| Southern Pashto | |
|---|---|
| South Western Pashto, South Eastern Pashto | |
| Native to | Pakistan,Afghanistan |
| Ethnicity | Pashtuns |
| Speakers | L1: 15 million (2017)[1] L2: 3.5 million (2021)[1] |
| Arabic (Pashto alphabet) | |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Pashto Academy Quetta |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | pbt |
| Glottolog | sout2649 |
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| Part ofa series on |
| Pashto language |
|---|
| Writing systems |
| Dialects |
| Language regulation |
| Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Pashto Academy |
| Native to |
Southern Pashto (Pashto:جنوبي/سهيلي پښتو) is a standard variety of thePashto language spoken in southeasternAfghanistan, and northern parts of thePakistani province ofBalochistan, comprising the Southwestern and Southeastern dialects of Pashto.[2]
غوږ
EarKandahārí Pashtó (Pashto:کندهارۍ پښتو), also known as,Southwestern Pashto,[3] is aPashto dialect, spoken in southern and westernAfghanistan, including the city ofKandahar.
Kandahari Pashto is spoken inKandahar,Helmand,Ghazni, most ofUrozgan,Farah,Faryab andNimruz,southeasternGhor, the districts ofMurghab,Ghormach,Muqur, andJawand inBadghis, and parts ofZabul,Paktika, andHerat provinces of Afghanistan. It is also spoken in parts of the provinces ofRazavi Khorasan andSouth Khorasan inIran, where they numbered roughly 120,000 (in 1993).[4]
It is one of the most archaic varieties ofPashto: the Kandahari dialect retains archaic retroflexsibilants,/ʂ/ and/ʐ/ (in other dialects, they have shifted to ʃ/x and ʒ/g). Kandahari also has the affricates/t͡s/ and/d͡z/.[5]
According to the "Pashto Dialectal Dictionary (Pashto:پښتو لهجوي قاموس)" published by theAcademy of Sciences of Afghanistan the following is noted inKandahar province:[6]
| Standard معياري myārí | Meaning مانا mānā́ | Ghorak [Tribe:Popalzai] | Spin Boldak [Tribe:Achakzai] | Maruf [Tribe:Alizai] | Arghandab [Tribe:Alikozai] | Panjwayi [Tribe:Sakzai] | Kandahar [Tribe:Nurzai] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| آباد/ ودان ābā́d/wadā́n | populated | ابات abā́t | ابات abā́t | ابات abā́t | ابات abā́t | ابات abā́t | ابات abā́t |
| اپلتې apláte | absurdity | چټيات čaṭyā́t | چټيات čaṭyā́t | اپلتې apláte | ګډې وډې gaḍé waḍé | ګډې وډې gaḍé waḍé | ګډې وډې gaḍé waḍé |
| اتکړۍ atkaṛə́i | handcuffs | زولنې zawlané | زولنې zawlané | زولنې zawlané | زولنې zolané | زولنې zolané | زولنې zolané |
| اخېړ axéṛ | plaster [clay mixed with straw] | ګل gә́l | ګل gә́l | ګل gә́l | کاګل kāgә́l | کاګل kāgә́l | کاګل kāgә́l |
| mother | ادې adé | ادې adé | دادا dādā́ | مور mor | مور mor | مور mor | |
| enmity | دښمني doṣ̌maní | تربورګلوي tarburgalwí | تربورګلوي tarburgalwí | دښمني doṣ̌maní | دښمني doṣ̌maní | دښمني doṣ̌maní | |
| ارت art | wide | پېراخه perāxá | غټ ğaṭ | پراخ prāx | پيراخ pirā́x | پيراخ pirā́x | پيراخ pirā́x |
| اوبدل obdә́l | to weave | ودل wadә́l | ودل wadә́l | اودل odә́l | ودل wadál | ودل wadál | ودل wadál |
| اوړۀ oṛә́ | flour | اوړۀ oṛә́ | اوړۀ oṛә́ | اوړۀ oṛә́ | وړۀ waṛә́ | وړۀ waṛә́ | وړۀ waṛә́ |
In the South Eastern dialect,/ʂ/ and/ʐ/ in South Western sometimes change to ʃ and ʒ. Whilst/t͡s/ and/d͡z/ are generally pronounced.[7]
| Dialect | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kandahar | [ʂ] | [ʐ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [ʒ] |
| Quetta | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [ʒ,z] |
In all 3rd-person pronouns 'h' is not articulated. And distinction in 'he' and 'she' pronouns is not noted.
| Personal pronoun | Kandahar | Quetta | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| زه | zə | zə | I |
| ته | tə, less often təi | tə, less often təi | you (singular) |
| هغه | hağə | ağə | he |
| هغه | hağe | ağə | she |
| موږ/مونږ | mʊẓ̌ | mʊž/məž | we |
| تاسو/تاسې | tāse/tāsī | tāse/tāsī | you (plural) |
| هغوی | hağwi/hağūi | ağwi/ağūi | they |
Kākaṛi is classed as Southeastern dialect.[8] The following has been noted:[9]
| Kākaṛi | Literary Pashto | Grammar | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| بم bam | به مې bə me | bə: future / past habitual marker me: Weak Oblique 1st Pronoun | Example:[10] ای د سترګو ديد بم سره کله کږي āi də stə́rgo did bam sará kə́la káži Oh when will my eyes' [do his] viewing |
| امۍ amə́i | ګډا gaḍā́ | Direct Singular Feminine Noun | dance |
| راله rā́la | راغله rā́ğla | come: Aorist Past 3rd Person Feminine Singular | [She] came |
| سي si | چې če | that: Particle | that |
According to Josef Elfenbein, Sherani Pashto can be classed either as South Western or South Eastern.[11] Word choice can be distinct:[12]
| Dialect | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Southern | Sherani | ګاندهمزدک له راسه gā́ndamazdə́k lə rāsá | Come to the mosque tomorrow | Kandahari uses the Arabic borrowings: سبا [from صباح] and مسجد . Whereas Sherani uses more pure Pashto: ګانده and مزدک |
| Kandahari | سبا مسجد له راسه sabā́ masjéd lə rāsá | |||
| Northern [Yusupzai] | سبا جومات ته راشه sabā́ jumā́t tə rāšá | In comparison to the two Southern dialects, ته is used instead of له and the form of the verb to-be: شول is used instead of سول | ||
In Marwat-Bettani the following is noted:[13]
| Dialect[7] | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ | ش[14] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Marwat | [ʃ] | [ʒ] | [t͡ʃ] | [d͡ʒ] | [z] | [ʃ],[s] |
Compare the words
| Standard | Kandahar | Marwat | Marwat | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| رېبځ | /re.bəˈd͡z/ | رېبځ | /rebə'd͡ʒ/ⓘ | broom |
| ږمنځ | /ʐmuŋd͡z/ⓘ | ږمنځ | /ʒməŋd͡ʒ/ⓘ | comb |
| ژامه | /ʒɑˈ.ma/ | زامبه | /zɑˈm.ba/ⓘ | jaw |
| مټينګى | /maʈinɡaˈi/ | مټونګى | /ma.ʈun.ɡaˈɪ/ⓘ | bastard |
| پروړه | /proˈ.ɽa/ | پروړې | /proˈ.ɽe/ⓘ | straw |
| دروزه | /d̪ruˈ.za/ | دروزې | /d̪ruˈ.ze/ⓘ | haulm |
Marwatwala agrees with other Karlāṇi varieties in the phonetic change inښ as [ʃ].[15]
Example:
| Yusupzai | Marwatwāla | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ښار | ښار | city |
| xār | šār | |
| ښادي | ښودي | happiness |
| xādí | šodí |
It is noted by Yousuf Khan Jazab, in Marwatwala ش can be rendered as[s].[14]
Example:
| Kandahāri | Karlāṇi | Marwatwāla | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| اوربشې /or.bəˈ.ʃe/ orbә́še | اربشې | اربسې | barley |
| /ar.bəˈ.ʃe/ | /ar.bəˈ.se/ | ||
| arbә́še | arbә́se | ||
| سول /swəl/ swəl | شول | سلل | to become [past tense,verbaliser] |
| /ʃwəl/ | /sləl/ | ||
| šwәl | sləl | ||
| شخړه /ʃxaˈ.ɽa/ šxáṛa | سخړه | quarrel, strife | |
| /ʃxəˈ.ɽa/ | |||
| sxә́ṛa | |||
