Flight Facility as Abdus Salam worked on getting approval for establishing a commission from theAyub administration.^[14]

A commission to study the upper atmosphere and rocketry was established under Abdus Salam^[15] and Ishrat Usmani^[16] as its chairman withnuclear engineers from PAEC,Tariq Mustafa andSalim Mehmud, becoming its first members in 1961 through the "Space Sciences Research Wing" of PAEC.^[17] The Commission was the first in the Muslim world to start studies in establishing a national space program, and was named as "Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission" to represent its purpose and mission on 16 September 1961.^{: 237 [12]}

The Commission working under Abdus Salam was tasked with learning therocket engineering, and contribution fromFrance and theUnited States helped start this mission.^{: 238 [12]} Foundation of the agency made Pakistan the firstSouth Asian country to start a space program.^[18][19] Furthermore, aFlight Test Range was established in Sonmiani which is 50 km (31 mi) west ofKarachi, from where a program of sounding rocket launches was conducted based on the Nike-Ajax rockets followed by the Judi-Dart program.^[14]

On 7 July 1962, the Commission launched the first rocket, known as "Rehbar-I", which reached the altitude of 80 mi (420,000 ft) in space.^[14][20] The United States publicly supported and hailed the program as the beginning of "a program of continuous cooperation in space research of mutual interest."^[21] Until 1972, the United States provided training on rocket engines at theGoddard Space Flight Center.^[21] The ground stations for satellite navigation were set up by the Commission in Karachi and Lahore in 1973, and were visited by theApollo 17 astronauts.^[22] In 1973, the Islamabad Ionospheric Station was established at theQuaid-e-Azam University and Landsat ground station was established near Lahore.^[22]

Following the cessation of U.S. funding for upper atmosphere research in 1972 and the prioritization of nuclear weapons programs after the 1971 war with India, SUPARCO experienced a significant decline in funding and support. Engineers with backgrounds in nuclear engineering were transferred to the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, and thePakistan Air Force's support for theRehbar program also ceased.^[22]

Following India's launch of its first satelliteAryabhata on a SovietKosmos-3M rocket in 1975, SUPARCO began lobbying for Pakistan's own satellite program. In 1981, the Commission was reorganized as an independent federal agency. During the same period, a communication satellite project called PakSAT was initiated. Collaborations with thePakistan Radio Society (PRS) and theUniversity of Surrey in England enabled SUPARCO to participate in satellite engineering projects, contributing to the development ofUoSAT-1 andUO-11, which were launched in 1984.^[23][24]

Pakistan's communication satellite program also led to the expansion of a ground station in Lahore in 1983. SUPARCO began constructing its first satellite,Badr-1, in 1983, and it was eventually launched by China in 1990 after negotiations with the United States failed.^[25]

SUPARCO continued its collaboration with the United Kingdom, developing theBadr-B satellite in partnership with the BritishRutherford Laboratory. However, due to orbital crises and funding constraints,Badr-B was not launched until 2001 by Russia.^[26]

Gen Zia's decision to delay the PakSAT project in 1984, citing a lack of funds, led to a significant setback for SUPARCO. This ultimately resulted in the loss of two orbital slots in 1993 and 1994.^[22] To secure a priority slot, the agency negotiated withHughes Satellite Systems to acquirePakSAT-1, a geo-stationary satellite originally intended for Indonesia.^[22]

As per the National Space Policy of Pakistan approved in 2024, SUPARCO as the National Space Agency is mandated to carry out all activities related to outer space which includes but not limited to the following:^[27]

1. Policy Development: Formulate national space policies and legislation to comply with international obligations and establish guidelines for the space sector.
2. Program Management: Plan, manage, and execute the National Space Program, encompassing space science, technology, and applications.
3. Space Infrastructure: Design, develop, launch, and operate satellites, ground control infrastructure, space transportation systems, launch facilities, navigation systems, and tracking observatories.
4. National Register: Maintain a register of space objects launched by Pakistan and submit information to the United Nations.
5. Commercialization: Promote the commercial exploitation of space capabilities, technologies, and applications.
6. Private Sector Engagement: Encourage private sector involvement in space activities.
7. International Cooperation: Coordinate with international space organizations and agencies, and represent Pakistan in relevant forums.

The PakSAT program is the nationalcommunication satellites program of the commission conceived in 1979–80.^{: 21–22 [28]} The program is envisioned to consist of two geostationary communication satellites – one operating in 38°Eorbit and other at 41°E, respectively.^{: 24 [28]}

The PakSAT program was originally designed to develop thetelevision receive-only (TVRO) terminals for the receptions ofnews,entertainment, and educational channels from direct broadcastingsatellite dishes.^[29]

Since 1961, the commission supported and led the early studies onsolid-propellant rockets, which it succeeded in developing theRehbar-I.^[31] The Rehbar-I rocket was a derivative based on the U.S.Nike-Cajun, and continued its service until 1972.^[3]

In 1987, the military funded the commission's design study on rocket engines forHatf-I, which was completed with the Khan Research Laboratories (KRL), the national defense laboratory of theMinistry of Defence.^[21] In 1995, the Commission designed the rocket engine for theAbdali project, which was completed in 2004.^[21]

The Commission also conducted studies on rocket engines for theShaheen program.^[32]

Every year, SUPARCO sponsors and organizes theWorld Space Week (WSW) to promote the understanding of theEarth science all over the country.^[33] SUPARCO works with a number of universities and research institutions to engage in research in observational astronomy and astrophysics.^[34] TheInstitute of Space and Planetary Astrophysics (ISPA) of theKarachi University conducts key research and co-sponsors with international level research programs inastrophysics, with joint ventures of SUPARCO.^[35]

SUPARCO operates a national balloon launching facility in Karachi to conduct studies in atmospheric sciences to determine the vertical profile of ozone up to 30–35 km.^[36] This balloon sounding facility has been extensively used for carrying out research in better understanding of themeteorology and how the ozone layer vary seasonally in the stratosphere and troposphere.^[36] The Ionospheric Station at Karachi operates a Lonosonde observation facility, and recently the balloon flight mission was carried out by the station on 16 January 2004, up to an altitude of about 36 km to measure the vertical profile of theO₃ trends.^[36] The maximum O₃ observed 12.65 mPa at 27 km.^[36] One of the most notable mission of SUPARCO is itsLunar program that conducts observational studies on the activity of Lunar phases and distributes its publications within the public domain.^[37]

The SUPARCO Astrophysics program, is an active scientific mission of SUPARCO, dedicated for the development ofspace science.^[38] The program's mainstream objective and aim is to conduct research studies for the advancement and better understanding of thetheoretical physics,astronomy,astrophysics, and mathematics involving thethree-dimensionaluniversalspace and time.^[38]

SUPARCO's Space Program 2040, launched in 2012, incorporates astronomy and astrophysics research into a single program focused on theoretical and observational studies. This program explores vast topics likequantum mechanics, deep space objects, dark matter and energy, supernovae, nebulae, and galaxies. Aligned with Pakistan's official space policy, it also aims to strengthen public understanding of physics and mathematics through educational initiatives like academic bulletins and public events celebrating astronomy milestones. This program fosters collaboration with international space agencies and builds upon public interest sparked by SUPARCO's celebration of theInternational Year of Astronomy in 2009 which was widely appreciated by the public.^[38][39]

Since its establishment, a total of nine important publications has been released under the auspicious of this program with the last volume was issued in September 2012.^[40]

SUPARCO has been actively involved in space weather monitoring for over five decades, utilizing a nationwide network of ground-based sensors. As Pakistan's reliance on satellites for critical services like communication, navigation, and earth observation increases, SUPARCO has established thePakistan Space Weather Center, which employs an array of instruments to observe space weather phenomena in real time. Processed data, including HF communication products, are then disseminated to relevant national users.^[41]

SUPARCO initiated its Geomagnetic Field Monitoring Program in 1983 at theSonmiani space facility, establishing a second observatory in Karachi in 2008. This program involves studying the Earth's magnetic field and its variations in the South Asian region using data collected from these observatories. The data is used to understand the Earth's magnetic environment and mitigate associated hazards.^[42]

SUPARCO regularly publishes a public domain bulletin of geomagnetic data, which includes research on the effects of solar flares and severe magnetic storms recorded by the observatories.

On Sunday, 19th October 2025, SUPARCO announced the "successful launch" of their new H1 satellite from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in north-western China.

This is Pakistan's first hyperspectral satellite, described as a "major milestone". It aims to advance country objectives ranging from agriculture to urban planning.

Pakistan’s Foreign Ministry says the new technology will greatly improve the country’s abilities in areas like advanced farming, environmental protection, city development, and disaster response. It will also help identify natural hazard risks more accurately, supporting major development projects such as the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor.

Pakistan praised the launch of H1 as a major milestone for its space programme and a sign of its close cooperation with China in using space technology for peaceful purposes.

SUPARCO has been a pivotal player in Pakistan's satellite navigation landscape. Its involvement extends to the entire spectrum of satellite navigation, encompassing the design and development of space, ground, and user segments.

It has established a Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS) on a proof of concept basis to provide correction signals to authorized users. Additionally, SUPARCO has deployed a Space Based Augmentation System (SBAS) viaPakSAT-MM1 to cater to the specific needs of aviation, marine, and land users who require high-integrity correction signals.

SUPARCO operates a Satellite Navigation Signal Monitoring facility that plays a crucial role in monitoring, archiving, and analyzing satellite navigation signals from various monitoring stations located across Pakistan. This facility fosters collaboration with national and international organizations involved in satellite navigation systems.^[43]

Pakistan has been participating in a multinational humanitarian programme for satellite–aidedsearch and rescue, theInternational Cospas-Sarsat Programme. In 1990, theGovernment of Pakistan accorded approval for SUPARCO's participation in theCospas program asground segment provider and lead space station with close coordination with the Soviet Union. Over the years, the mission control center has equipped itself with advanced technology and is capable of distributing distress alert data torescue coordination centres in the country.^[44]

SUPARCO has been a pioneer in introducing Remote Sensing/GIS and allied technologies in Pakistan, providing turnkey solutions and services to diverse users across various fields. These applications range from agriculture and forestry to disaster management, water resources, environmental monitoring, urban planning, and coastal and marine studies. SUPARCO's expertise extends to climate change and environmental degradation, utilizing ground-based observations and satellite data for now-casting and forecasting environmental indicators in the atmosphere, biosphere, cryosphere, and hydrosphere. To support these endeavors, SUPARCO operates specialized centers and facilities, including environmental laboratories, mobile laboratories, a mathematical modeling center, and a microgravity experiments facility.^[45]

• Scientificspace research
• Geographic Information Systems
• Natural ResourceSurveying
• Environmental monitoring
• Acquisition of data for atmospheric/meteorological studies
• Development of the ground-based infrastructure for navigation and special information system
• Development of research, test and production base of the space sector

SUPARCO, headquartered in Islamabad, maintains a network of key technical and support facilities across Pakistan. These facilities are strategically located in major cities to support the organization's various research and development activities.^[3]

SUPARCO, has consistently prioritized international cooperation as a central component of its space development program. The agency maintains active membership in several international organizations, institutes, scientific committees and United Nations bodies likeUNCOPUOS,UN-SPIDER,UN-ESCAP,COSPAR,IAF,ISPRS,APSCO etc. This has fostered collaboration in scientific and technical information exchange, data sharing, joint projects, technology transfer, training, collaborative studies. SUPARCO has also entered into numerous bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements and MoUs to facilitate space-related activities. Pakistan is a signatory to all five United Nations treaties governing the peaceful uses of outer space.^[54][55]

ISNET was established in 1987 by theOrganization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)Standing Committee on Scientific and Technological Cooperation (COMSTECH) and SUPARCO hosted the founding meeting of the Network at Karachi. The secretariat of ISNET is located within SUPARCO and Chairman SUPARCO is the ex-officio President of ISNET.^[54] ISNET has 17 member states and it organises different international conferences, seminars, workshops, training courses related to space science, technology and satellite application in different member states in which a number of scientists, engineers and researchers stake-holders participate.

In August 2006,People's Republic of China signed an agreement with Pakistan to conduct joint research in space technology and committed to work with Pakistan to launch three Earth-weather satellites over the next five years.^[56] In May 2007, China (as a strategic partner) publicly signed an agreement with Pakistan to enhance cooperation in the areas of space science and technology. The Pakistan-China bilateral cooperation in thespace industry span a broad spectrum, includingclimate science,clean energy technologies,atmospheric andEarth sciences, andmarine sciences. On the occasion of Chinese launch of PakSAT-1R, Pakistan's ambassador to China expressed the natural desire of Pakistan for China to send the first officially designated Pakistani astronaut to space aboard a Chinese spacecraft.^[57] In cooperation withCNSA,Pakistan sent its first lunar orbiter mission calledICUBE-Q along withChang'e 6.^[58][59] SUPARCO will also launch a 35kglunar rover with theChang'e 8 mission.^[60][61]

In 2019, the commission reached out toUnited Arab Emirates Space Agency to take part in the Global Space Congress for the first time held atAbu Dhabi, where they held an exhibition on their satellite-related projects.^[62]

In December 2006, Turkey showed interest to form a joint-venture withAsia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization where Pakistan is a member.^[63] In 2006, Turkish minister of science, accompanied by the Turkish Ambassador to Pakistan, signed theMemorandum of understanding (MOU) with Pakistan to form a joint-venture with Pakistan in the development of satellite technology.^[63] TheScientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey andTurkish Aerospace Industries's senior ranking officials and representative signed a separate accord with the SUPARCO to enhance the cooperation in the satellite development program.^[63]

• List of government space agencies
• SUPARCO's spaceflight missions and tests
• SUPARCO Space Programme 2040
• Jinnah Antarctic Station

• CNBC Pakistan televised Interview with Salim Mehmud – Chairman SUPARCO - Available inUrdu language
• Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO)Archived 30 July 2020 at theWayback Machine
• FAS report on SUPARCOArchived 11 July 2016 at theWayback Machine
• Astronautix
• Shaheen - PSLV

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• Space programme of Pakistan
• Science and technology in Pakistan
• Government agencies established in 1961
• International research institutes
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• Pakistan federal departments and agencies
• Space research
• Science and technology in Karachi
• 1961 establishments in Pakistan
• Space technology research institutes

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