The Russian SFSR in 1922The Russian SFSR in 1924The Russian SFSR in 1929The Russian SFSR in 1936The Russian SFSR in 1940The Russian SFSR from 1956-1991
TheRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic[b] (Russian SFSR orRSFSR), previously known as theRussian Soviet Republic[3] and theRussian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, and unofficially asSoviet Russia,[4] was asocialist state from 1917 to 1922, and afterwards the largest and most populousconstituent republic of theSoviet Union (USSR) from 1922 to 1991, until becoming asovereign part of the Soviet Union with priority of Russian laws over Union-level legislation in 1990 and 1991, the last two years of the existence of the USSR.[5] The Russian SFSR was composed of sixteen smaller constituent units ofautonomous republics, fiveautonomous oblasts, tenautonomous okrugs, sixkrais and fortyoblasts.[5]Russians formed the largestethnic group. The capital of the Russian SFSR and the USSR as a whole wasMoscow and the other majorurban centers includedLeningrad (Petrograd until 1924),Stalingrad (Volgograd after 1961),Novosibirsk,Sverdlovsk,Gorky andKuybyshev.
On 7 November 1917 (O.S. 25 October), as a result of theOctober Revolution, the Russian Soviet Republic was proclaimed as asovereign state and the world's first constitutionally socialist state guided bycommunist ideology. The firstconstitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922, the Russian SFSR signed atreaty officially creating the USSR. On 12 June 1990, theCongress of People's Deputies adopted theDeclaration of State Sovereignty. On 12 June 1991,Boris Yeltsin, supported by theDemocratic Russia pro-reform movement, waselected the first and only President of the RSFSR, a post that would later become thePresidency of the Russian Federation. TheAugust 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt in Moscow with the temporary brief internment of PresidentMikhail Gorbachev destabilised the Soviet Union. Following these events, Gorbachev lost all his remaining power, with Yeltsin superseding him as the pre-eminent figure in the country. On 8 December 1991, the heads of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed theBelovezha Accords declaring dissolution of the USSR and established theCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS) as a loose replacement confederation. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by the Supreme Soviet (the parliament of the Russian SFSR); therefore the Russian SFSR had renounced the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR andde facto declared Russia's independence from the USSR itself and the ties with the other Soviet republics.
The 1978 constitution of the Russian SFSR was amended several times to reflect the transition to democracy, private property and market economy. The newRussian constitution, coming into effect on 25 December 1993 after aconstitutional crisis, completely abolished the Soviet form of government and replaced it with asemi-presidential system. The economy of Russia became heavily industrialized, accounting for about two-thirds of the electricity produced in the USSR. By 1961, it was the third largest producer of petroleum due to new discoveries in theVolga-Urals region[7] and Siberia.[8] In 1974, there were 475 institutes of higher education in the republic providing education in 47 languages to some 23,941,000 students. A network of territorially organized public-health services provided health care.[5] The economy began to be liberalized starting in 1985 under Gorbachev's "perestroika" restructuring policies, including the introduction of non-state owned enterprises (e.g. cooperatives).
Under the leadership ofVladimir Lenin (1870–1924) andLeon Trotsky (1879–1940), theBolsheviks established theSoviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917. This happened immediately after theOctober Revolution toppled the interimRussian Provisional Government (most recently led by opposing democratic socialistAlexander Kerensky (1881–1970)) which had governed the newRussian Republic after the abdication of theRussian Empire government of theRomanov imperial dynasty of TsarNicholas II the previousMarch (Old Style: February). The October Revolution was thus the second of the twoRussian Revolutions of the turbulent year of 1917. Initially, the new Soviet state did not have an official name and was not recognized by neighboring countries for five months.
Anti-Bolsheviks soon suggested new names, however. By 1919 they had coined the mocking labelSovdepia (Russian:Совдепия) for the nascent state of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies.[9] Speakers of colloquial English coined the term "Bololand"[10]to refer to the land of theBolos (a term identified from 1919 onwards with the Bolsheviks).[11]
On 30 December 1922,with the treaty on the creation of the Soviet Union, Russia (the RSFSR), alongside the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR, formed theUnion of Soviet Socialist Republics. The final Soviet name for the constituent republic, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, was adopted in the laterSoviet Constitution of 1936. By that time, Soviet Russia had gained roughly the same borders of the oldTsardom of Russia before theGreat Northern War of 1700 to 1721.
The RSFSR dominated the Soviet Union to a significant extent. For most of its existence, the Soviet Union was commonly (but incorrectly) referred to[by whom?] as "Russia". While the RSFSR itself was only one republic within the larger union, it was the largest, most powerful and most highly developed[quantify] of the 15 republics.
At a total of about 17,125,200 km (6,612,100 sq mi), the Russian SFSR was the largest of the fifteen Soviet republics, with its southerly neighbor, theKazakh SSR, being second.
Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east ofSiberia with Central Asia and East Asia. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.[17]
The Soviet government first came to power on 7 November 1917, immediately after the interimRussian Provisional Government headed byAlexander Kerensky, which governed theRussian Republic, was overthrown in theOctober Revolution, the second of the twoRussian Revolutions. The state it governed, which did not have an official name, would be unrecognized by neighboring countries for another five months. The initial stage of the October Revolution which involved the assault onPetrograd occurred largely without any humancasualties.[18][19][20]
On 18 January 1918, the newly electedConstituent Assembly issued a decree, proclaiming Russia a democratic federal republic under the name "Russian Democratic Federal Republic". However, the Bolsheviks dissolved the Assembly on the following day and declared its decrees null and void.[21] Conversely, the Bolsheviks also reserved a number of vacant seats in the Soviets andCentral Executive for the opposition parties in proportion to their vote share at the Congress.[22] At the same time, a number of prominent members of theLeft Socialist Revolutionaries had assumed positions in Lenin's government and lead commissariats in several areas. This included agriculture (Kolegaev), property (Karelin), justice (Steinberg), post offices and telegraphs (Proshian) and local government (Trutovsky).[23] Lenin's government also instituted a number of progressive measures such asuniversal education,healthcare andequal rights for women.[24][25][26]
TheRussian famine of 1921–22, also known asPovolzhye famine, killed an estimated 5 million, primarily affecting the Volga and Ural River regions.[27][better source needed]The economic impact of the Civil War was devastating. Ablack market emerged in Russia, despite the threat ofmartial law against profiteering. Theruble collapsed, withbarter increasingly replacing money as a medium of exchange[28] and, by 1921, heavy industry output had fallen to 20% of 1913 levels. 90% of wages were paid with goods rather than money.[29] 70% of locomotives were in need of repair[citation needed], and food requisitioning, combined with the effects of seven years of war and a severe drought, contributed to a famine that caused between 3 and 10 million deaths.[30] Coal production decreased from 27.5 million tons (1913) to 7 million tons (1920), while overall factory production also declined from 10,000 million roubles to 1,000 million roubles. According to the noted historian David Christian, the grain harvest was also slashed from 80.1 million tons (1913) to 46.5 million tons (1920).[31]
One of the early ambitious economic plans of the Soviet government wasGOELRO, Russian abbreviation for "State Commission for Electrification of Russia" (Государственная комиссия поэлектрификацииРоссии), which sought to achieve totalelectrification of the entire country. Soviet propaganda declared the plan was basically fulfilled by 1931.[32] The national power output per year stood at 1.9 billionkWh inImperial Russia in 1913, and Lenin's goal of 8.8 billion kWh was reached in 1931. National power output continued to increase significantly. It reached 13.5 billion kWh by the end of thefirst five-year plan in 1932, 36 billion kWh by 1937, and 48 billion kWh by 1940.[33]
Paragraph 3 of Chapter 1 of the 1925 Constitution of the RSFSR stated the following:[34]
By the will of the peoples of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, who decided on the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics during theTenth All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, being a part of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, devolves to the Union the powers which according to Article 1 of the Constitution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are included within the scope of responsibilities of the government bodies of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
The final name for the republic during the Soviet era was adopted by the Russian Constitution of 1937, which renamed it the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
Just four months afterOperation Barbarossa, theWehrmacht was quickly advancing through the Russian SFSR, and was approximately 10 miles (16 km) away from Moscow. However, after the defeat in theBattle of Moscow and theSoviet winter offensive, the Germans were pushed back. In 1942, the Wehrmacht enteredStalingrad. Despite a deadlyfive-month battle in which the Soviets suffered over 1,100,000 casualties, they achieved victory following the surrender of the last German troops near theVolga River, ultimately pushing German forces out of Russia by 1944.
On 3 March 1944, on the orders of Stalin, theChechen-Ingush ASSR was disbanded and itspopulation forcibly deported upon the accusations ofcollaboration with the invaders andseparatism. The territory of the ASSR was divided between other administrative units of Russian SFSR and the Georgian SSR.
TheBattle of Stalingrad, considered by many historians as a decisive turning point of World War II
At the end of World War II Soviet troops of theRed Army occupied southernSakhalin Island and theKuril Islands off the coast of East Asia, north ofJapan, making them part of the RSFSR. The status of the southernmost Kurils, north ofHokkaido of the Japanese home islands remains in dispute with Japan and the United States following the peace treaty of 1951 ending the state of war.
After the death of Joseph Stalin on 5 March 1953,Georgy Malenkov became the new leader of the USSR. In January 1954, Malenkov (via Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union issuing a decree)transferred the Crimean Oblast from the Russian SFSR to theUkrainian SSR.
On 8 February 1955, Malenkov was officially demoted to deputy Prime Minister. As First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, Nikita Khrushchev's authority was significantly enhanced by Malenkov's demotion.Under Khrushchev's leadership of the country, theKarelo-Finnish SSR was transferred back to the RSFSR as theKarelian ASSR in 1956.
In 1964, Nikita Khrushchev was removed from his position of power and replaced withLeonid Brezhnev. Under his rule, the Russian SFSR and the rest of the Soviet Union went through a massera of stagnation. Even after Brezhnev's death in 1982, the era did not end untilMikhail Gorbachev took power in March 1985 and introduced liberal reforms in Soviet society.
During the unsuccessful1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt of 19–21 August 1991 inMoscow, the capital of the Soviet Union and Russia, Yeltsin strongly supported the President of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August, Yeltsin, in the presence of Gorbachev, signed a decree suspending all activity by theCommunist Party of the Russian SFSR in the territory of Russia.[36] On 6 November, he went further, banning the Communist Parties of the USSR and the RSFSR in the RSFSR.[37]
On 8 December 1991, atViskuli nearBrest (Belarus), Yeltsin, Ukrainian PresidentLeonid Kravchuk and Belarusian leaderStanislav Shushkevich signed the "Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States", known in media as theBelovezh Accords. The document, consisting of a preamble and fourteen articles, stated that the Soviet Union no longer existed "as a subject ofinternational law and geopolitical reality". However, based on the historical community of peoples and relations between the three states, as well as bilateral treaties, the desire for a democratic rule of law, the intention to develop their relations based on mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the parties agreed to the formation of theCommonwealth of Independent States. On 12 December, the agreement was ratified by theSupreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR by an overwhelming majority: 188 votes for, 6 against and 7 abstentions.[38] The legality of this ratification raised doubts among some members of the Russian parliament, since according to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978 consideration of this document was in the exclusive jurisdiction of theCongress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR.[39][40][41][42] However, by this time the Soviet government had been rendered more or less impotent, and was in no position to object. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR denounced theTreaty on the Creation of the USSR and recalled all Russian deputies from the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. A number of lawyers believe that the denunciation of the union treaty was meaningless since it became invalid in 1924 with the adoption of thefirst constitution of the USSR.[43][44][45] Although the 12 December vote is sometimes reckoned as the moment that the RSFSR seceded from the collapsing Soviet Union, this is not the case. It appears that the RSFSR took the line that it did not need to follow the secession process delineated in the Soviet Constitution because it was not possible to secede from a country that no longer existed.
On 24 December, Yeltsin informed theSecretary-General of the United Nations that by agreement of the member states of the CIS the Russian Federation would assume the membership of the Soviet Union in all UN organs (including the Soviet Union's permanent seat on theUN Security Council). Russia took full responsibility for all the rights and obligations of the USSR under the Charter of the United Nations, including the financial obligations, and assumed control over its nuclear stockpile and the armed forces; Soviet embassies abroad became Russian embassies.[6] On 25 December – just hours after Gorbachev resigned as president of the Soviet Union – the Russian SFSR was renamed the Russian Federation (Russia), reflecting that it was now a sovereign state with Yeltsin assuming thePresidency.[46] That same night, theSoviet flag was lowered and replaced with thetricolor. The Soviet Union officially ceased to exist the next day. The change was originally published on 6 January 1992 (Rossiyskaya Gazeta). According to law, during 1992, it was allowed to use the old name of the RSFSR for official business (forms, seals, and stamps).
On 21 April 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of Russia approved the renaming of the RSFSR into the Russian Federation, by making appropriate amendments to the Constitution, which entered into force since publication on 16 May 1992.[47]
Tatar ASSR was formed on 27 May 1920 on the territory of the western two-thirds of theKazan Governorate populated byTatars. On 30 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as theRepublic of Tatarstan and on 18 October 1991 declared its independence. The Russian constitutional court overturned the declaration on 13 March 1992. In February 1994, a separate agreement was reached with Moscow on the status of Tatarstan as an associate state in Russia with confederate status.
Yakut ASSR was formed on 16 February 1922 upon the elevation of theYakut Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 September 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic. From 21 December 1991, it has been known as theRepublic of Sakha (Yakutia).
Karelian ASSR was formed on 23 July 1923 when theKarelian Labor Commune was integrated into the RSFSR's administrative structure. On 31 March 1940, it was elevated into a full Union republic as theKarelo-Finnish SSR. On 16 July 1956, it was downgraded in status to that of an ASSR and re-subordinated to RSFSR. It declared sovereignty on 13 October 1991 as theRepublic of Karelia.
Kazak ASSR was formed on 19 April 1925 when the firstKirghiz ASSR was renamed and partitioned. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 25 October 1990, it declared sovereignty and on 16 December 1991 its independence as theRepublic of Kazakhstan.
Chuvash ASSR was formed on 21 April 1925 upon the elevation of theChuvash Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 26 October 1990 as the Chuvash SSR.
Kirghiz ASSR was formed on 1 February 1926 upon elevation of theKirghiz Autonomous Oblast. Upon the ratification of the new Soviet constitution, the ASSR was elevated into a full Union Republic on 3 December 1936. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as theRepublic of Kyrgyzstan and on 31 August 1991 its independence.
Kara-Kalpak ASSR was formed on 20 March 1932 upon elevation of theKara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast into the Kara-Kalpak ASSR; from 5 December 1936 a part of theUzbek SSR. In 1964, it was renamed the Karakalpak ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 14 December 1990.
Udmurt ASSR was formed on 28 December 1934 upon the elevation ofUdmurt Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. It declared sovereignty on 20 September 1990. Since 11 October 1991, it has been known as theUdmurt Republic.
Kalmyk ASSR was formed on 20 October 1935 upon the elevation ofKalmyk Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. On 27 December 1943, upon the deportation of the Kalmyks, the ASSR was disbanded and split between the newly establishedAstrakhan Oblast and parts adjoined toRostov Oblast,Krasnodar Krai andStavropol Krai. On 9 January 1957, Kalmyk Autonomous Oblast was re-established in its present borders, first as a part of Stavropol Krai and from 19 July 1958 as a part of the Kalmyk ASSR. On 18 October 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Kalmyk SSR.
Kabardino-Balkar ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the departure of theKabardino-Balkar Autonomous Oblast from theNorth Caucasus Kray. After the deportation of theBalkars on 8 April 1944, the republic is renamed as Kabardin ASSR and parts of its territory transferred toGeorgian SSR. Upon the return of the Balkars, the KBASSR is re-instated on 9 January 1957. On 31 January 1991, the republic declared sovereignty as the Kabardino-Balkar SSR and from 10 March 1992 as theKabardino-Balkarian Republic.
Chechen-Ingush ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 when theNorth Caucasus Krai was disestablished and its constituentChechen-Ingush Autonomous Oblast was elevated into an ASSR and subordinated to Moscow. Following the en masse deportation of theChechens andIngush, on 7 March 1944 the ChIASSR was disbanded and the Grozny Okrug was temporarily administered byStavropol Kray until 22 March when the territory was portioned between North Ossetian and Dagestan ASSRs and the Georgian SSR. The remaining land was merged withStavropol Krays Kizlyar district and organised asGrozny Oblast, which existed until 9 January 1957 when the ChIASSR was re-established though only the southern border's original shape was retained. It declared sovereignty on 27 November 1990 as the Chechen-Ingush Republic. On 8 June 1991, the 2nd Chechen National Congress proclaimed a separate Chechen-Republic (Noxchi-Cho) and on 6 September began a coup which overthrew the Soviet local government.De facto, all authority passed to the self-proclaimed government which was renamed as theChechen Republic of Ichkeria in early 1993. In response, the western Ingush districts after a referendum on 28 November 1991 were organised into an Ingush Republic which was officially established on 4 June 1992 by decree of Russian President as theRepublic of Ingushetia. The same decree de jure created a Chechen republic, although it would be established only on 3 June 1994 and carry out partial governance during theFirst Chechen War. TheKhasavyurt Accord would again suspend the government on 15 November 1996. The presentChechen Republic government was re-established on 15 October 1999.
Mari ASSR was formed on 5 December 1936 upon the elevation of theMari Autonomous Oblast into an ASSR. Declared Sovereignty on 22 December 1990 as the Mari Soviet Socialist Republic (Mari El).
Tuva ASSR was formed on 10 October 1961 when theTuva Autonomous Oblast was elevated[by whom?] into an ASSR. On 12 December 1990, it declared sovereignty as the Soviet Republic of Tyva.
In the first years of the existence of the RSFSR, the doctrine ofwar communism became the starting point of the state's economic activity. In March 1921, at the X Congress of the RCP (B), the tasks of the policy of "war communism" were recognized by the country's leadership as fulfilled, and a new economic policy was introduced at Lenin's suggestion.
After the formation of the Soviet Union, the economy of the RSFSR became an integral part of the economy of the USSR. The economic program of the RSFSR (NEP) was continued in all union republics. TheGosplan (State General Planning Commission) of the RSFSR, which replaced GOELRO, was reorganized into the Gosplan of the USSR. His early task was to develop a unified national economic plan based on the electrification plan and to oversee the overall implementation of this plan.
Unlike the previous Russian constitutions, the 1978 Constitution devoted an entire chapter (Chapter II) to the description of the economic system of the RSFSR, which defined the types of property and indicated the goals of the economic tasks of the state.[48]
As noted by Corresponding Member RAS RAS V. I. Suslov, who took part in large-scale studies of the relationship between the economies of the republics of the USSR and the RSFSR in the late Soviet era: "The degree of inequality of economic exchange was very high, and Russia was always the losing side. The product created by Russia largely supported the consumption of other union republics".[49]
Victory Day is the second most popular holiday in Russia as it commemorates the victory overNazism in theGreat Patriotic War. A hugemilitary parade, hosted by the President of Russia, is annually organised in Moscow onRed Square. Similar parades take place in all major Russian cities and cities with the statusHero City or City of Military Glory.
During its 76-year existence, the Russian SFSR anthem was the same as the Soviet anthem (unlike other republics):The Internationale until 1944 and then theState Anthem of the USSR. In 1990, the RSFSR adopted its own separate anthem calledPatrioticheskaya Pesnya, which went on to become the anthem of independent Russia since 1991. In 2000, Vladimir Putinre-introduced the Soviet anthem. Themotto "Workers of the world, unite!" was commonly used and shared with other Soviet republics. Thehammer and sickle and the fullSoviet coat of arms are still widely seen in Russian cities as part of architectural decorations. The Sovietred stars are also encountered, often on military equipment and war memorials. TheRed Banner continues to be honored, especially theBanner of Victory of 1945.
The flag of the Russian SFSR changed numerous times, with the original being a field of red with the Russian name of the republic written on the flag's centre in white. This flag had always been intended to be temporary, as it was changed less than a year after its adoption. The second flag had the letters РСФСР (RSFSR) written in yellow within thecanton and encased within two yellow lines forming aright angle. The next flag was used from 1937, notably duringWorld War II. Interesting because it was used until Stalin's death when a majorvexillological reform was undertaken within the Soviet Union. This change incorporated an update for all theflags of the Soviet Republics as well as for the flag of the Soviet Union itself. The flag of the Russian SFSR was now adefaced version of theflag of the Soviet Union, with the main difference being a minor repositioning of the hammer and sickle and most notably adding a blue vertical stripe to thehoist. This version of the flag was used from 1954 all the way to 1991, where it was changed due to the ongoingcollapse of the Soviet Union. The flag was changed to a design that resembled the original ensign of theTsardom of Russia and theRussian Empire, with a notable difference of the flag ratio being 1:2 instead of the original 2:3 ratio. After 1993, when theSoviet form of government was officially dissolved in theRussian Federation, the flag of the Russian Federation was changed to the original civil ensign with its original 2:3 proportions.
^After the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks, theLeft SRs, and theMenshevik-Internationalists formed a Socialist coalition government that lasted until March 1918;[1] the Mensheviks were allowed to legally hold a congress in 1920 and continued to be elected to the Congress of Soviets until being outlawed in 1921.[2]
^Sokolov, Vasily Andreevich (2002).Petroleum. Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific. p. 183.ISBN0898757258.Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved11 March 2015.
^Mawdsley, Evan (2007). "Sovdepia: The Soviet Zone, October 1917 – November 1918".The Russian Civil War. Pegasus. p. 70.ISBN9781933648156. Retrieved25 January 2014.The Bolsheviks' enemies gave the name 'Sovdepia' to the area under the authority of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies. The comic-opera term was intended to mock [...].
^abService, Robert (2005).A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin. Harvard University Press. p. 84.ISBN9780674018013.
^abBesier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014).European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 67.ISBN9781443855211.
^Carr, EHThe Bolshevik Revolution 1917–23, vol. 3 Penguin Books, London, 4th reprint (1983), pp. 257–258. The draft treaty was published for propaganda purposes in the 1921 British documentIntercourse between Bolshevism and Sinn Féin (Cmd 1326).
^Ikov, Marat Sal."Round Table the Influence Of National Relations on the Development of the Federative State Structure and on the Social and Political Realities of the Russian Federation".Prof.Msu.RU. Retrieved9 February 2021.However, historically, the first proclamation of the federation was made somewhat earlier – by the Constituent Assembly of Russia. In his short resolution of 6 (18) January 1918, the following was enshrined: 'In the name of the peoples, the state of the Russian constituent, the All-Russian Constituent Assembly decides: the Russian state is proclaimed by the Russian Democratic Federal Republic, uniting peoples and regions in an indissoluble union, within the limits established by the federal constitution. Of course, the above resolution, which did not thoroughly regulate the entire system of federal relations, was not considered by the authorities as having legal force, especially after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.'
^Lih, Lars T. (1990)."8 Leaving Troubled Times".Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914-1921. UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004.Archived from the original on 27 October 2021. Retrieved27 October 2021.
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