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.jpg) A Southern Railway train in 1969 | |
| Overview | |
|---|---|
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| Key people |
|
| Founders | Charles H. Coster Samuel Spencer Francis Lynde Stetson |
| Reporting mark | SOU |
| Locale | Washington, D.C.,Virginia,North Carolina,South Carolina,Georgia,Florida,Alabama,Mississippi,Tennessee,Kentucky,Ohio,Illinois,Indiana,Missouri andLouisiana |
| Dates of operation | 1894–1982 |
| Successor | Norfolk Southern Railway |
| Technical | |
| Track gauge | 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in (1,435 mm)standard gauge |
| Length | 8,000 mi (13,000 km) |
TheSouthern Railway (also known asSouthern Railway Company;reporting markSOU) was aclass 1 railroad based in theSouthern United States between 1894 and 1982, at which time it merged with theNorfolk and Western Railway (N&W) to form theNorfolk Southern Railway. The railroad was the product of nearly 150 predecessor lines that were combined, reorganized and recombined beginning in the 1830s, formally becoming the Southern Railway in 1894.[1]
At the end of 1971, the Southern operated 6,026 miles (9,698 km) of railroad, not including its Class I subsidiariesAlabama Great Southern (528 miles or 850 km);Central of Georgia (1729 miles);Savannah & Atlanta (167 miles);Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway (415 miles);Georgia Southern & Florida (454 miles); and twelve Class II subsidiaries. That year, the Southern itself reported 26,111 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 110 million passenger-miles. Alabama Great Southern reported 3,854 million net ton-miles of revenue freight and 11 million passenger-miles; Central of Georgia 3,595 and 17; Savannah & Atlanta 140 and 0; Cincinnati, New Orleans and Texas Pacific Railway 4906 and 0.3; and Georgia Southern & Florida 1,431 and 0.3.
The railroad joined forces with the Norfolk and Western Railway in 1980 to form theNorfolk Southern Corporation. The Norfolk Southern Corporation was created in response to the creation of the rivalCSX Corporation by a number of railroads in the eastern United States (adopting the nameCSX Transportation for its rail system in 1986). Southern and N&W continued as operating companies of Norfolk Southern until in 1982, when Norfolk Southern merged nearly all of N&W's operations into Southern to form the Norfolk Southern Railway. The railroad has used that name since.
The pioneeringSouth Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company, Southern's earliest predecessor line and one of thefirst railroads in the United States, was chartered on December 19, 1827, and ran the nation's first regularly scheduledsteam-powered passenger train – the wood-burningBest Friend of Charleston – over a six-mile section out ofCharleston, South Carolina, on December 25, 1830.[2][3] By October 1833, its 136-mile line toHamburg, South Carolina, was the longest in the world.[2][3] The company leasedenslaved African Americans from plantation owners when freewhite people refused to work in the swamps. The company eventually purchased 89 people to work as slaves.[4]
As railroad fever struck other Southern states, networks gradually spread across the South and even across theAppalachian Mountains. By 1857, theMemphis and Charleston Railroad was completed to link both Charleston, South Carolina, andMemphis, Tennessee.[5] TheWestern North Carolina Railroad was halted because voters were angry about that law allowed purchasers of private bonds to have the train tracks veer to their towns. The provision of the laws that allowed this was not repealed untilReconstruction.[6]
Rail expansion in the South was also halted with the start of theCivil War. TheBattle of Shiloh, theSiege of Corinth and theSecond Battle of Corinth in 1862 were motivated by the importance of the Memphis and Charleston line, the only east–west rail link across theConfederacy.[7] TheChickamauga Campaign forChattanooga, Tennessee, was also motivated by the importance of its rail connections to the Memphis and Charleston and other lines. Also, in 1862, theRichmond and York River Railroad, which operated from thePamunkey River atWest Point, Virginia, toRichmond, Virginia, was a major focus ofGeorge McClellan'sPeninsular Campaign, which culminated in theSeven Days Battles and devastated the tiny rail link. Late in the war, theRichmond and Danville Railroad was theConfederacy's last link to Richmond, and transportedJefferson Davis and his cabinet toDanville, Virginia, just before the fall ofRichmond in April 1865.[8]
Known as the "First Railroad War", theCivil War left the South's railroads and economy devastated. Most of the railroads, however, were repaired, reorganized and operated again.Convict lease was a near continuation of slavery as charges were often only applied to people of African descent. Five-hundredAfrican Americans were assigned to provide backbreaking labor on theWestern North Carolina Railroad. Men were shipped to and from the worksite in iron shackles and around twenty were drowned in theTuckasegee River weighted down by their shackles.[6] In the area along theOhio River andMississippi River, construction of new railroads continued throughoutReconstruction. The Richmond and Danville System expanded throughout the South during this period, but was overextended, and came upon financial troubles in 1893, when control was lost to financierJ. P. Morgan, who reorganized it into the Southern Railway System.
Southern Railway came into existence in 1894 through the combination of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, the Richmond and Danville system and theEast Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad. The company owned two-thirds of the 4,400 miles of line it operated, and the rest was held through leases, operating agreements and stock ownership. Southern also controlled theAlabama Great Southern and theGeorgia Southern and Florida, which operated separately, and it had an interest in theCentral of Georgia.[1] Additionally, the Southern Railway also agreed to lease the North Carolina Railroad Company, providing a critical connection from Virginia to the rest of the southeast via the Carolinas.[9]
Southern's first president,Samuel Spencer, brought more lines into Southern's organized system.[10] During his 12-year term, the railway built new shops atSpencer, North Carolina,Knoxville, Tennessee, andAtlanta, Georgia, upgraded tracks, and purchased more equipment.[10] He moved the company's service away from an agricultural dependence ontobacco andcotton and centered its efforts on diversifying traffic and industrial development.[10] On November 29, 1906, Spencer was killed in a train wreck.[11]
After the line fromMeridian, Mississippi, toNew Orleans, Louisiana, was acquired in 1916 under Southern's presidentFairfax Harrison, the railroad had assembled the 8,000-mile, 13-state system that lasted for almost half a century.[10] Additionally, Southern have operated 6,791 miles of road at the end of 1925, but its flock of subsidiaries added 1000+ more.
In 1912, the Southern Railway leased most of itsBluemont, Virginia, branch to the newly formedWashington and Old Dominion Railway. In 1945, the Southern sold most of the remnant of the branch to theWashington and Old Dominion Railroad, the successor to the Washington and Old Dominion Railway.[12]
TheCentral of Georgia became part of the system in 1963, and the formerNorfolk Southern Railway was acquired in 1974.[10] Despite these small acquisitions, the Southern disdained the merger trend when it swept the railroad industry in the 1960s, choosing to remain a regional carrier. In 1978 PresidentL. Stanley Crane[13][14] said the refusal to add routes through merger was a mistake, especially the decision not to add a connecting route to Chicago.[15]
The Southern tried to gain access to Chicago by targeting theMonon Railroad and theChicago and Eastern Illinois Railroad but both those railroads went to Southern's competitor, theLouisville and Nashville Railroad.[16] A decade later Crane tried to rectify the situation by merging with theIllinois Central Railroad.[17] When that failed, he petitioned theInterstate Commerce Commission to give Southern the old Monon routes and the old Atlantic Coast Line route from Jacksonville to Tampa by way of Orlando among other properties as a condition of the I.C.C.'s approval of the Seaboard Coast Line – Chessie System merger in 1979. While the request was supported by the I.C.C.'s Enforcement Bureau, it was ultimately unsuccessful.[18]
In response to the creation of theCSX Corporation in November 1980, the Southern Railway joined forces with theNorfolk and Western Railway and formed theNorfolk Southern Corporation in 1980 which began operations in 1982, further consolidating railroads in the eastern half of the United States.[19][20]
The Southern Railway was renamedNorfolk Southern Railway as the Norfolk and Western Railway became a subsidiary to its system on June 1, 1982.[20][21] The railroad then acquired more than half ofConrail on June 1, 1999.[20]
Southern and its predecessors were responsible for many firsts in the industry. Starting in 1833, its predecessor, theSouth Carolina Canal and Rail Road, was the first to carry passengers, U.S. troops and mail on steam-powered trains[22] and experimented with railroad lighting. They had a pine log fire on aflatcar, covered in sand, to provide light at night before inexpensivekerosene was invented for lamps.[23]
The Southern operated some of the largest heavy repair shops of any US southeastern railroad. The oldest shops were located inKnoxville, Tennessee, first built in 1855. In 1890 they were relocated to the northwest side of the city and renamed Coster. The 1850s-eraAtlanta, Georgia shops were moved to the south side of the city in 1883. These were originally called South Shops but later renamed to Pegram. In 1907 a new terminal with medium repair capabilities was added to the north side of Atlanta. The modern and complete Spencer Shops, located 2.5 miles north ofSalisbury, North Carolina, were opened in 1896. Another new shop site was established on the north side ofBirmingham, Alabama near the Findley Yard in 1924, taking the place of two obsolete facilities. ThePrinceton, Indiana shops were built in 1890. After the railroad switched to diesel power, the primary repair shops were consolidated to Spencer and Pegram.[24]
The Southern Railway begandieselization in 1939, under the presidency of Ernest E. Norris,[25] but duringWorld War II, theWar Production Board restricted the Southern from purchasing anymore new diesel locomotives.[26][27] Thus the Southern decided to upgrade their obsolete steam locomotives with new appliances and other improvements.[26] In 1943, the Southern continue dieselization and was eventually the largest all-diesel railroad when it retired its last steam locomotive No. 6330 on June 17, 1953.[25][27] During of which, the Southern began to remove the brassbells off of their retired steam locomotives and donated them to localcampgrounds,churches,colleges,orphanages,schools, and other civic groups across the south.[28] They also salvaged the steam locomotives'whistles and donated them to localfactories.[25] The Southern Railway was active in mechanization, usedhelper engines, is widely credited with inventingunit trains for coal and new freight cars,[29] and understood the power of marketing using the promotional phrase "Southern Gives a Green Light to Innovation".[30]
In 1966, a popularsteam locomotiveexcursion program was instituted under the presidency ofW. Graham Claytor Jr., and included Southern veteran locomotivesNo. 630,No. 722,[31]No. 4501, and Savannah & Atlanta No. 750 along with non-Southern locomotives such asTexas & Pacific No. 610,[32]Canadian Pacific No. 2839,[33] andChesapeake & Ohio No. 2716.[34] The steam program continued after the 1982 merger with the Norfolk and Western to form the Norfolk Southern, though increased operating costs and concerns ended the program in 1994.[34][35] Norfolk Southern reinstated the steam program on a limited basis from 2011 to 2015, as the21st Century Steam program.
In the early 2000s, a 22-mile (35 km) loop of former Southern Railway right-of-way encircling centralAtlanta neighborhoods was acquired and is now theBeltLine trail.
Along with its famedCrescent andSoutherner, the Southern's othernamed passenger trains included:[36]
The Southern Railway also handled ticket sales and operations for subsidiary railroads, such as:
The Southern Railway also participated in the operation of theCity of Miami, which was operated by the Southern Railway over the Central of Georgia trackage fromBirmingham, Alabama, toAlbany, Georgia, where it traded off with theSeaboard Coast Line until its discontinuation in 1971.
WhenAmtrak took over most intercity rail service in 1971, Southern initially opted out of turning over its passenger routes to the new organization. However, it shared operation of its flagship train, the New Orleans–New YorkSouthern Crescent, with Amtrak. Under a longstanding haulage agreement inherited fromPenn Central and thePennsylvania Railroad, Amtrak carried the train north of Washington. By the late 1970s, growing revenue losses and equipment-replacement expenses convinced Southern it could not continue in the passenger business. It handed full control of its passenger routes to Amtrak in 1979.
Presidents of the Southern Railway:
To mark its 30th anniversary, Norfolk Southern painted 20 new locomotives with the paint schemes of predecessor railroads.GE ES44AC #8099 was painted in Southern Railway's green and white livery.[41][42] As of May 2023, the engine was released from the Juniata Engine shops[43] in Altoona, Pennsylvania, after having been repaired from a derailment in December 2021.[44]
The purpose of the agency is to give railroads an opportunity to purchase portions of the Chessie and Seaboard systems. Cited as an example was the Southern Railroad's interest in the Louisville & Nashville line between Louisville, Ky., and Chicago, Ill. 'There may be other examples where parties have been unable to agree on specific terms such as price of properties and operational arrangements because of a failure to communicate adequately,' the agency said.
| Passenger Locomotives |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Freight and Switching Locomotives | ||
| Survivors | ||
Named trains of theSouthern Railway | ||
|---|---|---|
| | |
| International | |
|---|---|
| Other | |
