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| Program overview | |
|---|---|
| Country | United States |
| Organization | SpaceX |
| Status | Canceled |
| Vehicle information | |
| Crewed vehicle | SpaceX Dragon 2 |
| Launch vehicle | Falcon Heavy |
TheSpaceXRed Dragon was a 2011–2017 concept for using an uncrewed modifiedSpaceXDragon 2 for low-costMars lander missions to be launched usingFalcon Heavy rockets.
The primary objective of the initialRed Dragon mission was to test techniques and technology toenter theMartian atmosphere with equipment that a human crew could conceivably use.[1][2] The series of Mars missions were to be technology pathfinders for the much largerSpaceX Mars colonization architecture that was announced in September 2016.[3] An additional suggested use for a mission called for asample returnMars rover to be delivered to the Martian surface.
The program was conceived in 2011 as a potentialNASA Discovery mission launching as early as 2022, and evolved over several years once it did not receive NASA funding from the 2013–2015 Discovery Mission program cycle. In April 2016, SpaceX announced that they had signed an unfundedSpace Act Agreement with NASA, providing technical support, for a launch no earlier than 2018. In February 2017, SpaceX noted this launch date was delayed to no earlier than 2020. In July 2017,Elon Musk announced that development would be halted and resources redirected toStarship.[4]
SpaceX worked with NASA'sAmes Research Center in 2011 to produce a feasibility study for a mission that would search for evidence oflife on Mars (biosignatures), past or present.[2][1][5] SpaceX's Dragon version 1 capsule is used to ferry cargo only, whileSpaceX Dragon 2 transports astronauts to and from theInternational Space Station. TheRed Dragon proposal called for modifications so it could be used to transport payload to Mars,[2] land usingretrorockets, and to become a precursor to ahuman mission to Mars.[6][7]
SpaceX initially planned to proposeRed Dragon for funding in 2013 and 2015 as theUnited StatesNASA Discovery mission #13 for launch in 2022,[8][6][7] but it was not submitted.
The 2011Red Dragon concept was conceived to use a modified 3.6-meter (12 ft) diameter Dragon module, with a mass of 6.5 tonnes (14,000 lb) and an interior volume of 7 cubic metres (250 cu ft) for up to 1 tonne (2,200 lb; 1,000 kg) of Mars-landed payload.[5] The instruments were proposed to drill approximately 1.0 metre (3.3 ft) under ground to sample reservoirs ofwater ice known to exist in the shallow subsurface. The mission cost was projected in 2011 to be less than US$400 million,[6] plus $150 million to $190 million for a launch vehicle and lander.[1][7]
The goals for a NASA-funded mission, as originally proposed by NASA Ames Research Center, were:
A 2014 study of a potential 2021 NASA-fundedRed Dragon mission suggested that it could offer a low-cost way for NASA to achieve aMars sample return. In the concept, theRed Dragon capsule would be equipped with the system needed to return samples gathered on Mars, including a Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV), an Earth Return Vehicle (ERV), and hardware to transfer the sample collected by a previously landed rover mission, such as NASA's plannedMars 2020 rover, to the ERV.[2][9] The ERV would transfer the samples to high Earth orbit, where a separate future mission would pick up the samples and de-orbit to Earth.[2] NASA did not fund either concept.
Over time, theRed Dragon concept changed but the basic idea was: use a modified Dragon capsule to test developmental technologies with anuncrewed mission to Mars. The launch vehicle would be theFalcon Heavy, and the capsule would be aSpaceX Dragon 2. In April 2016, SpaceX announced that they were proceeding with the robotic mission for a 2018 launch[10] and NASA would be providing technical support:[11] a departure from the original NASA-funded mission.
SpaceX was planning theinitialFalcon Heavy rocket launch for late 2017, and Dragon 2 was scheduled to undergo flight tests in mid to late 2017.[12] In April 2016, SpaceX reiterated their plan for a 2018 launch.[13][14]
The firstRed Dragon mission was intended as a technology demonstrator and no payload was announced.[15][16] NASA would have been involved in the mission at the level of technical interchange.[13] In exchange for Martianentry, descent, and landing data from SpaceX, NASA offered technical support and telemetry for theRed Dragon mission.[11][14] In 2016, NASA anticipated spending about $30 million of its public budgetary funds for employees and equipment to be used to monitor the mission.[17] In May 2017, NASA revealed that SpaceX would launch twinRed Dragons to assure mission success with redundant spacecraft as insurance, one at the beginning of the 2020 launch window and one at the end, so that the second arrival can learn from the first's arrival,[18] however, the mission was canceled a year later.[4]
SpaceX announced in 2017 that propulsive landing for Dragon 2 would no longer be developed and landing legs would not be added to the Dragon 2 capsule. The end of propulsive landing development means a Dragon will not be able to land on Mars,[1] and theRed Dragon program has been put on the back burner.[19] Musk stated on Twitter that a "vastly bigger ship" would be used to test a different landing method now thought to be better than the concept of heat shield on the bottom and thrusters on the sides.[4]By mid-2017, SpaceX redirected engineering development resources todevelop the propulsive landing technologies for the much largerStarship design.[20]
Because of its design integrating a robust heat shield and powerful thrusters, a modifiedSpaceX Dragon 2 capsule might, with further development, have been able to perform all the necessary entry, descent and landing (EDL) functions in order to deliver payloads of 1 tonne (2,200 lb) or more to the Martian surface without using aparachute; the use of parachutes is not feasible without significant vehicle modifications.[1]
Afterdirect entry into the atmosphere at 6 km/s (13,000 mph)[21] it was calculated that the capsule's ownaerodynamic drag may slow it sufficiently for the remainder of descent to be within the capability of theSuperDracoretro-propulsion thrusters.[2] It could be designed with acenter of gravity (CG) offset to enter with alift-to-drag ratio of 0.24 (likeMars Science Laboratory). The CG offset could be removed by ejecting 120 kg of ballast mass.[21] It would transition directly from atmospheric flight to powered descent at Mach 2.24.[21] Theretrorockets would slow the craft as it descends into Mars's upper atmosphere atsupersonic speed. 1900 kg of propellant would provide theΔv required for soft landing at 2.4 m/s.[21]
This approach was expected to allow the capsule to land at much higher Martian elevations than could be done with a parachute, and within 10 km (6.2 mi) landing accuracy.[5] As of 2011[update] the SpaceX engineering team was developing options for payload integration with the Dragon capsule.[7] Potential landing sites would have been polar or mid-latitude sites withproven near-surface ice.[1]
In July 2017, Musk announced that development of propulsive landing had ceased in favor of a "much better" landing technique for Starship.
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